essay

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15 Years of Public Health Emergency Preparedness

15 ears of Public Health Emergency Preparedness

Strategic National Stockpile

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Public Health Emergency Risk Reduction

• Mitigation • Adaptation • Preparedness • Response • Recovery

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What then is disaster risk?

Risk = [Hazard x Vulnerability] – [Capacity]

doou, flickr

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Public Health Disaster Planning for Districts

Vulnerability to Pandemics & Climate Change Disasters

• 95% of disaster deaths occur among 66% of the poorest countries1

• From 1965-2000 > 90% of all disaster victims lived in Africa, Asia & Latin America

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WHO:

An emergency is when normal procedures are interrupted, and

immediate measures (management) need to be taken to prevent it from becoming a disaster, which is even

harder to recover from

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Public Health Disaster Planning for Districts 9

An evolution in approach

• From Response and Relief

• To Risk Reduction

Sanofi Pasteur, flickr

Church Mission Society (CMS), flickr

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Risk Reduction=Prevention Recognition or identification of risks[1]

Ranking or evaluation of risks[2]

Responding to significant risks Tolerating Treating Transferring Terminating Resourcing controls and planning Reaction planning Reporting and monitoring risk performance Reviewing the risk management framework

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Communities, Workers, Students • Positive Asset Based Where People Are • Collective, Cooperative Risk Assessment • Prepare Resources with Communities,

Workers, Students & their organizations • Reduce/Eliminate the causative

agents/environment • Reduce Transmission • PPE • Testing • Complete Access to Treatment

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Exposure/Hazards: Chemicals in Air, Food, Land, Water, Workplace Biological Pathogens Emotional Exposures Exposure Sources Exposure Routes Exposure Protection

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Emergency Action Plan

Communication: In-Person, Phone, IT Hazard Monitoring/Surveillance Hazard Control Training Mobilize First Aid Evacuation Safe Areas

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Mitigation

Eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of hazards through proactive measures taken before an emergency or disaster occurs

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Preparedness

Focuses on preparing/organizing people, equipment and procedures for use when a disaster occurs. The equipment and procedures can be used to reduce vulnerability to disaster, to mitigate the impacts of a disaster, or to respond more efficiently in an emergency.

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Local Emergency Planning Committees

(LEPCs) are required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act to develop an emergency response plan, review the plan at least annually, and provide information about chemicals in the community to local residents

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•Identification of facilities and transportation routes of extremely hazardous substances •Description of emergency response procedures, on and off site •Designation of a community coordinator and facility emergency coordinator(s) to implement the plan •Outline of emergency notification procedures •Description of how to determine the probable affected area and population by releases

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•Description of local emergency equipment and facilities and the persons responsible for them •Outline of evacuation plans •A training program for emergency responders (including schedules) •Methods and schedules for exercising emergency response plans

What is Disaster Risk Reduction? • The conceptual framework of elements with

possibilities to minimize: – Hazards – Vulnerabilities – and therefore disaster risks to: • Avoid (prevent) or • Limit (mitigate and prepare for)

the adverse impacts of hazards within the broad context of sustainable development

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Risk Reduction versus Risk Management

• Risk Management – Prevention – Mitigation – Preparedness – Response – Recovery

• Risk Reduction – Prevention – Mitigation – Preparedness

Risk Reduction is:

•Pre-disaster

•Pre-emptive

•Part of development

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The Risk Reduction Cycle

Hazard Analysis

Risk Reduction: •Hazard mitigation

•Vulnerability reduction

Sustainable development

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Approach to risk reduction

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What is Preparedness? • Pre-disaster actions that result

in persons knowing what to do and how to respond when disaster has occurs – It is long-term – Part of a larger risk reduction

program – Comprehensive application of

sustainable development – All-hazard – Multi-sectoral – Culturally sensitive and specific

VC4Africa, flickr

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Public Health Disaster Planning for Districts

Objectives of Public Health Emergency Preparedness

• Prevent morbidity and mortality • Provide care for casualties • Manage adverse climatic and environment

conditions • Ensure restoration of normal health • Re-establish health services • Protect staff • Protect public health and medicinal assets

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Keim’s 11 E’s of Emergency Preparedness (Mark Keim, CDC)

• Economic incentive • Epidemiology • Enforcement of codes • Emergency plans • Equipment stockpiling • Education • Exercise and drills • Early warning • Evacuation • Evaluation • Electronics (communication)

tj.blackwell, flickr 25

Risk management

• What is risk? – The probability of suffering damage (to life,

property, economic disruptions and environment) from a hazard for a given area and reference period. Risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability

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Disaster Risk management

• Definition: It is defined as the process of identifying, analyzing and quantifying the probability of losses in order to undertake preventive or corrective actions

• This involves two types of activities ; – Planning actions to reduce vulnerability in areas

where risk can be controlled, and – Establishing protective mechanisms against the

potential economic losses from uncontrollable factors of natural hazards

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Risk Management

• It entails efforts and measures put in place to reduce risk in case of a disaster happening

• This is what is generally termed as disaster risk reduction

• It is also about commitments related to disaster and vulnerability reduction and improved early warning

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Risk management continues • Since little can be done to prevent occurrence of

most natural hazards, actions and activities should focus on reducing existing and future vulnerabilities to damage and loss

• There are three primary and interrelated categories in risk management: • risk identification • risk reduction • risk transfer

• These measures are mostly related to pre- disaster phases of disaster risk management and reflect the new approach in DRR

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Risk Mgt Cont…

• The pre-disaster phase of disaster risk management involves four distinct but interrelated components. • Risk identification, • risk reduction/mitigation, • risk transfer and • preparedness.

It is a thorough analysis of existing vulnerabilities, location, severity & intensity of threat

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Risk identification • The following activities help to identify and

understand natural hazard risk: – Hazard data collection and mapping (frequency, magnitude

and location) , – vulnerability assessment (population and assets exposed), – risk assessment (probability of expected losses)

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Risk reduction or Prevention/Mitigation:

• These are measures taken to eliminate or reduce the intensity of a hazardous event.

• These measures address existing vulnerabilities through measures like early warning • Include actions such as:

• Implementation and enforcement of building standards • Environmental protection measures • Resource management practices • Mention others?

• can be taken to reduce future vulnerability

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Even with risk reduction, preparedness is important

• Even when effective disaster reduction measures are in place, there would often be an element of risk that is residual or cannot be managed because it is either too costly or technically unfeasible to eliminate

• Preparedness is an important component of DRR which deals with residual and unmanaged risk

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The Hyogo frame work on risk Reduction

• The Hyogo Framework for Action, assists the efforts of nations and communities to become more resilient to and cope better with the hazards they face.

• Although the primary responsibility for its implementation rests with governments, collaboration and cooperation between all stakeholders in managing the risk is crucial

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Hyogo frame work: Recommended Actions

The Hyogo Framework for Action, commits governments as well as regional, International and NGOs to;

• Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority

• Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning;

• Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

• Reduce the underlying risk factors, and • Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at

all levels ( Community, Sub county, District, Regional and national levels

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