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Consciousness

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

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1. Define consciousness

2. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders

3. Explain the natures and uses of hypnosis, meditation, and biofeedback in altering consciousness

4. Define substance use disorders

LEARNING OUTCOMES

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5. Discuss the allure and dangers of depressants

6. Discuss the allure and dangers of stimulants

7. Discuss the allure and dangers of hallucinogenics

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Truth or Fiction?

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Consciousness

• Sensory awareness of the environment

• Selective attention • Key to self-control

• Cocktail party effect - Selective attention makes one’s senses sharp and helps pick a specific stimuli among others

• Direct inner awareness of one’s thoughts, images, emotions, and memories

LO 1

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Freud’s Take on Consciousness

• Preconscious • Not currently in awareness, but readily available

• Unconscious • Unavailable to awareness under most

circumstances

• Repression

- Allows one to avoid feelings of anxiety, guilt, or shame

LO 1

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Non-Freudian Concepts on Consciousness

• Unconscious • Suppression: Conscious ejection of unwanted

mental events from awareness

• Nonconscious • Bodily processes that cannot be experienced

through sensory awareness

• Continuous development of sense of self

• Waking state

LO 1

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Consciousness as Personal Unity

• Personal unity • Through development, people develop a sense

of being individuals

• Impressions, thoughts, and feelings make up consciousness

- Consciousness is self

LO 1

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Altered States of Consciousness

• Sleep

• Meditation

• Hypnotic trance

• Distorted perceptions from mind-altering drugs

Classroom demonstration - Mind Games

LO 1

https://www.academicvideostore.com/

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Biological and Circadian Rhythms

• Circadian rhythm: Cycle connected with the 24-hour period of the earth’s rotation

• Cycle of wakefulness and sleep is 24 hours long • Extended to 25 hours if cues that signal for day

or night are removed

LO 2

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Biological and Circadian Rhythms (continued)

• Series of 90-minute cycles that determines the stages of sleep • Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) stimulates the

pineal gland to decrease its output of melatonin once a person is awake

- Melatonin promotes sleep

LO 2

Figure

PSYCH5 | CH4

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4.1 Sleep Times for Mammals

LO 2

http://www.sleepfoundation.org/top-100-lullabies

Figure

PSYCH5 | CH4

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4.2 The Stages of Sleep

LO 2

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Typical Night of Sleep

• One undergoes five cycles through the stages of sleep

• First period in stage four sleep is the longest

• Sleep becomes lighter as the night wears on

• REM sleep becomes longer through the night • Last REM period may last for 30 minutes

LO 2

Figure

PSYCH5 | CH4

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4.3 Sleep Cycles

LO 2

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Functions of Sleep

Rejuvenates the body

Helps one recover from stress

Helps one consolidate learning

May promote development of infants’ brains

LO 2

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Required Amount of Sleep

• May be genetically determined

• Additional sleep is needed when a person is under stress

• Belief - As people age, they require less sleep • Interrupted by physical discomfort

Classroom demonstration - American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society

LO 2

http://www.aasmnet.org/

http://www.sleepresearchsociety.org/

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Sleep, Learning, and Memory

• Individuals deprived of REM sleep: • Learn more slowly

• Forget what they have learned more quickly

• Show REM rebound

LO 2

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Dreams

• Imagery is produced in the absence of external stimulation

• Most vivid during REM sleep

• Vague and fleeting during NREM sleep

• Could be in color or black and white

• Involve memories of the day • Traumatic events can lead to nightmares

• Reflections of unconscious desires, as suggested by Freud

LO 2

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Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming

• Acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming

• Activation of the reticular formation: • Arouses an individual but does not wake

him/her

• Stimulates parts of the cortex involved in memory

- Cortex synthesizes the sources of stimulation into dreams

LO 2

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1. Truth or Fiction?

• We act out our forbidden fantasies in our dreams

• TRUE!

LO 2

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Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia

• Narcolepsy and sleep paralysis

• Sleep apnea

• Deep-sleep disorders • Sleep terrors

• Bed-wetting

• Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

LO 2

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2. Truth or Fiction?

• Insomnia can be caused by trying too hard to fall asleep

• TRUE!

LO 2

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3. Truth or Fiction?

• It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker

• FICTION!

LO 2

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Hypnosis

• Altered state of consciousness • People are suggestible and behave as though in

a trance

• Used in medical procedures and to help cope with stress

• Hypnotic trance - Induced by the hypnotist

• People who are easily hypnotized have hypnotic suggestibility

LO 3

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Hypnosis (continued)

• Role theory • Changes in behavior can be successfully imitated

when people are instructed to behave as though they were hypnotized

• Response set theory • Expectations play a role in the production of

experiences suggested by the hypnotist

LO 3

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4. Truth or Fiction?

• You can be hypnotized against your will

• FICTION!

LO 3

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Meditation

• Focusing one's consciousness to alter relationship between the self and the environment • Transcendental meditation (TM)

• Concentrates on mantras

• Produces relaxation response

• Mindfulness meditation (MM)

• Helps focusing on the present rather than ruminating about problems

LO 3

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Biofeedback Training (BFT)

• System that provides information about a bodily function in order for one to gain control over it • Helps combat stress, tension, and anxiety

Classroom demonstration - Biofeedback Training

LO 3

http://www.7hz.com/

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Biofeedback Training (BFT) (continued)

• Electromyograph (EMG): • Monitors muscle tension

• Used by sports psychologists • To train athletes in relaxing specific muscle

groups so that anxiety and tension are controlled

LO 3

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5. Truth or Fiction?

• You can teach a rat to raise or lower its heart rate

• TRUE!

LO 3

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Psychoactive Substances

• Drugs that distort perceptions and change moods • Depressants

• Stimulants

LO 4

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Substance Use Disorders

• Repeated use of substances leads to impaired functioning • Characterized by loss of control over the use of

the substance

• Biological symptoms are suggestive of addiction • Tolerance

• Abstinence syndrome: Characteristic group of withdrawal symptoms

- Craving occurs without a substance

LO 4

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Causal Factors in Substance Use Disorders

• Experimentation

• Based on the recommendation or observation of others • Reinforced by peers or the drug’s positive effects

• Self-medication

• Genetic predisposition toward physiological dependence

LO 4

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Allures and Dangers of Depressants - Alcohol

• Most abused drug

• Linked to lowering productivity, loss of employment, and lowering social status

• Binge drinking is connected with aggressive behavior, poor grades, promiscuity, and accidents

• Effects • Lowers inhibitions

• Induces feelings of euphoria and elation

• Impairs cognitive functioning and coordination

LO 5

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Allures and Dangers of Depressants - Alcohol (continued)

• Men are more likely to become alcoholic than women • Affects women more as they have less aldehyde

dehydrogenase than men

• Asians are less likely than Europeans to drink excessively

• Can lead to physiological dependence

LO 5

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Allures and Dangers of Depressants - Opiates

• Group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy • Opioids are produced in a laboratory

• Include morphine, heroin, codeine, and demerol • Medical application - Pain relief

• Provide a strong euphoric rush

• Can lead to physiological dependence

LO 5

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Allures and Dangers of Depressants -

Barbiturates

• Depressants with medical uses • Relieve anxiety, tension, and pain

• Treat epilepsy, high blood pressure, and insomnia

• Rapidly lead to physiological and psychological dependence

• Dangerous if mixed with alcohol

LO 5

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Allures and Dangers of Stimulants -

Amphetamines

• Can produce a euphoric feeling • Individuals may fall into deep sleep or

depression

• Ritalin and Adderall • Used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD) in children

• Increase the risk for sleep disorders and loss of appetite

• Tolerance develops quickly and users can become dependent

LO 6

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6. Truth or Fiction?

• Heroin was once used as a cure for addiction to morphine

• TRUE!

LO 6

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7. Truth or Fiction?

• Many health professionals calm down hyperactive children by giving them a stimulant

• TRUE!

LO 6

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Allures and Dangers of Stimulants - Cocaine

• Produces euphoria, reduces hunger, deadens pain, and boosts self-confidence

• Physical dangers • Sudden rises in blood pressure, decreased

oxygen supply to the heart, increased heart rate, and respiratory and cardiovascular collapse

• Overdose • Causes restlessness and insomnia, tremors,

headaches, nausea, convulsions, hallucinations, and delusions

LO 6

Figure

PSYCH5 | CH4

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4.4 How Cocaine Produces Euphoria

and Why People Crash

LO 6

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8. Truth or Fiction?

• Coca-Cola once added life to its signature drink through the use of a powerful—but now illegal—stimulant

• TRUE!

LO 6

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Allures and Dangers of Stimulants - Nicotine

• Addictive stimulant in tobacco smoke • Creates physiological dependence on tobacco

products

• Enhances memory and attention and has a relaxing effect

• Depresses appetite and raises metabolic rate

LO 6

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Allures and Dangers of Stimulants - Nicotine (continued)

• Effects of cigarette smoking • Hydrocarbons (tars) can lead to lung cancer

• Stiffens arteries

• Increases the risk of miscarriage, preterm births, stillborn babies, and children with learning problems in pregnant women

• Secondhand smoke is connected to respiratory illnesses and different types of cancer

• Electronic cigarettes - Help obtain nicotine • Avoid inhalation of cancer-causing hydrocarbons

LO 6

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9. Truth or Fiction?

• The number of people who die from smoking-related causes is greater than the number lost to motor vehicle accidents, abuse of alcohol and all other drugs, suicide, homicide, and aids combined

• TRUE!

LO 6

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Hallucinogenics - Marijuana

• THC - Psychedelic substance involved • Hashish is derived from resin and is more potent

• May alter time perception

• Increases one's awareness of bodily sensations and heightens sexual sensations

• Causes disorientation that may be pleasant or threatening

LO 7

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Hallucinogenics - Marijuana (continued)

• Perceptual-motor coordination, short-term memory, and learning can be impaired

• Strong intoxication leads to nausea and vomiting

• Regular users may experience tolerance and withdrawal symptoms

LO 7

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Other Hallucinogenics

• LSD • Synthetic hallucinogen

• Produces vivid and colorful hallucinations

Classroom demonstration - LSD

LO 7

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_fqquz0Ug8

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Other Hallucinogenics (continued)

• Flashbacks

- Distorted perceptions that mimic the LSD trip

• Occur days, weeks, or longer after usage

• Experience is termed hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)

• Include mescaline and phencyclidine (PCP)

LO 7

Table

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4.3 Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects

LO 7

Table

PSYCH5 | CH4

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4.3 Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects (continued)

LO 7

KEY TERMS

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• Circadian rhythm

• Alpha waves

• Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

• Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

• Theta waves

• Delta waves

• Consciousness

• Selective attention

• Direct inner awareness

• Preconscious

• Unconscious

• Repression

• Suppression

• Nonconscious

KEY TERMS

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• Transcendental meditation (TM)

• Mindfulness meditation (MM)

• Biofeedback training (BFT)

• Electromyograph (EMG)

• Psychoactive substances

• Depressant

• Activation- synthesis model

• Narcolepsy

• Sleep apnea

• Sleep terrors

• Hypnosis

• Role theory

• Response set theory

KEY TERMS

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• Amphetamines

• Hydrocarbons

• Secondhand smoke

• Hallucinogenic

• Marijuana

• LSD

• Flashbacks

• Mescaline

• Phencyclidine (PCP)

• Stimulant

• Substance use disorder

• Tolerance

• Abstinence syndrome

• Opiates

• Narcotics

• Opioids

• Barbiturate

SUMMARY

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• Consciousness is the sensory awareness of the environment

• While sleeping, one slips from consciousness to unconsciousness

• Sleep disorders relate to problems that can seriously interfere with one's functioning

• Hypnosis, meditation, and biofeedback are altered states of consciousness

• There are serious health issues associated with psychoactive drugs

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