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PSY3735 Midterm Exam

Psy 3735 Perspectives of Death and Dying

Midterm Exam

Spring 2023

Name:

Objective: Short Answer: Extra Credit: MR ML Total:

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.3 points each

1. Published in 1963, this book was most critical of the funeral industry.

	a.	Jessica Mitford’s The American Way of Death
	b.	Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s On Death and Dying
	c.	Herman Feifel’s The Meaning of Death
	d.	Ernest Becker’s The Denial of Death

2. A worldwide phenomenon to address the issue of limited death conversations is ______________________.

	a.	cryonics
	b.	death seminars
	c.	death cafes
	d.	death retreats

3. What is the key factor that unites biological entities?

	a.	Social role
	b.	Relationships
	c.	The situation
	d.	Shared meaning

4. Child life specialty programs in the United States average _______ hours on end-of-life issues?

	a.	13
	b.	23
	c.	33
	d.	43

5. The individual credited with starting the modern hospice movement was

	a.	Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.
	b.	Howard Becker.
	c.	Jessica Mitford.
	d.	Cicely Saunders.

6. Jean Piaget’s fourth cognitive stage of development is called

	a.	sensorimotor.
	b.	concrete operational.
	c.	preoperational stage.
	d.	formal operations.

7. “Middle-age” is between _____ and _____ years.

	a.	30, 60
	b.	45, 64
	c.	35, 55
	d.	40, 50

8. Which is not evidence that the United States is a death-denying society?

	a.	Euphemisms are used for death
	b.	A taboo on death conversation
	c.	Cryonics
	d.	Having life insurance

9. Which of the following statements is false concerning death-related behavior of the Puritans?

	a.	Puritans felt that an awareness of death could improve the quality of life.
	b.	Puritans encouraged each other to fear death.
	c.	It was customary for Puritans to embalm the body before the burial.
	d.	The Puritans felt that death was a living part of the American experience.

10. Active, voluntary euthanasia is legal in

	a.	the United States.
	b.	the United Kingdom.
	c.	the Netherlands.
	d.	Denmark.

11. The President’s Commission for the study of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to study ethical and legal implications regarding death definitions was established by President

	a.	Carter.
	b.	Clinton.
	c.	Bush.
	d.	Reagan.

12. The U.S. euthanasia society is presently called

	a.	USES.
	b.	EXIT.
	c.	the Hemlock Society.
	d.	Compassion and Choices.

13. Emphasizing the organization of the funeral industry and its relationship with other social structures in a society would be important in which of these conceptual frameworks?

	a.	Social conflict
	b.	Structural‑functional
	c.	Social exchange
	d.	Symbolic interaction

14. Which of the following statements is false concerning death-related behavior of Americans during the Victorian period of history?

	a.	Grievers were encouraged to express their emotions in response to the death of a loved one.
	b.	A more elaborate funeral ritual involving “therapeutic self-indulgence” was encouraged.
	c.	Mourning clothes were worn as one method for extending the period of lamentation.
	d.	Grievers were not encouraged to express their emotions in response to the death of a loved one.

15. The middle class in the late 19th century achieved “death with order” by

	a.	making sure the death of loved ones occurred in full view of the family.
	b.	preparing funeral arrangements far in advance.
	c.	creating separate sphere ideology: men’s work away from the home, women’s work from men’s, specialists (medical, clerical, etc.).
	d.	None of the above.

16. A popular 1990s book about a professor dying of ALS and written by his former student is titled

	a.	Fridays with Fred.
	b.	Tuesdays with Morrie.
	c.	Saturdays with Sarah.
	d.	Dying of ALS.

17. A document that states one does not want medical intervention to be kept alive if the quality of life is not good or hope for recovery is dismal is called

	a.	a holographic will.
	b.	a legal will.
	c.	a living will.
	d.	a deadly will.

18. The ISAS interpretation of death‑related behavior emphasizes that

	a.	use of any given meaning for some item of behavior always has the same consequences.
	b.	any given behavior pattern always stems from the same biological condition.
	c.	all individuals experience death in the same way.
	d.	the meaning of death may change even though the biological aspects do not change.

19. This medical treatment involves the use of natural drugs to treat patients.

	a.	Chiropractic medicine
	b.	Acupuncture
	c.	Homeopathic medicine
	d.	Palliative medicine

20. Regarding death and dying, cultural anthropologists study

	a.	rituals through which individuals deal with death and emotional responses in different cultures.
	b.	the biological aspects of dying.
	c.	human remains and try to reconstruct the behavior.
	d.	apply their knowledge of biology, science, and culture to the legal process.

21. Active voluntary euthanasia includes

	a.	PAD.
	b.	MRI.
	c.	AVE.
	d.	PAD and AVE.

22. The Harvard definition of death refers to

	a.	no heartbeat.
	b.	no longer breathing.
	c.	brain stops functioning.
	d.	no coma.

23. Sigmund Freud traced conceptions of death to

	a.	our need to strive and overcome our early sensitivity to death.
	b.	our earliest feelings concerning sexuality and fears of being punished for them.
	c.	our socialization during adolescence.
	d.	our elementary school days when first leaving the security of the home and entering a new and different world of peers.

24. The use of cadavers in medicals has seen a/an ________.

	a.	increase
	b.	decrease
	c.	preference for computer-simulated practice
	d.	no change

25. _____________________ are the means by which socially created meaning is shared in the process of human interaction.

	a.	Societies
	b.	Dyads
	c.	Symbols
	d.	Cultural expectations

26. The social scientist who argued that fear and denial of death are basic dynamics for everyone was

	a.	Sigmund Freud.
	b.	Alfred Adler.
	c.	Ernest Becker.
	d.	Jean Piaget.

27. “Situational adjustment” was a concept developed by a sociologist named

	a.	Elisabeth Kubler-Ross.
	b.	Robert Merton.
	c.	Elliot Freidson.
	d.	Howard Becker.

28. The idea of a “life review” was that of geriatrician

	a.	Robert Butler.
	b.	Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.
	c.	Howard Becker.
	d.	Emile Durkheim.

29. The right of self-deliverance for terminally ill patients would be supported by

	a.	people who adopt a quality-of-life philosophy.
	b.	people who adopt a sanctity-of-life philosophy.
	c.	people who favor active euthanasia.
	d.	people who adopt a quality-of-life philosophy and people who favor active euthanasia.

30. The spread of cancer cells to other organs or tissues is called

	a.	malignancy.
	b.	metastases.
	c.	benign.
	d.	dynamic cells.

31. The primary cause of death in the United States today is

	a.	accidents.
	b.	old age.
	c.	cardiovascular disease.
	d.	pneumonia.

32. In adolescence, parent-child relationships are often filled with

	a.	conflict and alienation.
	b.	positive emotions.
	c.	anxiety.
	d.	lack of trust.

33. The characteristics adopted by a sick individual in accordance with the normative demands of the situation is called

	a.	a sick role.
	b.	playing the sick game.
	c.	doing that which is expected.
	d.	a demand response.

34. Medical ethics

	a.	gives answers.
	b.	poses pros and cons of an issue.
	c.	focuses on the pros of the issues clearly for all to see.
	d.	focuses on the cons of the issues clearly for all to argue about.

35. The process whereby an individual withdraws from society or society withdraws from or no longer seeks the individual’s efforts is known as

	a.	withdrawal syndrome.
	b.	phase-out behavior.
	c.	activity theory.
	d.	disengagement.

36. Regarding death anxiety and death education, thanatologists

	a.	agree that death education relieves death anxiety.
	b.	agree that death education does not relieve death anxiety.
	c.	agree that there has been a decrease in fear and less concern about dying due to an increase in education.
	d.	agree that death education increases death anxiety

37. Which of the following statements is false?

	a.	In the United States, mercy killing is considered murder.
	b.	All forms of active euthanasia are illegal in the United States.
	c.	Compassion and Choices supports the right of any individual to take his or her own life through suicide regardless of motivation.
	d.	It is a felony in most states to assist another to commit suicide.

38. Which is a major criticism of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying?

a. It does not take into consideration infant deaths.

b. It needs to be expanded to include other behaviors.

c. It lacks universality.

d. It is too biologically oriented.

39. A sociological study of death is likely to include

	a.	an effort to determine whether certain death‑related behavior is moral or ethical.
	b.	a consideration of how biological organs function to produce death.
	c.	a consideration of how humans originally became subject to death.
	d.	a consideration of how social factors influence biological factors related to death.

40. When blame for the mistakes of others is placed on another person or group, this is known as

	a.	scapegoating.
	b.	blame projection.
	c.	blame trajectory.
	d.	false blaming.

41. According to anthropologist Colin Turnbull,

	a.	Americans know when it is time to die and accept that fact.
	b.	Americans want to live forever.
	c.	Africans do not know when it is time to die and deny that fact.
	d.	Africans want to live forever.

42. The centralist theory of the diagnosis of death

	a.	was the prominent view in the 14th century.
	b.	proposed that the entire body and every organ and cell possessed the life force.
	c.	has been resurrected by the modern theory of brain death.
	d.	was that death was not permanent.

43. Primary source of payment for U.S. hospice care is

	a.	Medicare.
	b.	private insurance.
	c.	Social Security.
	d.	Medicaid.

44. The relationship between the variables of religiosity and death anxiety tend to be which of the following?

	a.	Linear
	b.	Curvilinear
	c.	Collinear
	d.	Skewed

45. “Adolescence” includes the ages

	a.	12–15.
	b.	12–19.
	c.	15–19.
	d.	13–17.

46. In a study of first-year medical students in the gross anatomy laboratory, pre- and post-surveys of students revealed which of the following?

	a.	84 percent showed less death anxiety after completing gross anatomy
	b.	54 percent of student showed less death anxiety after completing gross anatomy
	c.	29 percent experienced no change to fear of death
	d.	17 percent had increased fear of death

47. The first childhood death experience occurs around the average age of ________ years.

	a.	3
	b.	6
	c.	8
	d.	11

48. Awareness contexts of dying were established by

	a.	Merton and Coe.
	b.	Becker and Kubler-Ross.
	c.	Glaser and Strauss.
	d.	Kavanaugh and Kamerman.

49. The “suicide physician” in Michigan who assisted with individual deaths in the 1990s was

	a.	Michael DeBakey.
	b.	Elisabeth Kubler-Ross.
	c.	Earl Grollman.
	d.	Jack Kevorkian.

50. A federal and state program that uses general revenues to fund health care for the poor is called

	a.	Medicare.
	b.	Medicaid.
	c.	managed care.
	d.	third-party payments.

51. The interdisciplinary study of death-related behavior is known as

	a.	death etiology.
	b.	thanatology.
	c.	anthropometry.
	d.	gerontology.

52. Withholding “extraordinary” life support would be supported by

	a.	people who adopt a quality-of-life philosophy.
	b.	people who adopt a sanctity-of-life philosophy.
	c.	people who favor passive euthanasia.
	d.	people who adopt a quality-of-life philosophy, sanctity-of-life philosophy, and who favor passive euthanasia.

53. Which contributes to the fact that physicians are ill prepared to deal with dying patients?

	a.	Lack of personal experience with death
	b.	Lack of training provided by medical schools
	c.	Assumption that physicians are supposed to save lives; thus, the dying patient is a losing battle
	d.	All of the above.

54. The “Living Will” would be supported by

	a.	people who adopt a quality-of-life philosophy.
	b.	people who adopt a sanctity-of-life philosophy.
	c.	people who favor passive euthanasia.
	d.	people who adopt a quality-of-life philosophy, sanctity-of-life philosophy, and who favor passive euthanasia.

55. A prevalent idea in most Western societies, especially the United States, that if the technological capability to do something is available, then it should be done, is called

	a.	the technological imperative.
	b.	technology in action.
	c.	a technosolution.
	d.	None of the above.

56. During the Dying of Death Period (1830–1945), which did not occur?

	a.	Landscaped rural cemeteries
	b.	Life insurance
	c.	Fall of the middle class
	d.	Professional funeral organizations

57. The ISAS paradigm for doing research in the social sciences, especially sociology, is the shorthand formula for

	a.	structural functionalism.
	b.	the conflict perspective.
	c.	social exchange.
	d.	symbolic interactionism.

58. Why is the terminally ill patient considered a deviant in the medical subculture?

	a.	They are always fussy and difficult to handle.
	b.	Death poses a threat to the image of the “physician as healer.”
	c.	Death creates embarrassing and emotionally upsetting disruptions in the scientific objectivity of the medical system.
	d.	Both b and c.

59. A plan of action or expected behavior pattern thought to be appropriate for a particular situation is a

	a.	status.
	b.	norm.
	c.	master status.
	d.	value.

60. The author of Living and Dying at Murray Manor is

	a.	C. Saunders.
	b.	T. Parsons.
	c.	J. Gubrium.
	d.	M. Weber.

TRUE/FALSE: Use T for true and F for False. 1.3 points each

61. According to Leming, cause of death, is a fear of death.

62. The first stage of Kubler-Ross’s stages of the dying process is bargaining.

63. A dead human body used in medical schools for the purpose of dissection to learn the body parts and systems is properly called a cadaver.

64. In the United States, there is great resistance to human organ transplantation.

65. A psychological approach to dying looks at dying from a life stages perspective.

66. Research suggests that older adults think of death more often than younger adults but appear to have less fear concerning death.

67. According to Leming and Dickinson, people who have moderate religious commitments are most likely to fear death.

68. Prison hospice programs emerged in the United States in the 1990s.

69. Compassion and Choices supports the right of any individual to take his or her own life through suicide regardless of motivation.

70. The Puritans encouraged each other to look forward to death.

SHORT ANSWER: Pick only 2 questions to answer . Please indicate which number you are answering on your answer sheet and answer the question. 4.5 points each.

1. What is meant by “patient-centered” care? Explain in detail.

2. What effects did the dropping of the atom bomb during WWII have on American death conceptions?

3. How might death education help an individual deal with dying and death? Be specific.

4. Discuss why death rates from heart disease and cancer have gone down in the United States in recent years. Be specific.

5. Name at least 3 factors that have contributed to the American avoidance of death and dying and tell why they have?

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