general psychology
pucho99
PSYC122_M5_PPT.pptxModule 5
Personality
PSYC 122
General Psychology II
Objectives
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
Distinguish the difference between the concepts of personality, character, and temperament.
Identify the three (3) major contributors to personality, the multiple influences on personality, and the four (4) personality assessment methods.
Evaluate how culture affects personality.
Explain the defense mechanisms, the levels of consciousness, the mental structures, and the psychosexual stages of development according to Freud.
Describe the five-factor model (FFM).
Examine Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Analyze Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism, Rotter’s theory, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung's theories.
Personality refers to our distinct and enduring configuration of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that remains relatively consistent over time.
Character encompasses our ethical standards, moral principles, personal values, and integrity that guide our decisions and actions.
Personality
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Personality is the enduring pattern of characteristics that generates consistency and individuality in an individual. Many experts in behavior have devoted their studies to understanding how personality is formed and the stages of development and maturation it undergoes.
Some of the major theoretical approaches in the study of personality include:
Psychodynamic theories
Humanistic theories
Trait theory
Cognitive theories
Personality
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Three key factors that can play a role in shaping various personality characteristics include brain structures, neurochemistry, and genetics.
These factors have the capacity to exert influence and contribute to the development of different aspects of an individual's personality.
Major Contributors to Personality
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Levels of Consciousness
Freud called the mind “psyche” and asserted that it contains three levels of awareness:
Conscious: This level includes motives and thoughts that a person is aware of or can recall from memory.
Preconscious: Below the conscious level, the preconscious contains thoughts, motives, or memories that exist beneath the surface of awareness. These contents can be brought to consciousness when needed or desired.
Unconscious: The unconscious is a reservoir of predominantly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that remains hidden from conscious awareness. It is a part of the mind that influences thoughts and behaviors without being directly accessible to conscious examination.
Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
According to Freud, personality consisted of three components: the id, ego, and superego.
When the ego fails to reconcile the conflicting demands of the id and superego, feelings of anxiety are said to emerge into conscious awareness, leading to the activation of defense mechanisms.
Defense Mechanisms
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Defense Mechanisms
(Engler, 2014)
Repression
Denial
Projection
Reaction formation
Regression
Rationalization
Identification
Displacement
Sublimation
According to Freud five developmental stages during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally.
Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
The collective unconscious represents the deepest level of the unconscious mind, encompassing universal memories and archetypes shared by all individuals due to our common ancestral past.
Archetypes are collective and universal images and patterns that reside in the unconscious and hold symbolic significance for all people.
One example of an archetype pertains to gender roles. According to Jung, both males and females possess archetypal patterns for the feminine aspects of personality, known as the "anima," and the masculine aspects of personality, known as the "animus." These archetypes enable individuals to express and embody both masculine and feminine traits within their personality and aid in understanding the opposite sex.
Carl Jung’s Personality Theories
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Adler's individual personality theory diverges from the notion of behavior being driven by unconscious forces. Instead, he posits that behavior is purposeful and directed towards specific goals. According to Adler, individuals are motivated by a desire to overcome feelings of inferiority that stem from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence.
An inferiority complex is wherein individuals harbor deep-seated feelings of inadequacy. Adler emphasizes that individuals strive to compensate for these perceived weaknesses and work towards achieving superiority and personal growth.
Alfred Adler Personality theory
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Bandura proposed that personality is shaped through a three-way reciprocal interaction between the individual's internal characteristics, the external environment, and the individual's behavior.
Albert Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism Theory
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Personality
Person
Environment
Behavior
Julian B. Rotter utilized personality assessments to gauge the internal versus external locus of control, aiming to comprehend personality and behavior.
The internal locus of control refers to the belief that individuals have control over their own destiny and that their actions significantly influence outcomes. On the other hand, the external locus of control reflects the belief that external factors or forces beyond one's control determine the course of events.
Julian B. Rotter –Locus of Control
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Maslow believed that human beings possess an intrinsic positive essence within them. This innate positivity and the inherent inclination towards self-actualization motivate individuals to achieve their fullest potential and pursue personal development.
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
The Five-Factor Model is a personality trait model consisting of five fundamental dimensions, commonly referred to as the Big Five. These dimensions are:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Five-Factor Model
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Openness: This dimension reflects a person's inclination towards novelty, imagination, and intellectual curiosity. Individuals high in openness tend to be creative, open-minded, and receptive to new experiences.
Conscientiousness: refers to the degree of organization, responsibility, and self-discipline in an individual. People high in conscientiousness are typically diligent, dependable, and strive for achievement.
Extraversion: represents the extent to which an individual seeks social interaction, stimulation and experiences positive emotions. Extraverts are outgoing, assertive and enjoy being around others.
Five-Factor Model
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Agreeableness: measures an individual's tendency to be cooperative, friendly, and compassionate towards others. People high in agreeableness are generally warm and empathetic.
Neuroticism: represents the degree of emotional stability versus instability in an individual. Those high in neuroticism tend to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, moodiness, and vulnerability to stress.
Five-Factor Model
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Personality Assessment Methods
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Interviews
Observations
Objective tests
Projective tests
During an unstructured interview, interviewers form impressions and follow their instincts or allow the interviewee to provide more details on information that might reveal aspects of their personality.
In contrast, a structured interview involves the interviewer asking predetermined, specific questions to assess the interviewee's responses in a more objective manner and make comparisons with the responses of others.
Interviews
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Psychologists evaluate personality by directly observing behavior in addition to conducting interviews.
Through systematic observation and adherence to specific evaluation criteria, they analyze and interpret behavioral patterns to gain insights into an individual's personality.
Observations
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Objective tests are utilized to collect precise and impartial information about a broad spectrum of personality traits within a relatively brief timeframe.
These tests yield objective data that can enhance comprehension of an individual's personality attributes, providing insights into their unique characteristics. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) serves as an illustration of such an objective test.
Objective Tests
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Employ stimuli that lack structure and can be interpreted in multiple ways.
Tests like the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) purportedly enable individuals to project their unconscious conflicts, psychological defenses, motives, and personality traits onto the test materials.
Projective Tests
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)
Engler, B. (2014). Personality Theories: An Introduction. Houghton Mifflin.
Sanderson, C. A., & Huffman, K. (2020). Real world psychology (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN-13: 978-1119577751 https://bulk-store.vitalsource.com/products/real-world-psychology-catherine-a-sanderson-karen-v9781119577737
References
Review as many times as required the information contained in the module folder (includes this presentation).
Read the reference material to clarify any questions.
Carry out all the activities according to the instructions.
Submit assignments on the indicated date through the educational platform.
Congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical summary of this week's topic!
Actively participate in collaborative sessions.
Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:
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breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion Physiological security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property Safety friendship, family, sexual intimacy Love/Belonging self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others Esteem morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts Self-actualization
