public management （750words）3hours
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PublicManagementWeek9.pptxWeek 9: Public Management in the Digital Era
Public Management
Welcome
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Outline
Week 7 & 8 Recap
E-Government
Evolution
Advantages of E-government/governance
Problems with E-government/governance
Dealing with Social Media
Seminar explanation
Recap
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Week 7 - Recap
Different models of scientific advice
Technocratic expert based; Decisionist experts (science) and then policy makers/public mangers make decision (based on science and other things); co-evolutionary model.
Evidence is useful to public managers
Provides evidence to improve accountability and evidence to promote improvement in policy choices.
Improves
design and develop public policy; impact assessment; implementation; identification of tomorrow’s issues
Risk is determined by probability of an event and consequences of an event
Works when you have lots of information and things are certain. Does not work well when there is uncertainty.
Risk is problem when
Assumptions, Interests, limits of knowledge. Or when things are framed differently.
Public policy
Decision making
Formal economic rationality; “Bounded rationality” – Satisficing; Instrumental rationality; Value-laden rationalities
Week 8 - Recap
Financial management
one of the most important parts of the internal management of government; political rather than number crunching.
Budgets
Outline the envisaged sources of income and the envisaged public expenses. They allocate resources, distribute wealth and control economic stability.
Traditional budgeting approach
Inputs, Incremental adjustments, Operational orientation, No link with performance, Short term
Traditional
Advantages: Enables control, Basing budget on previous year sensible? Degree of flexibility in making across the board cuts, Makes budgeting relatively easy and manageable
Disadvantages: Does little for efficiency and effectiveness; spending all the money ‘correctly; Inadequate critical appraisal; rigid spending plan
Changing approach to budgets associated with NPM
Inputs to outputs; Operational to strategic orientation; Linked to performance; Short term to long term; incremental to decentralized spending; and cash to accrual accounting.
Participatory budgeting
Including citizens in budget processes to improve transparency and democratic accountability.
электронное правительство gobierno electrónico E-Governance cybergouvernement 电子政务 الحكومة الإلكترونية
Information and communication is a key part of public management, so one might assume the revolution in ICT would have dramatic effects – and to some extent it has but perhaps not as widespread as you think it might be by now because this creates challenges.
E-government is currently the label of choice, follows private sector notion of e-business.
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ICT in Government
Public admin technological pioneers with telegrams and telephones! Indeed system was perhaps rendered possible by technology such as telegraph.
Technology did not determine the form of administration but it enabled certain forms of administration.
Public management and e-gov are related reforms closely entwined.
it rather sweeps aside traditional approaches
don't have to wait for things to trickle down the hierarchy just cc to all.
Info can be gathered and distribution cheaply and easily
Three phases according to Bellamy and Taylor
Automation Use machines to reduce costs - Post-World War II computer use increased public administration. mainly used in the financial sphere and for complex research calculations. Computers were rare and in the 1950s IBM best mate only a few dozen computers were needed in the whole world.
Informationisation – 1980s computer prices decreased and first generation personal computers emerged. Move from automation of routine activities to Informationisation that is a combination of information management, reorganisation management, and policy making there was also a shift from islands of computerisation what were hard to join up. Management approach accordingly shifted towards an integrated approach and placed emphasis on IT as a tool for for sharing information and can liberate and integrate data from multiple sources.
Transformation – administrative reengineering and reorganisation across boundaries. Became more seriously integrated and transformational use of computers.
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Automation
Use machines to reduce costs
Informatization
Emphasis on info that can be liberated and integration of data from multiple sources.
Transformation
Reengineer and reorganise across boundaries.
E-Government & E-Governance
E-government: “The use of information technology, in particular the internet, to deliver public services in a much more convenient, customer orientated, cost effective, and altogether different and better way”
Holmes
E-governance: “is generally considered as a wider concept than e-government, since it can bring about a change in the way how citizens relate to governments and to each other.”
UNESCO
Similar concepts, many of the challenges are the same.
Holmes describes E-government as “The use of information technology, in particular the internet, to deliver public services in a much more convenient, customer orientated, cost effective, and altogether different and better way”
UNESCO define E-governance: “is generally considered as a wider concept than e-government, since it can bring about a change in the way how citizens relate to governments and to each other.”
These terms are however closely linked and the problems they face are nearly the same although governance emphasis on how citizens relate to governments and each other, entails additional problems.
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E-Government
“Within the next five years [e-government] will transform not only the way in which most public services are delivered, but also the fundamental relationship between government and citizen. After e-commerce and e-business, the next Internet revolution will be e-government.”
The Economist 2000
Economist survey suggested in 2000: “within the next five years will transform not only the way in which most public services are delivered, but also the fundamental relationship between government and citizen“ and to some extent it has.
Certainly it “can be used as a powerful instrument to transform the structures, process and culture of government and make it more efficient, user-oriented and transparent.”
https://www.economist.com/special-report/2000/06/22/the-next-revolution
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E-Government Stages
Once reaching the stage of transformation the process can be further broken down in terms of how ICT was used.
First primarily about Information - Using the WWW to post information for the benefit of external users – so have some information about travel advice or tax returns.
Then start to see greater Interaction - websites later became tools for two way communication, for example getting users feedback – so
Then as a tool for processing – processing forms and applications and here you have ‘formal quantifiable exchanges’ such as: the completion of tax returns or TV license.
Transaction - Portal for a wide range of government services that links information together so here for example you have government portals, webpages which provide you with a collection of resources
Many governments still a long way off the transactional phase but others are getting closer, see a number of government gateways.
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Information
Using the WWW to post information for the benefit of external users
Interaction
websites later became tools for two way communication.
Processing
Formal quantifiable exchange such as completion of TV license.
Transaction
Portal for a wide range of government services. Links together information.
E-Government around the world
Think we have already seen a lot of these portal website emerging over the last decade.
World bank reports that “By 2014, all 193 member states of the United Nations (UN) had national websites: 101 enabled citizens to create personal online accounts, 73 to file income taxes, and 60 to register a business.”
The World Bank, Digital Dividends World Bank Report 2016 (2016)
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ICT and Government
“Reintegration… putting back together many of the elements that NPM separated out into discrete corporate hierarchies” Dunleavy
Has the potential to be quite profound affecting the relationship between governments, citizens, business and other governments. This is taken from Hughes.
Service delivery systems can be linked with life events and citizens needs. Passports, visas, health warnings and vaccinations can be brought together under one site. Allows people to do things without having to attend an office. There is also much more information available online, in the traditional model information often only begrudgingly released from central holding in paper reports at specific request of an individual.
Looking at businesses – e-business has grown significantly enables companies to source parts for cheaper through the internet. Governments also using the internet as a tool to engage with Business and reduces costs of contracting things out. Enables much easier procurement of stationary etc.
Also enables government to government links. Both between government agencies and between governments. Dunleavy work on Digital governance draws a lot of attention to the potential for digital governance to serve as a tool for reintegration that is the “putting back together many of the elements that NPM separated out into discrete corporate hierarchies… Reintegration approaches are not simple reruns of the old centralisation phases of centralisation/decentralisation cycles but rather they represent an antithetical (and partly synthesising) response to the NPM thesis.
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To citizens
To business
To Government
Advantages of E-Government
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ICT and Government jobs
There are also changes within the bureaucracy, for example one thing e-government can do is reduce the need for middle managers as means of passing information between levels. In the traditional model, this was one of the key functions of middle managers passing on information and instruction to lower level staff. But with Email and CC function this role is less relevant.
Also perhaps entails reduction in the need for lower level bureaucrats, after all if a computer can do the job of a person (such as analysing a tax reform or processing a speeding fine) then you can cut down on the staff needed at lower levels.
This could also be seen as a bad thing – will come back to this later – but from the positive side you can see how this fits with efficiency.
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Senior manager
Middle manager
Lower level staff
Lower level staff
Lower level staff
Economy of implementation
Number of advantages to the shift towards e-government - Facilitates the routine calculations of things like salaries, taxes
Enables some automatic administrative decision making - speeding ticketing no longer depend on someone monitoring and then reporting, deciding and then distributing fines. Speed cameras detect registration plate of speeding cars
Stricter control of administrative activities, e.g. Workflow management – able to monitor progress
Data verification – Public managers can more easily verify client data – integrated approach can access information on clients and pool data which helps inform and validate claims.
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Facilitates the routine calculations
e.g. Processing of salaries
Automatic administrative decision-making
Automatic speeding ticketing
Stricter control of administrative activities
Workflow management
Data verification
Public managers can more easily verify client data.
Public service provision
E-business has pioneered the way with using ICT to improve service delivery
Expectation that E-government could do the same.
Transactional element has lagged behind private sector but progress (e.g. online tax returns in the UK)
Consumer feedback on some public services (although problematic)
E-business has pioneered the way with using ICT to improve service delivery; this created an expectation that public services could be enhanced in a similar manner.
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Supporting (direct) democracy
ICT facilitates greater participation in collective decision-making on public issues.
Opinion polling, discussion groups, referenda, consultations, surveys, petitions, etc.
Interactive policy making “involving citizens, social organizations, enterprise and (other) public authorities, in the early policy making stage”
- Snellen
More closely linked to wider notion of e-governance is this notion of using the internet to support direct democracy (as opposed to representative democracy)
ICT facilitates greater participation in collective decision-making on public issues. Examples such as Opinion polling, discussion groups, referenda, consultations, surveys, petitions, etc.
Snellen: Interactive policy making “involving citizens, social organizations, enterprise and (other) public authorities, in the early policy making stage” (in optional reading from the Ferlie textbook)
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Problems with E-Government and E-Governance
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Haldane and ‘Hollowing Out’
“Technology appears to be resulting in faster, wider and deeper degrees of hollowing-out than in the past, why because 20th Century machines have substituted not just manual human task but cognitive ones too.”
Haldane
Bank of England chief economist Andrew Haldane recently stated: “Technology appears to be resulting in faster, wider and deeper degrees of hollowing-out than in the past. Why? Because 20th Century machines have substituted not just manual human tasks but cognitive ones too.”
Haldane was referring to roughly 15m jobs in the UK that were at risk of “hollowing out” or being lost notably including administrative tasks, clerical tasks are at risk of automation. This includes public sector jobs.
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E-governance challenges
Number of other challenges with e-government/e-governance, will go through some.
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The digital divide
Privacy and Security
Digital democracy
Implementation
Civic discourse
Narrative Control
Implementation
Further problem is a series of practical factors with implementation:
Legal and regulatory framework: “The success of e-government initiatives and processes are dependent on government’s role in ensuring a proper legal framework for their operation. The lack of legal equivalence between digital and paper process can impede the take up of e-government” – how do you sign an electronic document?
Financial barriers. “Demonstrating the “business case” for e-government and assessing the return on investment has become essential to justify the implementation of e-government initiatives.
Coordination. E-government requires joining up the online presence of a number of different departments. As such “agencies providing e-government services cannot operate in isolation and co-ordination is needed for successful e-government implementation”
Human capacity and skills. “Developing human capacity and skills are essential to support e- government development. ICT skills are not only needed to ensure e-government development, but have become a new general skill, like literacy and numeracy.”
Source: OECD “Background Paper: Implementing E-government In OECD Countries: Experiences And Challenges” http://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/36853121.pdf
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Legal & regulatory barriers
Inter-departmental Coordination
Legal framework required e.g. signatures, digital document
human capacity and skills are essential to support e- government
Building human capacity & skills
Financial barriers
Need to make the “business case” for e-government
requires joining up the online presence of … different departments
Requires the standardization of data across different bodies.
Digital Divide
The number of internet users has more than tripled in a decade—from 1 billion in 2005 to an estimated 3.2 billion at the end of 2015
“The digital revolution has brought immediate private benefits” as well as significant benefits for the public sector – easier cheaper forms of communication, more efficient public services.
However the digital dividends, the advantages, are not evenly distributed.
“The lives of the majority of the world’s people remain largely untouched by the digital revolution.”
“Nearly 60 percent of the world’s people are still offline and can’t fully participate in the digital economy. There also are persistent digital divides across gender, geography, age, and income dimensions within each country.”
“More than 120 million people are still offline in North America”
Source: The World Bank, Digital Dividends World Bank Report 2016 (2016)
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Digital Divide within…
In a country the digital dividends – the benefits are not evenly distributed.
“Within countries, greater e-government use by individuals is associated with education, employment, urban residence, being male, and broadband access”
“In Africa, the digital divide across demographic groups remains considerable (figure O.6, panel a).
Women are less likely than men to use or own digital technologies.
Gaps are even larger between youth (20 percent) and those more than 45 years old (8 percent).”
“In the European Union (EU), Citizens use e-government mostly for getting information and not for transacting with government. And their use of e-government is highly uneven—
citizens in the top 20 percent of income in the most connected EU country are 45 times more likely to use e-services than those in the bottom 20 percent of income in the least connected EU country (figure O.6, panel b).
Within countries, greater e-government use by individuals is associated with education, employment, urban residence, being male, and broadband access.”
Put otherwise the internet is great for people like me, but not for everyone.
Under these circumstances one can’t just switch to an e-government approach because of the digital divide; at least not without discriminating against massive chunks of their population, but particularly discriminating against the elderly or women.
Source: The World Bank, Digital Dividends World Bank Report 2016 (2016)
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Privacy and Security
Governments now have unprecedented information on:
communications service used by an individual
Internet services used
There are also major issues with privacy and security. Several levels to this:
On the one hand E-governance offers unprecedented opportunities for snooping by states and the accumulation of data on individuals for the purpose of national security
The Investigatory Powers Bill has been passed by both Houses of Parliament
This gives the UK government powers to look at The communications service used by an individual; Internet services used to access or make available illegal material; or What other internet services a person is using.
So there are concerns about how states might misuse E-government details.
There is also a very real risk that government information can be leaked.
Titan rain cyber attack took place between 2003 and 2007 and involved the hacking and theft of up to 20 terabytes of data from state department and the department of defence and other private defence contractors.
That’s a lot of information, if you were to print that out put it in vans, Rid estimates that it would require a line of vans 50 miles long.
Edward Snowden - former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information
Chelsea Manning – disclosed to WikiLeaks nearly three-quarters of a million classified, or unclassified but sensitive documents.
DNC hack – some 9,252 emails and 8,034 attachments from the DNC, the governing body of the United States' Democratic Party were hacked and leaked.
Wanna cry attack
States are likely to be very careful about information sharing; privacy and security legislation and practices need to be put in place before online services can advance.
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Privacy and Security
Ransomware moved at remarkable speed.
Infected devices and demanded bitcoin payment for access to data.
Some 45,000 systems infected, including several public sector organisations, such as the NHS.
These organisation can be particularly vulnerable to cyber attacks.
Example of data destruction or specifically ransomware threatening data destruction was WannaCry, anyone remember this? It was a big deal.
A threat actor used a tool called WannaCry to encrypt data in compromised networks, and intended to provide the victims with the decryption key only after a ransom had been paid.
Once encrypted ask for a ransom payment for safe release of files. If not backed up you have no choice but to pay.
45,000 systems infected remarkable because it moved so rapidly (at computer speed).
Hit outdated systems particularly, such the NHS, which was particularly susceptible.
Susceptible because the NHS has integrated many connected tools and devices over time, creating a patchwork of system of varying ages and levels of security.
Also in part because medical profession perhaps prioritise security less that patient welfare, accessibility of data for operations.
Hard to attribute, perpetrators try to be anonymous. Wanna cry attacks analysed the code and some rumours and some similarities with code of group in North Korea as some similarities.
Estimated that at least £108,000 in bitcoin paid by victims of the WannaCry ransomware attack has been withdrawn from the digital wallets the funds were being held in, not clear how much is still there – if that’s it it is not much.
The United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom issued statements accusing North Korea of being responsible for WannaCry.
Couple more things on this case: first it was a reckless attack, which spread to government targets – perhaps deliberately.
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Privacy and Security
2015 Targeting of the DNC.
Materials released through Wikileaks.
Some documents were reportedly edited.
Difficult to attribute.
Illustrates the vulnerability of public sector organization to hacking and data manipulation.
US Intelligence “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”, ICA 2017-01D
6 January 2017
More recent example of espionage is the DNC hack – this was quite a big deal!
In July 2015 John Podesta the then-chairman of Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign received an email from the Gmail team, which prompted Podesta to change his password "immediately" his assistant checked with the cybersecurity guy (who later said he meant to write illegitimate) and went ahead
This was in fact a spear-phishing email – simple deception coupled with Human error under pressure.
FBI approaches the DNC earlier and again in November 2015 suggesting ”a DNC computer was now transmitting information back to Russia”
Through this email, Intruders gained access to Democrat “research on Republican presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and emails and correspondences among DNC officials. Over the course of the presidential campaign, the threat actors released DNC correspondence through intermediaries such as WikiLeaks, revealing information about infighting among top party officials” and “demonstrating that the party organization was biased in favour of Hillary Clinton at the expense of Bernie Sanders”
Through about 20,000 emails and other materials.
Also indications that they edited some documents, adding in the world confidential to sensationalize the release and undermine trust in the Clinton campaign.
The attack has been attributed to APT 29, which is widely assumed to be operated by the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) but also claimed by Guccifer 2.0, who first launched a blog in which he claimed responsibility for the hacking of the DNC network.
Attribution is very difficult “to prove beyond reasonable doubt”.
Forensic examination has identified malware and an IP address used by one of the groups involved in earlier exploits thought to be the work of the Russian state;
Some of the attack files used had been opened by computers set to the Russian language; and
The timings of the intrusions appeared to coincide with the Russian working day, including an absence of activity during Russian national holidays. But not conclusive and in Cyber “it is relatively easy to engage in ‘spoofing’”
Klimenko, Putin's top Internet adviser is reported as stating "Usually these kinds of leaks take place not because hackers broke in, but, as any professional will tell you, because someone simply forgot the password or set the simple password 123456,“
Simple spear phishing email and a negligent insider arguably partially undermined the democrat campaign although we will never know for sure the extent of impact.
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Privacy and Security
Cambridge Analytica – consultancy firm that used an app to harvest data on social media
Data of FB friends collected not just users
Data allegedly used in targeted marketing to sway voters by the Trump Campaign/Leave Campaign
Facebook fined $5bn in 2019, led to Zuckerberg testifying to Congress
See:
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Digital Democracy
With social media sources such as Twitter, blogs and 24/7 media, the citizen has more sources of information than ever before, yet citizens appear to operate at a considerable distance from their representatives and appear ‘disengaged’ from democratic processes.
Digital Democracy Commission, 2015
Digital democracy is another issue and Bellamy and Taylor have argued that ICT may simply augment and speed up the decentring of representative democracy shifting it to a form of consumer democracy.
Moreover a consumer democracy in which policy is “decided by the dictatorship of successive majorities.” See Snellen chapter.
They have a point shift towards relying on electronic referenda for specific issues can have a damaging effect on representative democracy with political parties representing certain demographics.
UK government report states that “With social media sources such as Twitter, blogs and 24/7 media, the citizen has more sources of information than ever before, yet citizens appear to operate at a considerable distance from their representatives and appear ‘disengaged’ from democratic processes” recognition of this and efforts to try and rectify these issues.
Sources:
Ignace Snellen “E-Government: A Challenge for Public Management ” The Oxford Handbook of Public Management. 2007
Digital Democracy Commission, Report of the Speaker’s Commission on Digital Democracy, 26 Jan 2015.
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Narrative Control & Fake News
Lot of time and energy invested in tools to control a narrative (aka propagandize) or generate support for a policy (using public funding).
Advances in ICT can facilitate propagandizing…
but can also make it much harder for public managers to control narratives.
Disinformation, Fakenews (and in time “Deepfakes”) are a major challenge of your time.
Governments like to be able to control narrative control the way their image is presented and a lot of effort has been put into presenting the nation in a positive light – and ‘others’ enemies as somehow barbarous.
Also like to be able to use social media to present policy and try to generate support
Public managers spend a lot of time working on their public relations and there was perhaps a degree of optimism that the internet might be a means to facilitate marketing of the state.
There are manuals written and revised on how to “create emotions, attitudes, understandings, beliefs, or behavior favorable to the achievement of [country X’s] political and military objectives”
However, “Trust in, and the reputation of, public and private organizations and leaders is seen as more precarious than ever before – in large part the outcome of transparency and social media”
Nonetheless it’s a big job for politicians and public managers
New dimension which doesn’t appear much in text books and that is the role of social media in manipulating narratives of events for purpose of public relations and the wider issues of fakenews.
Various attempts to control this, for example in the last few years:
China Bytedance apps. April 2018 jinri toutiao (today’s headlines) suspended for three weeks, Firms founder has apologised saying the apps had taken the wrong path and that “technology must be led by socialist core values”
In 2018, France passed legislation that allow judges to order the deletion of false online content in election periods.
Germany in 2017 also introduced an online hate speech law, giving platforms with more than 2 million users 24 hours to remove “obviously illegal” terror content, racist material and fake news or face fines of up to €50m (£44m). Other offensive material must be blocked with seven days
Malaysia has passed a law setting fines of up to £88,000 and jail terms of up to six years for offenders who use traditional news outlets, digital publications and social media – including outside Malaysia – to spread fake news
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Civic Discourse
Facebook feeds and Google searches are personalised based on past preferences.
Creates what Pariser calls a ‘filter bubble’ which ensures we unwittingly consume content which is similar to our own views.
“it lets you go off with like-minded people, so you're not mixing and sharing and understanding other points of view” Bill Gates
This is a major problem for public managers and politicians.
Linked to this.
Final problem for democratic societies and efforts towards e-governance and changing “the way how citizens relate to governments and to each other” are the potential implications of the ICT for civil discourse.
Aspiration: Specifically the space the internet provides for reasoned debate between individuals with different points of view rather than leading individuals to conversations with likeminded individuals.
This comes in part perhaps because of what Eli Pariser refers to as the “filter bubble”, trends towards personalized search results based on algorithms of past searcher that “insulate us from opposing views”
“Facebook feeds are personalized based on past clicks and likes behaviour, so we mostly consume political content that are similar to our views. Without realizing it, we develop tunnel vision.”
Google searches are tailored to content they think that you will like – rather than what will challenge you.
This has major problems for civic discourse or as Bill Gates remarked “it lets you go off with like-minded people, so you're not mixing and sharing and understanding other points of view”.
So if the hope was that ICT could serve as a forum for online debate between different views – perhaps the opposite has happened.
Even twitter you choose who you follow. You establish your own networks normally gravitate to likeminded individuals.
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Social Media and Public Management
Information and communication is a key part of public management, so one might assume the revolution in ICT would have dramatic effects – and to some extent is has but perhaps not as widespread because this creates challenges.
E-government is currently the label of choice, follows private sector notion of e-business
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Types of social media
“For a long time there was a feeling that social media was an IT and a reputational risk, either a waste of time or only needed by a small number of people. It is now accepted that civil servants have to communicate using these tools”
So lots of social media platforms: Facebook twitter google + Myspace, linked in, tumblr, youtube, Flickr, foursquare, Vimeo, Pinterest. Hi 5, netlog, Zorpia, badoo. Also have country specific platforms:
VK in Russia.
China - QQ, Sina Weibo
Politicians and political personalities have been quick to use these as tools for campaigning rallying and fundraising for elections.
Governments were a bit slower in catching on but have recognized this can be a useful tool and now 26 out of 34 OECD states have twitter accounts.
Offers a means to reduce exclusion and give a voice to minority groups.
Governments can leverage this potential to design public policies and services in more iterative, collaborative and responsive ways.
Social media allow governments to “crowd-source” ideas, suggestions and critical remarks. Public institutions increasingly create or participate on collaborative platforms.
Feeds into better targeted and more efficient public service delivery - one of the expectations governments have towards social media.
See Arthur Mickoleit, OECD Working Papers on Public Governance No. 26 Social Media Use by Governments A POLICY PRIMER TO DISCUSS TRENDS, IDENTIFY POLICY OPPORTUNITIES AND GUIDE DECISION MAKERS
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No one size fits all…
Lewis, a social media PR company, produced a study of social media marketing which identifies a number of different countries traits and characteristics to keep in mind. Social media etiquette and expectations also vary from country to country.
The Dutch are notoriously averse to self-promotion,
while in Russia puffery is par for the course.
The Brits admire cheekiness done right,
while Singaporeans are straight-laced.
Privacy is paramount in Germany,
while anonymity is often key in China.
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Social media and accountability
Its not in the text book but it is apparent that social media offers a number of other possibilities in terms of accountability. Bertot writing in “Promoting Transparency and Accountability through ICTs, Social Media, and Collaborative E-Government.” identifies a number of roles that social media can play in terms of government accountability.
Increasing and improving access to government information to the public by offering information via the internet through multiple dynamic interactive channels. Conference app I mentioned
Interacting with members of the public and addressing specific citizen interests and concerns. – so Facebook user groups for example
Reaching populations who might not otherwise encounter the government information – Syrian civil war has been described as the Facebook war with violations of human rights and international law circulated through Facebook and twitter.
Serving as information and communication outlets for whistle blowers to release sensitive information.
Supplementing or replacing corrupt or deficient information with citizen journalism to better inform members of the public of conditions.
Crowdsourcing the monitoring of government corruption by harnessing a group of people or a community to accomplish a specific task or activity.
Yet in each case the power to hold somebody to account is not clear, nor are the sources necessarily as trusted as government sources so there are issue. There is also the case of information asymmetry and accessibility.
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Increasing and improving access to government information to the public by offering information via the internet through multiple dynamic interactive channels.
Interacting with members of the public and addressing specific citizen interests and concerns.
Reaching populations who might not otherwise encounter the government information
Serving as information and communication outlets for whistle blowers to release sensitive information.
Supplementing or replacing corrupt or deficient information with citizen journalism to better inform members of the public of conditions.
Crowdsourcing the monitoring of government corruption by harnessing a group of people or a community to accomplish a specific task or activity.
Social media triggered protests
Can also have far reaching effects:
Philippine President corruption - text message 2001. On January 17, 2001, during the impeachment trial of Philippine President Estrada, loyalists in the Philippine Congress voted to set aside key evidence against him. Less than two hours after the decision was announced, thousands of Filipinos, angry that their corrupt president might be let off the hook, arranged a protest through text message in which a million people ended up joining. Led to his removal from power.
In 2004 Jose Maria Aznar falsely alleged the Madrid train bombing was the work of ETA led to massive protest arranged by text message 2004 which eventually led to his removal.
Communist party in Moldova fraudulent election – led to coordinated protest by text, Facebook and twitter
The Chinese anticorruption protests that broke out in the after math of the devastating May 2008 earthquake in Sichuan are another example of such ad hoc synchronization.
London riots organised through blackberry.
Recent riots in Ferguson, US and the Black Lives Matter movement.
BREXIT
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Public management and social media
So some things you need to think about as a public manager…
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Employee access:
Training:
Acceptable use
Security
Citizen conduct
Record keeping
Open records, FOIA and regulatory and e-discovery:
Content
Who will provide content and updates?
Who is responsible for training employees to create and update content?
What types of content can be shared? Is there a review or vetting process before posting content
What is considered appropriate content? What knowledge will you share to highlight your agency’s specialty areas and capabilities?
Is a security policy for social media in place?
How do we respond to inappropriate or negative comments from the community?
What are the required retention periods? Are essential records identified?
Are you fully aware of all the legal requirements, open-records laws, guidelines etc.
In groups, you will come up with a social media strategy for the government regarding either:
1. Campaign to raise awareness for healthy eating
OR
2. Public information campaign for the coronavirus outbreak
Seminar plan
Think about…
Employee access:
Training:
Acceptable use
Security
Citizen conduct
Record keeping
Open records, FOIA and regulatory and e-discovery:
Content
Who will provide content and updates?
Who is responsible for training employees to create and update content?
What types of content can be shared? Is there a review or vetting process before posting content
What is considered appropriate content? What knowledge will you share to highlight your agency’s specialty areas and capabilities?
Is a security policy for social media in place?
How do we respond to inappropriate or negative comments from the community?
What are the required retention periods? Are essential records identified?
Are you fully aware of all the legal requirements, open-records laws, guidelines etc.
Think about…
Increasing and improving access to government information to the public by offering information via the internet through multiple dynamic interactive channels.
Interacting with members of the public and addressing specific citizen interests and concerns.
Reaching populations who might not otherwise encounter the government information
Serving as information and communication outlets for whistle blowers to release sensitive information.
Supplementing or replacing corrupt or deficient information with citizen journalism to better inform members of the public of conditions.
Crowdsourcing the monitoring of government corruption by harnessing a group of people or a community to accomplish a specific task or activity.
Week 9 - Recap
Three phases of Government ICT
Automation; Informationization; Transformation
E-government phases
Information; Interaction; processing; Transaction
ICT affect government relations with:
citizens, business and other governments
E-government and E-governance similar concepts
Governance “is generally considered as a wider concept than e-government
The use of information technology, in particular the internet, to deliver public services better and differently.
Advantages
efficiency in staffing; Economy of implementation; Public service provision; Supporting (direct) democracy
Problems
Hollowing out; The digital divide; Privacy and Security; Digital democracy; Implementation; Narrative Control; Civic discourse
Social media
No one size fits all; provides greater accountabiltiy and transparency; but also challenges.
Beware of social media bloopers!
