Competence and Control theories

On this chapter we will see motivation according to humanistic theories of

Psychology: Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow Albert Bandura

Humanism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving

“ Free will” Determinism

Is a theory that developed at beginning of 20th century.

Emphasizes an optimistic view of human beings, as persons who have the ability to grow (human potential)

They talked about “ Free will”

is the idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior, in other words we are self determined.

Are we really free?

The opposite idea of “free will” is determinism

Determinism is the theory that all events, including human action, are determined by causes regarded as external to the will.

If somebody offering to you a bribe for certain services. To take it and break the law in favor of that

briber or not to take and follow the law?

Imagine that you’re having great time in a restaurant with your best friends and you’re about to order the dessert; there are only two options available: big portion of delicious ice-cream (your favourite flavour!) or big portion of healthy fruit salad. You know that you shouldn’t choose the ice-cream because you could have problems with your stomach/weight and you’ve already eaten much anyway; but still you’d prefer the fruit salad which is not as delicious as the ice-cream but is surely healthier. After some struggle you choose the ice-cream. When you go back home you realise that you’ve got stomach problems. What would you think? I’ll list two possible thoughts:

I could have ordered the fruit salad!

I could have ordered nothing!

You could have ordered the fruit salad? Really? Why didn’t you order it then? What were the causes of your decision? Here are some possible reasons:

I like the ice-cram better.

Everybody else had the ice-cream.

I’m not that fat.

Our behaviors are determined by:

1. Biological determinism

human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes

2. Environment/situational determinism

we are forced by the situations and the society forces

3. Psychic determinism

We are not aware of everything we think or do, cause we have the unconscious

Carl Rogers and other humanist, think that humans have the strong

ability

to decide for their behavior. This, because, humans have the potential

to grow and develop their self.

Positive

Essentially good

Inner potential

Humanistic

Trustworthy

Every one is born as a good person

1. Need for Positive Regard The universal need for acceptance, love, and approval from

others Particularly important during infancy

2. Need for Positive Self-Regard When acceptance and approval come from within the

individual and forms part of the self-concept 3. Unconditional Positive Regard The granting of love and approval regardless of individual's

behavior

The tendency to actualize one's inherent potentialities

This potential exists in all living organisms, even plants

The attempt to actualize the self

Carl Rogers

Fully potential functioning the ideal person

Five Basic Characteristics 1.Openness to Experience Opposite of defensiveness 2. Existential Living Living fully in each and every moment 3. Organismic Trusting Intuitive living 4. Sense of Freedom The freedom to choose among alternatives 5. Creativity produce new and effective ideas and things

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our behavior. Once that level is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates us, and so on.

Maslow’s pyramid of needs

1. Biological and physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep.

2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.

3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).

4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige). Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity. 5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming”

When Maslow created the pyramid, did he know about the Wi-Fi?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-4ithG_07Q

1. Self-actualized people are not afraid from the unknown

2. They accept themselves, together with all their flaws

3. They prioritize and enjoy the journey, not just the destination.

4. They are motivated by growth, not by the satisfaction of needs.

5. Self-actualized people have purpose.

6. They are not troubled by the small things.

7. Self-actualized people are grateful.

8. They share deep relationships with a few, but also feel identification and affection towards the entire human race.

9. Self-actualized people are humble.

10. They do not allow themselves to be passively molded by culture

11. Despite all this, self-actualized people are not perfect.

A. BANDURA Social Learning Theory (Bandura) Bandura's Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.

A. BANDURA Bandura's social learning theory stresses the im portance of observational learning, imitation and modeling. His theory integrates a continuous interaction between behaviors, personal factors - including cognition - and the environment referred to as reciprocal causation model.

A. BANDURA Why is it considered Humanistic?

“People's beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities.

Given appropriate social conditions, decent, ordinary people can be led to do

extraordinarily cruel things.

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Production

4. Motivation

A. Bandura said that on modeling theory, three are the most important factors of learning.

The combination of these CHANNELS the motivation of behavior.