Human Behavior

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PT002: Human Behavior: Evaluate how theories relate to human behavior in varied settings to promote cultural awareness

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Write your responses where it reads “Enter your response here.” Write as much, as needed, to satisfy the requirements indicated. Each item contains the Rubric, which will be used to evaluate your responses.

A psychological theory attempts to explain behavior but a good theory does more: It is testable through research and is amenable to revision based on the results of research. One such theory, social learning theory, was informed and developed by Albert Bandura through his “Bobo Doll Experiment.” You might be surprised to learn that the study has limitations due to its important and sustaining contribution to the field of psychology. Keep in mind that while most researchers strive to design the best study they can, no study is perfect. This is why almost every journal article you read has a specific heading or section dedicated to study limitations. Fortunately, the limitations of one study often result in several additional studies, which often address those limitations.

Item 1

Review the Bobo doll experiment at this link: https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html.

After reviewing the Bobo Doll Experiment, explain how research informs theory development. Then, select one of the limitations of the study, and briefly describe a study that could address that limitation. (3–5 paragraphs)

Your Response

According to Bobo Doll type of experiment, research informs theory in that the research offers a social phenomenon on the aggressiveness of children while theory offers an explanation to the issue of children being given an aggressive nature.

One limitation of this study is that there is lack of interaction that exists between the identified observer along with the model. This type of issue can be eliminated by using a more interactive type of approach (Goel, (2017). Rubric

	0 Not Present	1 Needs Improvement	2 Meets Expectations
Module 1: How Theory and Research are Connected
LO1: Explain how research informs theory development	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete explanation of how research informs theory development.	Response is clear, accurate, and provides a complete explanation of how research informs theory development.
LO2: Describe a limitation and identify a study that addresses the limitation	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete description of a limitation and does not identify a study to address the limitation.	Response is clear, accurate, and provides a complete description of a limitation and does not identify a study to address the limitation.

Each psychological perspective offers a unique vantage point or lens through which to view human behavior. Consider violent behavior and, in particular, school shootings as an example. After a school shooting occurred, you probably recall hearing arguments from survivors, students, politicians, news anchors, bloggers, co-workers, family, and friends about why the shooter opened fire in a school. Whether you were conscious of it or not, each of these arguments could be attributed to a psychological perspective. For example, you may have heard people say that the incident occurred because the shooter played too many violent video games (behaviorist perspective), was severely abused as a child (psychodynamic perspective), or had a chemical imbalance (biological perspective). You may have also heard people say that the shooter lacked basic human needs (e.g., stable home and social support; humanistic perspective) or perceived his or her treatment by others as being unfair or unjust (cognitive perspective). Based on this example, you can see how psychological perspectives support and offer explanations for specific behaviors. You also can probably see the degree to which one’s biology (i.e., nature) and environment (i.e., nurture) are evident in each psychological perspective.

Item 2

Briefly describe the psychological perspective that interests you the most, and why. Then, explain how nature and nurture each contribute to behavior according to the psychological perspective you chose. Finally, evaluate how the interplay between biology and environment can impact behavior. (2–3 paragraphs)

Your Response

The psychological perspective that interests me the most is the behavioral theory because it is easily relatable to the daily life of people. According to nature as well as nurture in relation to behavioral theory is that the environment of an individual affects their behavior.

Biology supports brain development in terms of size and shape while environment helps in supporting high level of brain development in terms of thinking and perception. If the environment is not suitable, it can hinder effective brain development. Therefore, the environment must be suitable for efficiency in brain development. Rubric

	0 Not Present	1 Needs Improvement	2 Meets Expectations
Module 2: Psychological Perspectives and Determinants of Behavior
LO1: Describe psychological perspectives of interest	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete description of the psychological perspective of interest to you.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and provides a complete description of the psychological perspective of interest to you.
· LO2: Analyze how determinants of behavior (i.e., nature and nurture) contribute to behavior according to psychological perspectives · ·	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete analysis of determinants of behavior (i.e., nature, nurture) contribute to psychological perspective you chose.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and provides a complete analysis of determinants of behavior (i.e., nature and nurture) that contribute to the psychological perspective you chose.
· LO3: Evaluate how biological and environmental factors impact behavior	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete evaluation of how biological and environmental factors impact behavior.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and provides a complete evaluation of how biological and environmental factors impact behavior.

For many years, IQ (intelligence quotient) was considered to be the indicator of intelligence. An IQ score is determined through standardized testing, often characterized by measures of a person’s verbal comprehension skills, working memory capacity, perceptual reasoning ability, and processing skills. IQ represents a narrow conceptualization of intelligence, and it is traditionally focused on skills related to academic success. Intelligence was once thought to be stable throughout one’s lifespan. In other words, no amount of education or studying could change your IQ score or capacity to learn. Fortunately, the research of psychologist Robert Sternberg and others indicated otherwise. They confirmed that intelligence can vary, can be developed over one’s lifetime, and extends beyond the traditional skills associated with IQ.

Item 3

Which areas of intelligence come naturally to you and which areas could be further developed and why? Answer this questions by responding to the following: (3–5 paragraphs)

· Select a theory of multiple intelligences that interests you the most.

· Briefly describe the theory of multiple intelligence you selected.

· Track a 24-hour period in your life and, based on the theory you selected, identify which intelligences you applied throughout your day.

· Using the theory, you selected, describe the different intelligences you applied throughout your day.

· Explain which areas of intelligence come naturally to you and which areas could be further developed and why. Be specific and support your conclusions with scholarly literature

Your Response

The theory of multiple intelligences that is of personal interest to me is the one regarding Gardner’s. This is because it talks about a variety of intelligences that are key in personal and professional development. The intelligences that I have applied in a 24 hour period are linguistics that is language as well as interpersonal which is associated with dealing with myself and intrapersonal which is associated with dealing with different types of individuals in interactions.

The areas of intelligence which come to me with ease are considered to be processing skills along with verbal comprehension skills while there are those that need improvement and they are the working memory capacity along with perceptual reasoning type of capability for enhanced personal intelligence development (Grünbeck, 2018).

Rubric

	0 Not Present	1 Needs Improvement	2 Meets Expectations
Module 3: Theories Related to the Brain and Mind
LO1: Describe the theory of multiple intelligence of personal interest	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete and does not clearly describe the multiple intelligence theory of personal interest.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and describes the multiple intelligence theory of personal interest.
LO2: Identify the intelligences applied during a 24-hour period based on the theory selected	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete and does not clearly identify the intelligences applied during a 24-hour period based on the theory selected.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and identifies the intelligences applied during a 24-hour period based on the theory selected.
LO3: Describe the different intelligences applied during a 24-hour period based on the theory selected	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete and does not clearly describe the different intelligences applied during a 24-hour period based on the theory selected.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and describes the different intelligences applied during a 24-hour period based on the theory selected.
LO4: Analyze the areas of intelligence that occur naturally and the areas for further development	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete application of multiple intelligence theories in relation to real life situations.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and provides a complete application of multiple intelligence theories to real life situations.

Consider the following example:

In 1964, a woman in New York City was murdered as 38 bystanders (or witnesses) looked on from their apartment windows. None of the bystanders called the police. Researchers Darley and Latané (1968) were interested in determining why the bystanders failed to call the police. Therefore, they conducted an experiment measuring participants’ responses to an audio recording of someone having a seizure (perceived to be real) when they were alone or in groups with 1–4 other people. The researchers found that participants who thought they were alone intervened much more quickly than participants who thought there were other people present. This study prompted researchers to develop the bystander effect, which suggests that the presence of others in an emergency situation discourages individuals to intervene, based on the perceived diffusion of responsibility.

Based on the bystander effect (Darley & Latané, 1968), the perceived diffusion of responsibility makes bystanders less likely to intervene in an emergency situation. It might be tempting to assume that aggressors and the bystanders who do nothing to intervene are just “bad” people; however, the reasons for how and why these behaviors occur are much more complex. Consider how factors, such as obedience to authority, perceived power, and diffused responsibility—in the presence of others—may explain varied responses to potential or actual harm to others.

Reference

Darley, J.M. & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377-383.

Item 4

Reflect on the following social media scenario:

You are reading posts on your favorite social media site, and come across a post by a 19-year-old male. He writes that he was raped at a party last night, and he’s afraid they will post pictures of it online. He is contemplating suicide. You notice three types of behaviors in the comments to him:

A. A small group of individuals are using profanity and belittling him. They are encouraging him to commit suicide.

B. A larger group of individuals are making supportive comments and providing the number for a crisis help line.

C. Many of his online followers have not responded to his post.

How are social psychology theories or principles applied to account for each of the responses in the scenario provided (e.g., which principles/theories could explain response type A; which principles/theories could explain response type B; and so on)? Answer this question by responding to the following: (3–5 paragraphs)

· Describe the impact of social context on conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors.

· Explain how social psychology theories or principles could be applied to account for each of the responses in the scenario (e.g., which principles/theories could explain response type A; which principles/theories could explain response type B; and so on). Be sure to support your assertions with scholarly content.

· Provide at least one recommendation to help reduce the derogatory comments or increase the number of supportive comments in the scenario, based on what you have learned about social psychology. Include whether setting or culture could affect the type of comment that is made.

Your Response

For response A, this can be explained using operant conditioning type of theory while for response B, it can be explained using the Skinner’s theory and response C by neutral stimulus type of theory (Grünbeck, 2018).

Social context is associated with having an impact on conformity as well as behavior and obedience. This is because it is associated with a variety of social factors which are used in influencing a certain type of behavior and direction that individuals follow. These factors are what cause similarities and differences in behavior in an individual or a group of people. To enhance positive changes in Behavior, there is the need to use social context theories that help in enhancing positive Behavior..

Rubric

	0 Not Present	1 Needs Improvement	2 Meets Expectations
Module 4: Theories of Behavior in the Social Context
LO1: Describe the impact of social context on conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete and does not clearly describe the impact of social context on conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and describes the impact of social context on conformity, obedience, and helping behaviors.
LO2: Analyze how social learning theories or principles can be applied to different responses to explain behavior	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete and does not clearly analyze how social learning theories or principles can be applied to different responses to explain behavior.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and analyzes how social learning theories or principles can be applied to different responses to explain behavior.
LO3: Recommend one strategy to reduce negative behavior or increase positive behavior for each scenario and address possible impact of setting and culture	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete and does not clearly provide a recommendation of a strategy to reduce negative behavior or increase positive behavior for the scenario, or does not address the possible impact of setting and culture.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and provides a recommendation of one strategy to reduce negative behavior or increase positive behavior for the scenario and addresses the possible impact of setting and culture.

Consider the research articles and documents you have read, throughout this Area of Expertise and Competency, and the themes and topics that have been explored. You determined the strengths and limitations of various psychological theories as well as identified how theories relate to human behavior in diverse settings. It is important to remember how psychological theory and research go hand in hand, to advance the development and evolution of theories and to more accurately reflect our understanding of human behavior. The articles you read included descriptions of seminal research that contributed to the development of key theories in psychology, some were conducted to advance knowledge in the field, and many had positive social change implications. You learned that theories evolve following new research designed to examine phenomena in varied settings and among people with varied characteristics.

Item 5

How does relevant research support theory or contribute to its evolution? To answer this question, respond to the following: (3–5 paragraphs)

· Select one theory or model (e.g., psychoanalytic, cognitive development, systems, gender, or any other psychological theory/model) that interests you the most and locate a research article that incorporates your theoretical choice.

· Briefly describe the study that included the theory.

· Explain how the theory was incorporated in the study. Be sure to include whether the research supported the theory, further informed theory, or did not support the theory.

· Then, explain whether the theory could be generalized to apply to varied settings or diverse cultures, based on the research article you found. Give an example of some of the settings and cultures to which it could be applied and why.

Your Response

The theory of interest in my case is the cognitive dissonance theory. This theory helps in the explanation of Behavior and in the determination of further aspects associated with Behavior in individuals. The theory is not limited to any kind of situation or environment.

Relevant research can offer development of theory such as cognitive research by enhancing the explanation of various types of concepts in the theory and enhancing room for skill Development. Relevant research can also highlight key weaknesses and rectify and build on the strengths of the theory (Grünbeck, 2018).

Rubric

	0 Not Present	1 Needs Improvement	2 Meets Expectations
Module 5: The Body, the Mind, and the Environment
LO1: Identify one theory or model of interest with research that supports the theoretical choice	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete identification of a theory or model of interest with a research article that supports the theoretical choice.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and identifies one theory or model of interest with a research article that supports the theoretical choice.
LO2: Describe the research study that supports the theoretical choice	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and incomplete and does not describe the research study that supports the theoretical choice.	Response is clear, accurate, and complete and describes the research study that supports the theoretical choice.
LO3: Explain how theory was incorporated into a scientific study	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete explanation of how theory was incorporated into a scientific study. And Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete analysis of how the research supports the theory, informs the theory, or did not support the theory.	Response is clear, accurate, and provides a complete explanation of how theory was incorporated into a scientific study. And Response is clear, accurate, and provides a complete analysis of how the research supports the theory, informs the theory, or did not support the theory.
LO4: Explain whether the theory could be applied to varied settings or diverse cultures	Response is not present.	Response is vague, inaccurate, and an incomplete of whether the theory could be applied to varied settings or diverse cultures based on the research article. An accurate example of the application of the setting and culture is not provided or is incomplete.	Response is clear, accurate, and provides a complete explanation of whether the theory could be applied to varied settings or diverse cultures based on the research article. An accurate example of the application of the setting and culture is provided with a complete explanation.

References

Provide a citation for each resource you used to write your response to this Assessment. The following citation has been provided as an Example:

Goel, V. (2017). Reasoning Brain: The Interplay between Cognitive Neuroscience and Theories of Reasoning. Place of publication not identified: Frontiers Media SA.

Grünbeck, S. (2018). Albert Banduras Sozial-Kognitive Lerntheorie. "Bobo-Doll" Experiment, Praxisbezug und Bedeutung für die aktuelle Persönlichkeitsforschung.

Mastery Rubric

In order to achieve mastery of this Competency, you must achieve a “2” on every rubric row in addition to meeting the additional expectation indicated in the Mastery Rubric.

Mastery Rubric	No	Yes
Exceeds Expectations: Human Behavior
Evaluate how theories relate to human behavior in varied settings to promote cultural awareness.	The written responses are not well-developed, clear, and do not accurately integrate theoretical perspectives related to human behavior in varied settings to promote cultural awareness.	The written responses are well-developed, clear, accurate, and integrate theoretical perspectives related to human behavior in varied settings to promote cultural awareness.

Professional Skills Building

The Faculty Assessor will provide feedback based on the following Professional Skills: Information Literacy and Written Communication. Although the feedback is here to inform the development of your skills, it is not a barrier to achieving the Competency, unless the writing is too poor to be able to score the content of the Assessment. Review the Rubric and check your work based on the Learning Objectives listed. If you are concerned that your writing will not meet these expectations yet, reach out to your Faculty Subject Matter Expert (SME) so he or she can work with you to further develop this important professional skill.

It is highly recommended that you use this opportunity to practice these important skills in the context of this Competency Assessment in order to receive feedback about your current level of proficiency.

Information Literacy: Apply strategies to evaluate information in order to effectively analyze issues and make decisions.
	0 Not Present	1 Needs Improvement	2 Meets Expectations
LO1: Identify and locate credible sources.	No sources or noncredible sources are present.	Sources are inconsistently credible, appropriate, and relevant to the topic and/or assessment.	Sources are mostly credible, appropriate, and relevant to the topic and/or assessment.
LO2: Analyze information sources.	Analysis is not present.	Analysis superficially applies aspects of sources that are most relevant to the topic and/or assessment and/or analysis is unclear.	Analysis thoroughly and clearly applies aspects of sources that are most relevant to the topic and/or assessment.
LO3: Synthesize information from multiple, credible sources.	Synthesis is not present.	Synthesis demonstrates a vague connection between multiple sources and/or the topic.	Synthesis demonstrates a clear and cohesive connection between multiple sources and/or ideas to support a given topic.

Written Communication: Write with clarity, coherence, and purpose.
	0 Not Present	1 Needs Improvement	2 Meets Expectations
LO1: Develop clear introduction statements. (AWE 3; essay-level skills)	Introduction statement is not present.	Introduction statement is unclear and/or unfocused.	Introduction statement is well-defined and clearly describes the topic and focus of the response.
LO2: Use transitions to connect ideas. (AWE 3; essay-level skills)	Transitions are not present.	Transitions are used inconsistently or limit reader’s access to ideas.	Writing conveys a cohesive idea through the effective use of transitions.
LO3: Use appropriate tone and vocabulary for a given audience. (Awe 3; Awareness of audience and discipline)	Vocabulary and tone are inappropriate for the audience.	Vocabulary and tone vary throughout the writing and limit the reader’s access to ideas.	Vocabulary and tone communicate key concepts that are appropriate for the audience.
LO4: Apply APA formatting and style guidelines. (Awe 3 awareness of audience and discipline and credit to source)	APA formatting and style are not present.	Writing inconsistently uses in-text citations and references. Major errors in APA style impede understanding and/or violate standards for academic integrity.	Writing uses in-text citations appropriately, includes references when applicable, and is formatted according to APA style. Minor errors in APA style do not impede understanding or violate standards for academic integrity.