public health
BYSTANDER
PublicHealthpeerdiscuss.docx4
Fatmata
Health is an essential component of the well-being of population and society at large. There has been concern about how and why people are not living healthy lifestyle. Public health roles are to investigate in deep about how, what, why the causes of some incidents to occur in order to find a permanent solution to fix the health problems. Therefore, public health is vital to all individuals, communities, and societies. It defined as the science and art of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities. This work is achieved by promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease and injury prevention, and detecting, preventing and responding to infectious diseases. (CDC Foundation, 2022).
The challenges of public health or public health determinants is very vague. The government is very first organizations to step in inorder to target any public health issues or concerns. Public health issues has become global health concerns because it looks at the whole well-being of the health of people. During the COVID-19 it was a public health issues which drawn or extended to global health care. Therefore, Public health also works to limit health disparities. However, large part of public health is to help to promote health care equity, quality and how accessibility is of reached. To achieve equity, the Essential Public Health Services actively promote policies, systems, and overall community conditions that enable optimal health for all and seek to remove systemic and structural barriers that have resulted in health inequities. ( Essential Public Health Services Revised, 2020). The 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) describe the public health activities that all communities should undertake to enhance the health of the community and population health.
In America, after the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, there is also a growing disease called monkeypox which is a virus caused by sex between men. Is a public health issues because is affecting the well-being of the population health. The public health is finding a solution to this health issues by preventing it with the provision of vaccines. The government and other healthcare financing companies are providing funds to support the strategic planning of the health process. "Public health professionals try to prevent problems from happening or recurring through implementing educational programs, recommending policies, administering services and conducting research" (CDC Foundation, 2022). The government task force also included experts from federal agencies, including CDC, FDA, ACA, which were instrumental in establishing and supporting the funding progran contributed by each.
References
10 Essential Public Health Services. (Revised, 2020) Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/publichealthservices/essentialhealthservices.html
CDC Foundation. Together our impact is greater. (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.cdcfoundation.org/what-public-health
Alfred
Public health and global health focuses on prevention and improvement of health well-being of the population with diverge strategies and methodologies for disease prevention, management, and treatment. Global health involves health issues that transcend national borders. It includes policies and bilateral or multilateral collaborations among countries (M. Claborn, 2018). The major global health agency is the World Health Organization (WHO), who manages and coordinates all global health-related issues for countries around the world. While public health is described as the art and science of preventing diseases, managing life, and promoting health through organized efforts for community, society, or targeted populations. This could be done through collaborative efforts of physicians, epidemiologists, and other healthcare professionals. The major goal of public health is to strengthen health services and reduce health disparities or inequalities to improve individuals' well-being (Smith, & Mapstone, 2020).
The two major factors that have influenced the modern public health system are the advent of scientific knowledge of managing and controlling diseases, and the growth of public awareness and acceptance of diseases control among the population, and how to be handling current and future threats to health. Unlike centuries ago, whereby little was known about the causes of disease and the stigma society attached to illness, and culture of resignation, few actions were taken at both public and global levels (Turcotte, et al. 2020).
Prescription drug overdose is one of the leading public health issues in U.S. This abuse has been escalating over the past decades, and very deadly currently. It is estimated that over 80,000 people died from drug overdose such as the use of opiates or pain medications. For example, OxyContin and Methadone, this is because most pharmaceutical companies are much interested in marketing their drugs before realizing the addictive effects on the population. However, after the U.S. government realized the extensive effects, the opioid overdose had become cancer to the population, started comprehensive investigation into the pain overdose issues and developed a preventive framework for immediate intervention (Borraccino, & lemma, 2021). This involves the use of three major components of essential public health services such as assessment for surveillance and research on population drug abuse, developing policies for public safety officials and first responders, as well as creating awareness by empowering consumers to make health decisions and safe choices, and improving data quality and tracking current trends. Sources of funds come from the federal government, non-governmental organizations (NGO), and individual and cooperative stakeholders. For instance, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016, mandated HHS (Health and Human Services) to provide programs for preventive services, and to receive public health funds. The Affordable Care Act also established the prevention and public health fund to improve health outcomes.
Meanwhile, one of the biggest challenging global health issues is pandemics such as Ebola, Covid-19, and other viral threats that expose the vulnerability of confronting diseases globally. Vaccination efforts can help, as well as health education and responsible cultural practices. The slightly different is the global risk mitigation measures that help eradication processes after an outbreak occurs (Kickbusch, & De Leeuw, 2017). Unlike public health funds that come from the government agencies and other NGOs (non-governmental organizations) such as community-based NGOs, global health receives funding from World banks, through donor countries governments, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), and other World Health Organization like UNICEF (Zwi, 2021). The different approaches in dealing with population health issues are the use of prevention and clinical approach by global health and the primary approach by public health through EPHS tools.
References
Borraccino, A., & Lemma, P. (2021). The time has come: Building an effective preventive alliance beyond community health crisis. International Journal of Public Health, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2021.637821
Kickbusch, I., & De Leeuw, E. (2017). Global public health: Revisiting healthy public policy at the global level. Global Health, 133-136. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315254227-11
M. Claborn, D. (2018). Introductory chapter: What is global health? Current Issues in Global Health. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81978
Smith, J., & Mapstone, J. (2020). Health services for health promotion and disease prevention. Healthcare Public Health, 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837206.003.0013
Turcotte-Tremblay, A., Fregonese, F., Kadio, K., Alam, N., & Merry, L. (2020). Global health is more than just ‘Public health somewhere else’. BMJ Global Health, 5(5), e002545. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002545
Zwi, A. B. (2021). Development assistance for health. Global Health, 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108692137.016
