Research Paper Analysis

NICOTINE

Presenters:

Juttla, S., Ishida, K., Pabreja, S., Chan, K., and Camara, J.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

Learning Objectives/ Lecture Outline

Understand the background of nicotine

1

Describe the pharmacological components of nicotine

2

Describe the acute and chronic effects of nicotine use

3

Identify and understand the current debates on nicotine

4

Learning Objective #1: Understand the Background of Nicotine

Nicotine – Simran Juttla

Nicotine

• Consumption: Two plants species

- Nicotiana Tabacum (Top)

- Nicotiana Rustica (Bottom)

• Consequences

- Low-level symptoms

- High-level symptoms

- Death

History of Tobacco Use

• 15th Century: Columbus

• Tobacco as Panacea

- Was once titled as panacea weed.

- Popular during WW1 and WW2.

• From Panacea to Panned

- Isolation of Nicotine.

Prevalence of Tobacco Use

• Smoking in Canada

- Smoking rates higher in males.

- Eight percent of teenagers' smoke.

- Decreased since past 5 decades.

Prevalence of Tobacco Use

• Two methods are popular among youths:

Hookahs and e-cigarettes!

• Cigars fall in second place as per popularity.

Prevalence of Tobacco Use: Smokeless

• Smokeless Tobacco:

Chewing and snuff!

• There are significant risks.

• Are more prevalent in males than females.

- No age difference.

Prevalence of Tobacco Use

• Initiation of Smoking

- Occurs during adolescence.

- Various factors influence smoking.

- Prevention methods have been introduced.

• Youth smoking has decreased over time.

Consumption of Tobacco

• Medical Use (1492 – 1853)

- Pain reliever

- Applied to treat diseases

- Consumed through mouth and nostrils.

- As well as intestinal canal and vagina.

Consumption of Tobacco

• Recreational Use (As of now)

- Stress Relief

- Pleasure

- To heighten performance levels

A Nicotine Fueled Brain

• Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACH)

- Stimulates:

Autonomic Nervous System

Central Nervous System.

• Nicotine remains in the blood longer than ACH.

• Nicotine’s also known as biphasic drug.

• The levels of dopamine are affected.

- Mono-amine-oxidase-A (MOA-A)

• Mimics ACH

A Nicotine Fueled Brain

Learning Objective #2: Describe Pharmacological Components of Nicotine

Pharmacology – Karin Ishida

PharmacoKINETICS

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Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Absorption

RECAP: Route of administration

1. Site of action

2. Forms of Delivery

a) pH level

b) Duration

Figure 1.1 Four Main Routes of Nicotine

Distribution IMAGINE:

“Bus routes”

“Traffic area”

“Bus terminals” (brain)

TERMINAL

Metabolism vRECAP: Post-distribution vTwo scenarios vMain sites

Excretion

v RECAP:

Laws of kinetics

• First-order

• Zero-order

PharmacoDYNAMICS

•Textbook definition

•How NT's communicate

RECAP:

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

PharmacoDYNAMICS of Nicotine

MAIN POINTS

v Target areas

v NT's involved

v What kind of effects take place

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

Dose Response Curve

v RECAP: • What the DRC

tells us • Importance • Components

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

Zevin et.al (2008)

Tolerance

• Symptoms produced (low, mod-high, lethal)

Nature of DRC

Learning Objective #3: Describe Acute & Chronic Effects of Nicotine Use

Effects: Acute and

Chronic

• What are the symptoms of Acute effects?

• What are the symptoms of Chronic effects?

Acute Effects – Kyiana C

• Drug Synergism

• Ex. Nicotine improves performance on your memory

• Autonomic Effects

• Decreased Arousal

• Relationship with body weight

Nicotine Dependence Liability – Kyiana C

• CNS stimulating effects

• Rapid blood levels of Nicotine – drug reinforcement

• The psychological dependence

• This is due to the associations of social and environmental

Chronic Effects – Janzen C

• The pharmacokinetics of nicotine dependence

• Symptoms of nicotine withdrawals

• Diseases associated with chronic cigarette smoker

• Cigarette use prevention/reduction

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption depends on root of administration

Nicotine brain levels rise fast but decline just as quickly

• It takes 7 seconds for the nicotine to reach the brain when inhaled

• 14 seconds from arm to the brain

It metabolizes more quickly

• Chronic users: Nicotine half-life is 2 hours

t

• Nicotine levels differ in peak times at different deliveries • Levels rise the quickest for

smokers • Snuff and chewing much

slower BUT it stays longer in the blood

• Gives us insight on the reason for smokers need to smoke multiple times a day

Blood nicotine levels in a typical cigarette smoker over a 24-hour period

Source: Adapted fom Julien (2005); Taylor (2001)

Good question to consider for a test: if someone wanted the effects of nicotine to last longer, what would be the best route of administration? (I.e. the slowest?)

Physical dependence

• Symptoms after 24 hours of stopping smoking

• Craving

• Irritability

• Anxiety

• Difficulty concentrating

• Restlessness

• Increased appetite

• Impatience

• Somatic complains

• Insomnia

Diseases linked to Cigarette smoking and other Tobacco products

• Cancer

• Coronary heart disease

• Respiratory diseases

• Reproductive Challenges

• Main culprits

• Nicotine

• Tar

• Carbon Monoxide

Step toward tobacco use prevention/reduction

• Established requirements for tobacco products packaging in Canada

• Graphic health warnings

• Toxic emissions element

• Health information messages

Learning Objective #4: Identify & Understand The Current Debates on Nicotine

Nicotine – Areas of Debate

v Classification of Nicotine

v Vape Cigarettes vs. Tobacco

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

Classification of Nicotine

vAcetylcholine • Relation to nicotine

vStimulant vs. Depressant?

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

Classification of Nicotine – cont'd

Possible explanations

1. Biphasic effects

2. Placebo

Figure Effects of Alcohol Consumption on

Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)

Fig. This Figure from the University of Wisconsin (UWO)(n.d.) depicts the biphasic effects of alcohol consumption. From "Health Promotion and Wellness."

The Vape Debate – Simran Pabreja

Vaping, also known as e-cigarettes or "juuls" have become the new "it" thing, especially among youth.

• Vaping delivers nicotine to the body by heating up liquid which tends to be less harmful than smoking a traditional cigarette.

• Traditional cigarette smoking delivers nicotine to the body by burning tobacco.

Vape Debate – Pros

E-cigarettes or "vapes" do have some "pros" associated with them. They are not completely safe, but are definitely safer than cigarettes.

1. Vapes are cleaner and more hygienic.

2. Vapes do not stain teeth.

3. Vaping does not cause oral cancer.

Roberts, T. A. (2018, April 10). Dangers of Vaping: Pros and Cons of Vaping as Opposed to Smoking. https://dentistkansascityks.com/dangers-of-vaping/

Cons - 5 Vaping Facts To Know

1. Vaping is less harmful than smoking but still IS NOT safe.

2. Vaping causes damage to your heart and lungs.

3. E-cigarettes are just as addictive as traditional cigarettes.

4. E-cigarettes may be useful as a short-term treatment. However it should not substitute formal treatment in order to quit smoking.

5. The new generation is becoming hooked to nicotine.

Blaha, M. J. (2020, January 21). 5 Vaping Facts You Need to Know. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/5-truths-you-need-to-know-about-vaping

Health Canada Proposes Ban on Vape Flavours

• A recent news article by CTV News explained Health Canada's proposal on banning most vape flavours in order to manage and contain the appeal of vaping to youth.

• In a statement by Health Minister, Patty Hadju, she claimed, "Vaping is putting a new generation of Canadians at risk for nicotine addiction"

• Health Canada has drafted regulations which propose to ban all vape flavours except for tobacco, mint and menthol.

• They hope that these changes make vaping less appealing for youth while still leaving options for those who want to switch to an alternative source of nicotine.

Bresge, A. (2021, June 18). Health Canada Proposes Ban on Most Vaping Flavours It Says Appeal to Youth. The Canadian Press.

ttps://www.ctvnews.ca/health/health-canada-proposes-ban-on-most-vaping-flavours-it-says-appeal-to-youth-1.5476736

References

Blaha, M. J. (2020). 5 Vaping Facts You Need to Know. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/5-truths-you-need- to-know-about-vaping

Bresge, A. (2021). Health Canada Proposes Ban on Most Vaping Flavours It Says Appeal to Youth. The Canadian Press. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/health-canada-proposes-ban-on-most-vaping-flavours-it-says-appeal- to-youth-1.5476736

Maisto, S.A., Galizio, M., Connors, G.J., Maheau, S.J., & McCarthy, A. (2021). Drug use and abuse (1st ed.). Cengage Learning.

Roberts, T. A. (2018). Dangers of Vaping: Pros and Cons of Vaping as Opposed to Smoking. https://dentistkansascityks.com/dangers-of-vaping

Tobacco and Vaping Products Act 2018 (TVPA) S.C. 1997, c. 13 (CA). https://www.canada.ca/en/health- canada/services/health-concerns/tobacco/legislation/federal-laws/tobacco-act.html

Zevin, S., Gourlay, S.G., & Benowitz, N.L. (2008). Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 83(4): 531- 541. DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2008.3.

Let's recap! - Karin I and Simran P

NicotineBackground Pharmacology

Current Debates KINETICS DYNAMICS

Effects Chronic

Acute

Classification

Vape debate

Thank You!