877025

PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT INVENTORY™

Clinical Interpretive Report

by

Leslie C. Morey, PhD

and PAR Staff

Client Information

_______________________________________________________________________

Client Name : Frank SAMPLE

Client ID : -Not Specified-

Age : 34

Gender : Male

Education : -Not Specified-

Marital Status : -Not Specified-

Test Date : 07/29/2018

Prepared For : -Not Specified-

_______________________________________________________________________

The interpretive information contained in this report should be viewed as only one source of

hypotheses about the individual being evaluated. No decisions should be based solely on the

information contained in this report. This material should be integrated with all other sources

of information in reaching professional decisions about this individual.

This report is confidential and intended for use by qualified professionals only. It should not

be released to the individual being evaluated.

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 2

Full Scale Profile

Plotted T scores are based upon a census matched standardization sample of 1,000 normal adults. ■ indicates that the score is more than two standard deviations above the mean for a sample of 1,246 clinical patients.

♦ indicates that the scale has more than 20% missing items.

T-Score

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110

T-Score

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Scale ICN INF NIM PIM SOM ANX ARD DEP MAN PAR SCZ BOR ANT ALC DRG AGG SUI STR NON RXR DOM WRM

Raw 8 5 11 10 21 17 16 44 28 51 46 42 55 36 34 44 4 16 15 11 26 8

T 58 59 84 38 60 51 45 82 55 87 91 74 96 105 110 85 51 73 78 44 60 23

% Complete 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ICN INF

NIM

PIM

SOM

ANX

ARD

DEP

MAN

PAR

SCZ

BOR

ANT

ALC

DRG

AGG

SUI

STR

NON

RXR

DOM

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 3

Subscale Profile

Missing Items = 0

Plotted T scores are based upon a census matched standardization sample of 1,000 normal adults.

■ indicates that the score is more than two standard deviations above the mean for a sample of 1,246 clinical patients.

♦ indicates that the scale has more than 20% missing items.

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Score

Raw T

SOM-C Conversion 1 46

SOM-S Somatization 11 67

SOM-H Health Concerns 9 62

ANX-C Cognitive 5 48

ANX-A Affective 8 55

ANX-P Physiological 4 50

ARD-O Obsessive-Compulsive 5 38

ARD-P Phobias 5 45

ARD-T Traumatic Stress 6 55

DEP-C Cognitive 14 78

DEP-A Affective 20 94

DEP-P Physiological 10 60

MAN-A Activity Level 4 42

MAN-G Grandiosity 9 51

MAN-I Irritability 15 67

PAR-H Hypervigilance 17 77

PAR-P Persecution 18 92

PAR-R Resentment 16 75

SCZ-P Psychotic Experiences 12 76

SCZ-S Social Detachment 20 87

SCZ-T Thought Disorder 14 78

BOR-A Affective Instability 12 72

BOR-I Identity Problems 7 56

BOR-N Negative Relationships 11 68

BOR-S Self-Harm 12 84

ANT-A Antisocial Behaviors 22 88

ANT-E Egocentricity 17 95

ANT-S Stimulus-Seeking 16 81

AGG-A Aggressive Attitude 15 76

AGG-V Verbal Aggression 18 82

AGG-P Physical Aggression 11 79

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 4

Additional Profile Information

Supplemental PAI Indexes

Index Value T Score

Defensiveness Index 0 31

Cashel Discriminant Function 122.20 39

Malingering Index 4 98

Rogers Discriminant Function 1.51 73

Suicide Potential Index 13 81

Violence Potential Index 15 112

Treatment Process Index 11 102

ALC Estimated Score --- 84 (21T lower than ALC)

DRG Estimated Score --- 88 (22T lower than DRG)

Mean Clinical Elevation --- 78

Coefficients of Fit with Profiles of Known Clinical Groups

Database Profile Coefficient of Fit Rapists 0.831

Drug abuse 0.831

Prisoners 0.827

Antisocial Personality Disorder 0.825

Alcoholic 0.739

Assault history 0.738

Cluster 9 0.731

Cluster 4 0.710

Current aggression 0.692

Fake Bad 0.652

Random responding 0.595

Spouse abusers 0.592

All "Slightly True" 0.581

All "Mainly True" 0.537

Mania 0.536

Self-Mutilation 0.517

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 5

Database Profile Coefficient of Fit Cluster 6 0.503

NIM Predicted 0.489

Paranoid delusions 0.487

All "Very True" 0.438

Suicide history 0.428

Cluster 3 0.422

Cluster 1 0.418

Auditory hallucinations 0.410

Cluster 2 0.404

Borderline Personality Disorder 0.389

Cluster 10 0.370

Antipsychotic medications 0.362

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 0.340

Schizophrenia 0.330

Dysthymic Disorder 0.327

Major Depressive Disorder 0.316

Schizoaffective Disorder 0.316

PIM Predicted 0.316

Anxiety Disorder 0.275

All "False" 0.250

Current suicide 0.232

Adjustment reaction 0.204

Cluster 7 0.190

Cluster 5 0.096

Somatoform Disorder 0.026

Cluster 8 -0.011

Fake Good -0.548

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 6

Validity of Test Results

The PAI provides a number of validity indices that are designed to provide an assessment of

factors that could distort the results of testing. Such factors could include failure to complete

test items properly, carelessness, reading difficulties, confusion, exaggeration, malingering, or

defensiveness. For this protocol, the number of uncompleted items is within acceptable limits.

Also evaluated is the extent to which the respondent attended appropriately and responded

consistently to the content of test items. The respondent’s scores suggest that he did attend

appropriately to item content and responded in a consistent fashion to similar items.

The degree to which response styles may have affected or distorted the report of

symptomatology on the inventory is also assessed. Certain of these indicators fall outside of

the normal range, suggesting that the respondent may not have answered in a completely

forthright manner; the nature of his responses might lead the evaluator to form a somewhat

inaccurate impression of the client based upon the style of responding described below. With

respect to positive impression management, there is no evidence to suggest that the respondent

was unduly defensive or motivated to portray himself as being relatively free of common

shortcomings or minor faults.

With respect to negative impression management, there are indications suggesting that the

client tended to portray himself in a consistently negative or pathological manner. Concerns

about distortion of the clinical picture must be raised as a result; this pattern raises the

possibility of an overt exaggeration of complaints and problems, and the critical items should

be reviewed to evaluate the possibility of malingering. In some areas, the respondent also

described certain symptoms without the levels of distress and wariness in dealing with the

environment that typically accompanies these symptoms in clinical populations. Although this

pattern does not necessarily indicate a level of distortion that would render the test results

uninterpretable, the interpretive hypotheses presented in this report should be reviewed with

this tendency in mind. The clinical scale elevations are likely to overrepresent the extent and

degree of clinical symptomatology in particular areas.

Despite the general level of negative distortion noted above, there are some areas where the

client described problems of greater intensity than are typically obtained, even among

respondents with similarly negative response styles. These areas could indicate problems that

the client was particularly motivated to appear to have; such problems merit a particular focus

in further inquiry. These areas include: poor control over anger; impaired empathy; drug abuse

or dependence; alcohol abuse or dependence; history of antisocial behavior; suspiciousness;

sensation-seeking behavior; and poor interpersonal rapport.

Clinical Features

The PAI clinical profile is marked by significant elevations across several scales, indicating a

broad range of clinical features and increasing the possibility of multiple diagnoses. Given

certain response tendencies previously noted, it is possible that the clinical scales may

overrepresent or exaggerate the actual degree of psychopathology. Nonetheless, profile

patterns of this type are usually associated with marked distress and, unless there is extensive

distortion or exaggeration of symptomatology, severe impairment in functioning is typically

present. The configuration of the clinical scales suggests a person with a history of

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 7

polysubstance abuse, including alcohol as well as other drugs. When disinhibited by the

substance use, other acting-out behaviors may become apparent as well. The substance abuse

is probably causing severe disruptions in his social relationships and his work performance,

with these difficulties serving as additional sources of stress and perhaps further aggravating

his tendency to drink and use drugs.

The respondent indicates that his use of drugs has had many negative consequences on his life

at a level that is above average even for individuals in specialized treatment for drug problems.

Such a pattern indicates that his use of drugs has had numerous ill effects on his functioning.

Problems associated with drug abuse are probably found across several life areas, including

strained interpersonal relationships, legal difficulties, vocational failures, financial hardship,

and/or possible medical complications resulting from prolonged drug use. He reports having

little ability to control the effect that drugs are having on his life. With this level of problems

it is increasingly likely that he is drug-dependent and withdrawal symptoms may be a part of

the present clinical picture. The withdrawal syndrome will vary according to the substance of

choice, but such syndromes can include many psychopathological phenomena such as

concentration problems, anxiety, and depression.

The respondent reports that his use of alcohol has had a negative impact on his life to an extent

that is higher than average even among individuals in treatment for alcohol problems. Such a

pattern indicates that his use of alcohol has had a number of adverse consequences on his life.

Numerous alcohol-related problems are probable, including difficulties in interpersonal

relationships, difficulties on the job, and possible health complications. He is likely to be

unable to cut down on his drinking despite repeated attempts at sobriety. Given this pattern, it

is increasingly likely that he is alcohol-dependent and has suffered the consequences in terms

of physiological signs of withdrawal, lost employment, strained family relationships, and

financial hardship.

He describes a personality style with numerous antisocial character features to a degree that is

unusual even in clinical samples. Such a pattern is typically associated with prominent features

of Antisocial Personality Disorder; he is likely to be unreliable and irresponsible and has

probably sustained little success in either the social or occupational realm. His responses

suggest that he has a history of antisocial behavior and may have manifested a conduct disorder

during adolescence. He may have been involved in illegal occupations or engaged in criminal

acts involving theft, destruction of property, and physical aggression toward others. He is

likely to be egocentric, with little regard for others or the opinions of the society around him.

In his desire to satisfy his own impulses, he may take advantage of others and have little sense

of loyalty, even to those who are close to him. Although he may describe feelings of guilt over

past transgressions, he likely feels little remorse of any lasting nature. He would be expected

to place little importance on his social role responsibilities. His behavior is also likely to be

reckless; he can be expected to entertain risks that are potentially dangerous to himself and to

those around him.

A number of aspects of the respondent's self-description suggest marked peculiarities in

thinking and experience at a level of severity unusual even in clinical samples. These features

are often associated with an active psychotic episode, with poor judgment and impairment in

reality testing as hallmark characteristics. It is likely that he experiences unusual perceptual

events or full-blown hallucinations as well as unusual ideas that may include magical thinking

or delusional beliefs. He is likely to be a socially isolated individual who has few interpersonal

relationships that could be described as close and warm. He may have limited social skills,

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 8

with particular difficulty in interpreting the normal nuances of interpersonal behavior that

provide the meaning to personal relationships. His social isolation and detachment may serve

to decrease a sense of discomfort that interpersonal contact fosters. His thought processes are

likely to be marked by confusion, distractibility, and difficulty concentrating, and he may

experience his thoughts as blocked, withdrawn, or somehow influenced by others.

The respondent describes a level of suspiciousness and mistrust in his relations with others that

is unusual even in clinical samples. Such a pattern is often associated with prominent hostility

and paranoia of potentially delusional proportions. He is likely to be a hypervigilant individual

who often questions and mistrusts the motives of those around him. He is extremely sensitive

in his interactions with others and likely harbors strong feelings of resentment as a result of

perceived slights and insults. He is quick to feel that he is being treated inequitably and often

holds grudges against others, even if the perceived affront is unintentional. Consistent with

the constellation of hypervigilance, suspiciousness, and resentment, he probably is seen by

others as being quite hostile. Working relationships with others are likely to be very strained,

despite any efforts by others to demonstrate support and assistance.

The respondent reports a number of difficulties consistent with a significant depressive

experience. He is likely to be plagued by thoughts of worthlessness, hopelessness, and

personal failure. He admits openly to feelings of sadness, a loss of interest in normal activities,

and a loss of sense of pleasure in things that were previously enjoyed. However, there appear

to be relatively few physiological signs of depression. The symptom picture appears to be

relatively free of changes in energy, appetite, weight, and sleep patterns.

The respondent describes a number of problematic personality traits. He is likely to be quite

emotionally labile, manifesting fairly rapid and extreme mood swings and, in particular,

probably experiences episodes of poorly controlled anger. Associated with this lability is

marked impulsivity; he is probably prone to behaviors likely to be self-harmful or self-

destructive, such as those involving spending, sex, and/or substance abuse; he may also be at

increased risk for self-mutilation or suicidal behavior during times of affective turmoil.

The respondent indicates some concerns about physical functioning and health matters in

general.

According to the respondent’s self-report, he describes NO significant problems in the

following areas: unusually elevated mood or heightened activity; marked anxiety; problematic

behaviors used to manage anxiety.

Self-Concept

The self-concept of the respondent appears to involve a generally negative self-evaluation that

may vary from states of harsh self-criticism and self-doubt to periods of relative self-

confidence and intact self-esteem. This fluctuation is likely to vary as a function of his current

circumstances. During stressful times, he is prone to be self-critical and pessimistic, dwelling

on past failures and lost opportunities with considerable uncertainty and indecision about his

plans and goals for the future. Given this self-doubt, he tends to blame himself for setbacks

and sees any prospects for future success as dependent upon the actions of others.

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 9

Interpersonal and Social Environment

The respondent’s interpersonal style seems best characterized as remote and self-centered. He

is not likely to be very interested or invested in social relationships, and he may seek to take

more from relationships than he gives. As a result, his relationships are likely to be pragmatic

and viewed in terms of their benefit to him rather than as a source of enjoyment in themselves.

He is probably skeptical of close relationships, preferring to engage in relationships that he can

control or perhaps exploit. He will avoid commitment in close relationships if possible.

In considering the social environment of the respondent with respect to perceived stressors and

the availability of social supports with which to deal with these stressors, his responses indicate

that he is likely to be experiencing notable stress and turmoil in a number of major life areas.

A review of his current employment situation, financial status, and family and/or close

relationships will clarify the importance of these in the overall clinical picture. A primary

source of stress may involve relationship issues because he believes that his social relationships

offer him little support; family relationships may be somewhat distant or ridden with conflict,

and friends may not be available when needed. Interventions directed at key problematic

relationships (such as those involving family or marital problems) may be of some use in

alleviating what may be a major source of dissatisfaction.

Treatment Considerations

Treatment considerations involve issues that can be important elements in case management

and treatment planning. Interpretation is provided for three general areas relevant to treatment:

behaviors that may serve as potential treatment complications, motivation for treatment, and

aspects of the respondent’s clinical picture that may complicate treatment efforts.

With respect to anger management, the pattern of responses suggests considerable problems

with temper and aggressive behavior. Such behaviors are likely play a prominent role in the

clinical picture; these behaviors represent a potential treatment complication that should

receive careful attention in treatment planning. His responses suggest that he is an individual

who is easily angered, has difficulty controlling the expression of his anger, and is perceived

by others as having a hostile, angry temperament. He is not intimidated by confrontation and

he will tend to display his anger readily when it is experienced; he may be verbally aggressive

at relatively low levels of provocation. More extreme displays of anger, including damage to

property and threats to assault others, would not be unexpected. It is likely that those around

him are intimidated by his temper and the potential for verbal abuse or displays of physical

violence. It should also be noted that his risk for aggressive behavior is further exacerbated by

the presence of a number of features, such as psychotic symptoms, a limited capacity for

empathy, and affective lability, that have been found to be associated with increased potential

for violence.

With respect to suicidal ideation, the respondent is not reporting distress from thoughts of self-

harm.

The respondent’s interest in and motivation for treatment is comparable to that of adults who

are not being seen in a therapeutic setting. However, his level of treatment motivation is

somewhat lower than is typical of individuals being seen in treatment settings. Despite his

recognition that several areas of his life are not going well at this time, his responses suggest

Personality Assessment Inventory™ Clinical Interpretive Report Page 10

possible resistance to the idea that personal changes are needed. The combination of problems

that he is reporting suggests that treatment would be quite challenging and that the treatment

process is likely to be arduous, with many reversals.

If treatment were to be considered for this individual, particular areas of attention or concern

in the early stages of treatment could include:

 He may be somewhat defensive and reluctant to discuss personal problems, and as such he may be at-risk for early termination.

 Current difficulties in his social support system may give a special significance to the therapeutic relationship and any impasse may need to be handled with

particular care.

 He may have initial difficulty in placing trust in a treating professional as part of his more general problems in close relationships.

 He may currently be too disorganized or feel too overwhelmed to be able to participate meaningfully in some forms of treatment.

 He is likely to have difficulty with the treating professional as an authority figure, and he may react to the therapist in a hostile or derogatory manner.