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Running head: CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING 1

CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING 4

CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

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Classical conditioning refers to learning procedures which rely on the use of biologically potent stimulus, such as food, which is usually accompanied by a previously neutral stimulus, such as a bell. In most cases, the classical conditioning, also known as the respondent conditioning, or even Pavlovian conditioning, pairs the natural stimulus which causes a response like the one emitted due to the physical stimuli (Janiszewski & Warlop, 1993). In the provided case of Antonio, the US is the flu, which is the situation, which produces the natural response originally. The UR is “sick to his stomach,” because it is the positive reaction, caused by the US. The CR is “sick to his belly,” because it’s the conditional response resulting from the CS. The CS is: hospitalized”, which is a conditioned stimulus.

Operant conditioning is the situation in which, the behavior of an individual is controlled by the consequences, which is based on the negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, positive and negative punishments (Huitt & Hummel, 1997). A good example of operant conditioning in my life is, when I was young, I used to read many stories at home. During class time, the teacher would ask us to write a short story of our choice. I used to refer to the various stories I had read earlier, making the best story, and hence, the teacher would always reward me with an extra storybook. A positive reinforcer is the reward given to an individual for exhibiting a good behavior, so as to encourage them to continue doing the same. A negative reinforcer is the act of depriving a person of a certain commodity, due to bad behavior which is unpleasant. A positive punisher is used to lower bad character which is exhibited by an individual, by depriving them off an absolute privilege, while a negative punisher is used to correct certain bad characters from an individual, by lowering the evil character from an individual.

The similarities between the operant and classical conditioning are based on the comparison between human lives and events in their lives. The two also share various issues such as the indication of extinction, based on stimulus generalization processes, as well as the acquisition of certain traits. However, the two exhibit some differences. Classical conditioning is based on involuntary reflexive behavior while the operant conditioning relies on the voluntary action. The other difference is that operant conditioning relies on reinforcement, while the classical conditioning builds on the association between the stimulus and the responses (Roundy, c. 2010).

References

Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (1997). An introduction to operant (instrumental) conditioning; Educational Psychology Interactive, Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/behavior/operant.html

Janiszewski, C., and Warlop, L., (1993), The Influence of Classical Conditioning Procedures on Subsequent Attention to the Conditioned Brand, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Sep., 1993), pp. 171-189 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489268)

Roundy,L. (c.2010), Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning: Differences and Examples, Retrieved from http://study.com/academy/lesson/classical-conditioning-vs-operant-conditioning-differences-and-examples.html