Product and Sampling

LITERATURE REVIEW 2

LITERATURE REVIEW 2

Rebecca Faino

School of Psychology, Capella University

PSY-FP5201: Integrative Project

Howard Fero

May 6, 2022

The selected problem is a mental illness which is a problem that affects the normal health and the well-being of the individuals. This condition affects all age groups, and the management of the symptoms plays an important role in enabling patients to resume their normal health. Even though various medications such as antidepressants help manage the symptoms, the role played by cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) cannot be ignored. Addressing the issue of mental illness through CBT as an intervention has a significant role in improving the well-being and health of the population. It helps change the automatic negative thoughts that lead to or worsen the emotional challenges, depression, and anxiety (David et al., 2018). It helps remove or reduce the negative thoughts that have a detrimental impact on the mood.

Addressing the mental illness using CBT therapy enables individuals to learn to be their therapists. They get the opportunity to develop coping skills, thus allowing them to change their thoughts, problematic emotions, and behavior. By developing coping strategies, individuals can deal with challenges hence effective for persons with depression, panic disorder, and different mental health conditions. Apart from the patients benefiting from the CBT, community members benefit by experiencing a low rate of mental illnesses resulting from full recovery and improvement in the symptoms (David et al., 2018). The families experience a reduction in healthcare spending due to the early recovery of the sick family members. The healthcare providers such as psychiatrists get satisfied with the services they deliver to the patients.

Summary of the History of the Chosen Topic

Behavioral treatment approach for the mental disorders has been in existence since the 1900s. The key proponents of behavioral treatment, such as Skinner, Pavlov, and Watson, developed change and behavioral treatment theories. The behaviorism treatment approach is based on the idea that behaviors are measurable, can be modeled, and changed. The first wave of behavioral therapy began around 1930/and the 40s as a response to the emotional effects encountered by most of the World War II veterans returning from the war (Lange, 2021). There was a need for successful short-term therapy to manage depression and anxiety that coincided with the buildup of behavioral research on how people learned to behave and react to situations in their lives.

Watson's theory on behavior is that individuals' reactions in different circumstances were influenced by the manner in which the overall experiences had been programmed which caused their reaction. While carrying out his experiment, he discovered that children responded to some stimuli in a manner that was not similar to their normal response where the training process is absence. Ivan Pavlov introduced the concept of conditioning using experiments with animals (Lange, 2021). His conclusion directly impacted Watson and offered an original scientific basis for his beliefs. In his conclusion, he discovered that the conditioned behaviors would disappear in case they failed to produce the exact outcomes.

In his experiment, while developing instrumental conditioning, Thorndike came up with two laws, i.e. the law of exercise and effect. Based on the law of exercise, repetition of a response strengthens it, indicating that a stronger inclination to carry out the needed behaviors leads to an increase in proficiency within a shorter time (Lange, 2021). According to the law of effect, the developed behaviors become stronger or weaker based on whether there is a reward or punishment.

Skinner designed behaviorist theory of operant conditioning, and his perception differed from what was presented by Watson and Pavlov. He believed that it was not what is coming before the behavior that impacts it but things that originates or happen directly after the behavior. According to this theory, there is manipulation of behaviors, and this is followed by the positive or negative reinforcement (Lange, 2021). The positive reinforcement leads to an increase in the desired behaviors when the rewards follow them.

Summary of the sources applicable to the theoretical background

The behaviors and the cognitive behavior therapy works based on the principles of classical and social learning theory. It is possible to unlearn the maladaptive behaviors acquired through operant conditioning and this occurs through different deconditioning techniques (Lange, 2021). The behavioral therapy and the cognitive behavioral therapy operate according to the metacognition differences of the extensive basic animal research that includes Pavlov's classical respondent conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning. The negative reinforcement leads to the rise in the desired actions by enabling subjects to escape the punishment through the use of the performance. It is also possible to alter the behaviors through extinction and punishment. The punishment of the behaviors after their occurrence discourages them from being repeated.

According to Bouton et al. (2021), the nature under which the behavior has been acquired through Pavlonian or the operant learning reduces in strength when the outcomes that reinforce it are removed. Therefore, Pavlovian and operant extinction do not depend on the erasure of the original learning. However, it is influenced by the new inhibitory learning, whose expression mainly takes place within the context under which learning occurs.

Summary of the sources applicable to the best practices for engaging in research

The data collection procedure for the research involves searching the peer review articles related to Cognitive Behavior Therapy and mental illness. The research procedure for collecting the relevant data involves the use of the relevant databases such as Capella University Database, PubMed, Scopus, and the JSTOR. The search is guided by the key terms that lead to selecting the relevant article for this research work. The keywords include behavioral, modeling, cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety, depression, and long-term care. The search for the articles was restricted to those published less than five years, i.e., between 2018 to 2022. The selection of the articles is also made based on their authenticity, for example, the authors' qualifications.

Summary of the sources that added significant and relevance to the knowledge base of psychology

David et al. (2018) focused on finding out why CBT is used as the current gold standard of psychotherapy. According to the study's outcomes, CBT is an effective strategy for treating mental illness. It is proposed as the global guideline for psychotherapy treatments and is used as the first-line treatment approach. CBT is moderately effective as a treatment approach in successfully managing mental disorders such as anxiety (Carpenter et al., 2018). It also helps deal with other mental health conditions such as panic disorder and post-traumatic disorder.

CBT is helpful in the reduction of depressive symptoms as an independent treatment approach or combination with other medications such as the antidepressant. CBT assists in modifying the underlying beliefs that are important in the maintenance of depression and helping individuals overcome psychosocial problems (Gautam et al., 2020). Computer-based programs also help healthcare professionals diagnose and treat (Wright et al., 2019 ). The computer-assisted CBT, together with the support from the healthcare professionals, helps address the depressive symptoms. Therefore, the psychiatrists can adopt the procedure as an effective solution.

The guidelines of the profession applicable to the ethical conduct of a research

During research work, the vulnerability of the study participants must be considered. This is important in ensuring that the rights of the participants are protected. The protection of the dignity of the study subjects and the publication of the information in the research is the common daily work that must be followed. During research work, the researchers must cope with the three values systems, including society, nursing, and science, that might conflict with the value of the study participants, the communities, and the society, hence creating tension. Researchers are expected to promote major ethical principles in the performance of the research. These ethical issues include informed consent and beneficence. Respect for autonomy and confidentiality and showing respect for privacy. Therefore, it is important to focus on the effective care process, prevention of harm, protection of dignity, and advocating for the defense and respecting the subjects' rights.

The practice guidelines addressed the respect for individual differences and diversity.

People exist in a social, political, economic, psychological, historical, and political context. Therefore, there is a need to appreciate the impacts of the above context on the person's behavior. There is an emergency for the ongoing study of psychology. Guidelines have been put in place on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice and Organization Change for the ongoing study of psychology. They also reflect on some of the data that are emerging, especially on the needs of the specific group of people, for example, individuals with a mental disorder, changes that occur within the society, and the individual groups who have been ignored or marginalized as a result of their racial or ethnic group (Clauss-Ehlers et al., 2019). Some specific goals guide the researchers and the psychologists. In this case, the goals are focused on the need to address the multiculturalism and the diversity in research; basic information and data support the recommended guidelines and underscoring their roles; references to encourage continuous research, training, and practices; and the paradigms that help in broadening the purview of psychology as a profession.

There are practice guidelines that promote respect for the individual's differences and diversity during research work. It is important to acknowledge that humans are cultural beings; therefore, they might have attitudes and beliefs that have detrimental influence on their perspectives and interaction with other individuals who are ethically and racially different from them. It is also important to acknowledge the role of the multicultural sensitiveness, the awareness, and the understanding of persons based on their differences in terms of ethnicity and race (Melton, 2018). It is also recommended that there be recognition of the role of carrying out the culturally based and ethical psychological research amongst individuals from linguistic, ethnic, and racial minority origins.

References

Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta‐analysis of randomized placebo‐controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety, 35(6), 502-514. DOI: 10.1002/da.22728

Bouton, M. E., Maren, S., & McNally, G. P. (2021). Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of Pavlovian and instrumental extinction learning. Physiological reviews. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00016.2020

Clauss-Ehlers, C. S., Chiriboga, D. A., Hunter, S. J., Roysircar, G., & Tummala-Narra, P. (2019). APA Multicultural Guidelines executive summary: Ecological approach to context, identity, and intersectionality. American Psychologist, 74(2), 232.

David, D., Cristea, I., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 4.  Doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004

Gautam, M., Tripathi, A., Deshmukh, D., & Gaur, M. (2020). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 2), S223. Doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_772_19

Lange, K. W. (2021). Task sharing in psychotherapy as a viable global mental health approach in resource-poor countries and also in high-resource settings. Global Health Journal, 5(3), 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2021.07.001

Melton, M. L. (2018). Ally, activist, advocate: Addressing role complexities for the multiculturally competent psychologist. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 49(1), 83.

Wright, J. H., Owen, J. J., Richards, D., Eells, T. D., Richardson, T., Brown, G. K., ... & Thase, M. E. (2019). Computer-assisted cognitive-behavior therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 80(2), 3573. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.18r12188

Annotated Bibliography

Mental illness is among healthcare issues that affect the well-being of individuals in the present society. Mental illness is common in all age groups and ethnic groupings. The effective management of mental illness requires both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The treatment approaches are targeted at reducing the symptoms and improvement on the behaviors of the affected individuals. Various medications such as antidepressants are used for the management of patients. Also, the psychotherapy interventions such as family therapy, group therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) help address the issue. For this discussion, the focus is on the presentation of annotated bibliography on the role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the management of mental illness.

Nakao, M., Shirotsuki, K., & Sugaya, N. (2021). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the management of mental health and stress-related disorders: Recent advances in techniques and technologies. BioPsychoSocial medicine, 15(1), 1-4. Doi:  10.1186/s13030-021-00219-w

The authors of the article aimed at determining the effectiveness of the CBT in stressful situations among the clinical and the general population and identifying the advancement in the CBT-related methods. The authors of this article are qualified in the areas of study. They are employed in the department of Psychosomatic Medicine, graduate from the school of the human and social sciences, and a member of the unit of public health and preventive medicine. A literature review method was adopted to search for the studies that were performed from 1987 to 2021 and this led to the identification of the 345 articles that relates to biopsychosocial medicine. The problem of focus in this article is the mental health and stress-associated disorders. The results from this study show that CBT was suitable for various categories of mental problems. The study is, therefore, important for the selected issue of mental illness as it reveals the role of CBT in the successful management of mental and physical issues. The use of the online CBT and the self-help CBT through the use of the mobile applications. The article is relevant since it was recently published by qualified authors.

David, D., Cristea, I., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 4.  Doi:  10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004

The authors aimed at looking at the reasons why CBT is considered the present gold standard of psychotherapy. The authors of the articles have qualifications for working in the department of clinical psychology and psychotherapy, the department of the health sciences and policy, and the department of the psychological and brain sciences. The authors failed to give a clear illustration of the method of the study. The findings of the study show that CBT is promoted as one of the effective approaches to dealing with mental illness. It is recognized by the international guideline for psychotherapy treatments and hence can be used as the first-line treatment approach. Even though the authors of the article are qualified in terms of their professionals, the study lacks a clear method of study thus making it hard t decide on using it to support the efforts towards dealing with mental issues.

Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta‐analysis of randomized placebo‐controlled trials. Depression and anxiety, 35(6), 502-514. DOI: 10.1002/da.22728

The authors focused on examining the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety-associated illness using randomized placebo-controlled trials. The study method involved a literature review using 41 studies with patients diagnosed with various disorders like obsessive-compulsive disorder and general anxiety disorder among others. The authors are employed in the department of

psychological and brain sciences, the department of psychology and institute for mental health research, and the department of psychology among others. The findings of the study show that CBT is a moderately effective in the treatment approach of anxiety disorders than placebo. Therefore, this study is relevant based on the method adopted and its recent publication. Therefore, the interventions such as CBT can be used to address mental illnesses like post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder.

The authors focused on the study of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. The article provided is not based on a specific method. The authors are employed as consultant psychiatrists, the department of Psychiatry, the Department of MDG medical college, and consultant psychologists. The evidence from the study shows that CBT helps in the reduction of depressive symptoms as an independent treatment or when combined with other medication, helps in the modification of the underlying schemas or beliefs that assist in the maintenance of the depression, and helping in addressing different psychosocial issues. The information presented in the article is helpful for the research, however, it can be questioned since the authors failed to give clear data about the method of study adopted.

Wright, J. H., Owen, J. J., Richards, D., Eells, T. D., Richardson, T., Brown, G. K., ... & Thase, M. E. (2019). Computer-assisted cognitive-behavior therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 80(2), 3573. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.18r12188

Yang, Z., Oathes, D. J., Linn, K. A., Bruce, S. E., Satterthwaite, T. D., Cook, P. A., ... & Sheline, Y. I. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is associated with enhanced cognitive control network activity in major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological psychiatry: cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, 3(4), 311-319. DOI:  10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.006

The author adopted the experimental research to determine how the CBT is linked to the improved cognitive control network activity with the major depression and the PTSD. The authors are employed at the department of psychological sciences, the center of neuromodulation in depression, and the department of biostatics among others. This is an indication that research is based on the expertise and skills possessed by the authors. The study outcome shows the dimensional abnormal in the process of activating the cognitive control regions that were linked to the depressive signs. The activation of the cognitive control regions was the same for patients with Major depressive disorder and PTSD under CBT. The study is important since it shows the role the in the treatment of mental conditions like PTSD.

Salomonsson, S., Santoft, F., Lindsäter, E., Ejeby, K., Ingvar, M., Öst, L. G., ... & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2020). Predictors of outcome in guided self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for common mental disorders in primary care. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(6), 455-474. DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2019.1669701

The study was aimed at investigating the predictors of the outcome for the guided self-help CBT for the clients with widely recognized mental illnesses within the primary care. Experimental research work was adopted. The analyses were performed utilizing logical and linear regression. The study reveals that the variables such as patient adherence to the treatment plan and the patient clinician’s estimation of the treatment response affect the overall outcome. The study is important as it reveals that the rating of high quality of life leads to remission and drop in the depression and an increased level of reliance to change. The authors are employees at the department of the centers for psychiatry and the department of neurobiology and neuroradiology among others. This is an indication of the qualification of the researchers in this area hence confirming the importance of the article when used to perform further research on the field of mental illness.

Cervin, M., Storch, E. A., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S. N., Albano, A. M., ... & Kendall, P. C. (2020). Symptom‐specific effects of cognitive‐behavioral therapy, sertraline, and their combination in a large randomized controlled trial of pediatric anxiety disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(4), 492-502. DOI:  10.1111/jcpp.13124

The article is based on the use of the network intervention analysis (NIA) to analyze data collected from the RCT of pediatric anxiety disorder. The study outcomes show that all active treatments lead the positive outcomes. The most pronounced effect ranged from avoidance and psychological distress. Therefore, the combination of the CBT and sertraline appear to be having mechanism of action on psychological distress. The study is important for use since it reveals the effectiveness of a combined CBT and medication process. The information presented in the article is reliable since the authors have qualifications and professionals in the departments of psychiatry, department of clinical sciences, and the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences.