I need Graduate written paper for Thesis!!! I need assistance

Calvin C. Cunningham

SMGT 689-01

Thesis Proposal and Research

Dr. Hatfield, Laura M

Liberty University

May 19, 2019

Introduction

Coaching is a main, an important feature of sports at all steps from beginning to end, and a coach is a person who has to train a team with all aspects to win from another team. The characteristics of a coach consisting on positive regard for the team members, having professional education regarding particular sports, participation and performance, improving coaching styles through different previous experiences, modeling, unbiased, with the team, and have the ability to make the decision for his/her team (John Lyle, 2002). Women coaching is leading in sports as a coach in the 21st century when the men suggested a woman to lead a team and group of men that was Celtics and Roman Empire and during the past 30 years, women have increases its coaching proportion in sports.

However, the women's sports did not well organized nationally until 1941 when the women golf championship has been started, and women took an interest in games as well as they showed their performances and interest that leads them to the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 1971. Women’s coaching in sports became acceptable and more desirable as a job in sports after 1972 with respective facilities, pay status, and the visibility of coaching in teams and the hiring of women coaching as school tournaments and for nationwide training to grow the performances. After that, the women starting several sports tournaments such as in basketball and this coaching was growing in different colligate for better performances in future, and they grew to National Colligate Athletics Association (NCAA) in 1983 and women get proportion to play as nationwide (Welch & Sigelman, 2007).

Females are growing in the sports increasingly as player and coaches to present their country's team, and they work hard motivationally to defend and to win for their country reputation. Every country has its teams in different sports and has male and female coaches to prepare their teams for better performance. There are females coaches that prepare their teams usually seen in football and basketball games. The football female coaching hired by their qualifications, coaching level, and the ways they communicated, treated and understanding their team members as well as manage the gender difference. The researchers have found the estimation of licensed female coaches in 2014 that is about 832.262, and that is 7% of total worldwide female coaches (Flede & Reilly, 2005).

Female started their coaching from the college athletics teams that further based on an extrapolation by holding division as the estimation revealed that around 49.9% of female are coaching to women's college of Division I, in which they supposed to trained their team under the organizational model to maintain the workplace in professional shape. Researchers explored that man coach is dominant in this profession, and they have to fulfill the requirements to coach their team. While the female coach, they have to face some assumption and queries during the hiring or entering in a coaching team including opportunities, power, and proportion in their coaching profession that make them less dominant to the men (Fasting & Pfister, 2000). Women are underrepresentation in coaching for assessing their attention in their profession. As the estimation revealed that approximately 75% of men are coaches in the United Kingdom and the United States, the 87% of men head coaching and around 52% of women having coaching position across Division I, II, and III to coach the men and women teams. The statistics discussed that a female coach has to face some challenges about culture, ethnicity, gender, racial minority, and competition with the opposite coach. Such challenges have a negative impact on women coaches such as less intention, comparison fear, preference, and facing difficulty to satisfy their team and these challenges lead them to lower self-esteem, lack of motivation, and low- confidence (Norman, 2010).

Many of the strategies that have to apply to both gender coaches in their profession but the women coaches are likely to respond and implement on emotional and motivational strategies to make their profession useful in with athletes. The strategies are consisting of showing caring concerns to their athletes, effective communication, active listening, trustworthy relationship, and give them time to manage their social life as well. Through this strategic implementation, the coaches developed a healthy and positive relationship with their athletes as they can share anything with their coach. As well as the strong relationship between coach and athletes, provide motivation to achieve their goals, improve their personal mastery, enhance self-esteem, less competition, and they have high expectation form themselves (Flede & Reilly, 2005). There are few reasons behind less number of women coaches including somehow their time consistency may affect due to other responsibilities, covert discrimination, and feeling to less compatible as a male coach that reduce their energy and they have lack of female coaches in intercollegiate athletes (National Collegiate Athletic Association). Most of the researches explored that women coaching male athletes are limited in practices as professional with knowledge of psychological and social issues that directly associated with women coaching male athletes all over the world.

Purpose of the Thesis Proposal and Research

The purpose of this research proposal is to discuss and understand the attributes of coaching professional, how it implemented in sports, characteristics of coach for both genders and explore that how the male and female coach implement their coaching strategies in their profession to train and deal with their athletes. As well as how the women coaching is beneficial for male athletes to maintain and improve their performances and their relationship with the coach. As women are facing gender discrimination, cultural, ethical, and minority issues in different countries that make the women coaches less useful for male athletes. Researches revealed that women are coaching holding division I, II, and III in the US as coaching professionally in intercollegiate athletes. The women coaches are less dominant in this profession as compared to men coaches because they have to face a number of challenges, psychological, social issues that have an impact on athlete's motivational level and performances.

Research Questions

· Is it useful for female coaches to be appointed to male teams?

· Does appointing female coaches to male teams introduce more benefits than challenges?

Literature Review

This section will discuss the previous researchers on a respective topic that how women are coaching useful for men athletes that how previous researches have to find outcomes related to the women coaching to men athletes in sports.

A research was conducted to explore the reasons behind reducing the number of female coaching since 1972 that why they dropped out the coaching profession. For this purpose, the researchers approached the population of coaches from two, including former and present and conducted a survey from 256 present and 105 former female interscholastic coaches. The interview survey was conducted to ask the detail about the present and former coaches in which they asked to share their experiences in coaching as present and former. At the end of the interviews, the findings indicate that the difference in value orientation among present and former female coaches demonstrate their career. Such as the present coaches will no longer with their effective coaching in this profession, whereas the former coaching stopped their coaching for unrelated experience in their coaching duration (Hart, Hasbrook, & Mathes, 2013).

Another research was conducted to discuss gender work and power in Canadian women coaching to examine the experience of women’s coaching. To analyses the coach’s experiences, the researcher conducted an interview with 49 women coaches to take the detail on power attributes according to them as well as to assess their coaching practices. The interview findings depicted that the women coaches have an ability to realize their power of reducing stress in their coaching that makes them powerlessness. On the other hand, in confronting the power, the women coaches faced a dilemma related to their rejection of coaching when they felt uncomfortable with their power (Theberge, 1990).

Norman (2010) conducted a research to find out women coaches of male athletes experiences in the United Kingdom in which the researcher focused on women practical experiences in their coaching profession. For this purpose, the researcher finds out the women coaches that practice in the UK for national head coaching and a total of nine women coaches occupied for this process of interview. They were appointed for an interview through email and formal letters, and after their response, a semi-structured interview scheduled to find out their experiences in their profession. The findings of interviews depicted that women coaches of male athletes faced emotional, psychological, and social struggles while working within a male-dominated sport culture that makes their experience unacceptable in this profession.

Another research conducted to investigate the influence of coach and athlete’s gender on coach perception through the video-based method in which the participants took instructions through vides. Each video differently depicted four combinations of genders such as male coaches to male athletes, male coaches to female athletes, female coaches to male athletes, and female coaches to female coaches. The findings revealed that female coaches showed higher scores in female athletes more rather than male athletes, whereas, male coaches to both genders showed comparatively fewer scores to female coaches. Female coaches got these high scores in the sense of showing empathy to athletes, their potential, especially with women athletes, was more convenient that built their relationship strong with athletes (Murray, Lord, & Lorimer, 2018).

Another study was designed to assess and understand that why the women are not coaching the male athletes as well as the perception of athletes of having both gender coaches that which coaches are more effective to athletes that focus on less number of women coaches to male athletes. A cross-sectional survey was designed to assess the athletes within NCAA Division III Empire in which the interviews were conducted 314 athletes who were attended coaching through their male and female coaches. The findings of the interviews indicated that the athletes perceive the female coaches acceptable and do not have a negative image for their female coaches as well as they preferred to learn under male athletes for their better performance (Light, 2013).

Women coaches argued for their psychological needs in this coaching profession that are important for them to maintain their coaching. Allen and Shaw (2009) conducted a research to examine the high-performance women coaches perceptions of their sports organization, psychological needs, and social context in their profession. For this purpose, eight participants were selected form to organizations, and a semi-structured interview was conducted to evaluate their needs. The organization support and coaching competence developed the opportunities and developed social needs. Findings revealed that there is a difference and somehow, similarities between the coaching experience of organizations.

A research was conducted to explore the challenges that women coach faces and the educational strategies that use to facilitate for betterment the women coaching as women face a number of challenges to both gender athletes but to male athletes most because of internal and external factors among them. The interview was conducted with women coaches to assess the challenges they face in their workplaces and how can they improve those challenges through which kind of educational strategies. Total ten women coaches called for the interview process, allow them 50 to 60 minutes to express, and shared their challenges and further suggestion as well. The finding revealed from interview discussion that women faces gender discrimination and issues elicited the performance and their relationship that attendees at NCAA. The coach educational strategies indicated in three areas including women continuation of sports program restructure and improve the work environment to enhance relationship values and work skills, and design the strategies to reduce negative career transition that will lead to change in their coaching (Kilty, 2011).

Another research was conducted to evaluate the gender well-being of women in the UK under the substantiate model of gendered that have appraised the women coaches circumstances, challenges, and experiences as embedded within their social relation among women coaches and athletes. For this purpose, the interview was conducted from women coaches head from the UK and provide the chance to share their knowledge, feelings, and thoughts related to their social well-being. Sixteen women coaches were selected for the interview purpose allow them 45-60 minutes to explain their role that how much challenges they face as well as how much expectation the society has formed them. The findings revealed that social family, other relationship, and personal lives are challenges that a women coach have to face from a society that affects the coaching and social relationship as the women are facing the social issues that have an impact on their coaching services so far (Norman & Wright, 2016).

However, the women coach facing gender discriminations as a challenge in their profession; on the other hand, they also indulge in relationships while coaching male athletes that also have an impact on their professional performances. Norma (2013) conducted a study, on women coaches' experiences of relationships in the UK and for this purpose, the researcher conducted interviews to head coaches of UK for asking detail about their relationships and impact on their professions. Feminist cultural studies approach used to explore the promotion of the sport to maintain gender that how women coaches try to approve themselves in that culture. The findings of this paper depicted that masculine hegemony leads to women coaching hopelessness in their relationships that are directly associated to their coaching profession as well as the limitation of this paper was to educate the sociocultural dynamics in the UK coaching culture.

Women coaches are facing challenges they coach to either men athletes or women athletes. Another study was conducted to find out the challenges of women coach from divisional I athletic directors. The purpose of the study was to rule out the challenges that women faced to maintain their career, and for this investigation, the researches planned to conducted interviews from selected 10 women from division I directors. These challenges have maximum effects on career mobility in women’s coaching profession. At the end of the interviews, the women participants suggested to coach hiring team to provide a maximum of three months of training under an athletic mentor to polish the coaching team for their best. Women coach also required for a proper qualification that help them to compete with male coaches and athletes as well to improve their career (Taylor & Hardin, 2016).

Another research was conducted on women coaches’ challenges faces to intercollegiate athletic directors and the directors of women athletic program of NCAA members in institution. The data was collected from 169 women coach directors of intercollegiate, and 80 women respond actively and filled 34 items questionnaire related to their challenges in the coaching profession. One of the highlighted challenges was funding, budget, and personal challenges facing by coaches. Finding explore that about 70.3% coaches responses about funding and budget challenge and 53.5% of responses of personal challenges in divisional I athletic programs. The women coaches face financial challenge more than personal challenges that indicate to resolve for their best earning career in future. Such funding challenge may resolve by providing proper training to coaches from intercollegiate to hiring for a professional career, and graduate programs must start in the sports management that would be helpful for both gender coaches for their personal and financial growth (Quarterman, Willis, & DuPree, 2006).

Historically, the male coaches are dominated in sport management, and women coaches are less as compared to male coaches, and the women coaches are rarely have the opportunity to appoint in the male team. To assess the experiences of women coaches to male atheist, a research was conducted in the United States in which the purpose of the study was to investigate six women coaches who had coaching male team in school, college, and in the professional minor league. The participant assessed through cross-sectional analysis method, and interviews were conducted to the tagging the particular issues. Interviews revealed the women coaches thoughts and experiences in their profession that are including male coaching influences, women coaches have had diversified coaching history, and they experienced the family support to motivate their career. At the end, the participants suggested sport management to make strong their coaching career they have to improve their coaching mentoring system for women coaches to compete with male coaches that are the reason that there is less number of women coaches male athletes because the women coaching men is comparatively very low in sports (Indesy, et al., 2011).

Coaching required some particular style for their athletes to improve the relationship among athletes and coach for long-run consequences. These styles are consisting of commutation competence, supporting style, leadership style, and ability to motivate their athletes. To find out these styles, a research was conducted to explore the athlete’s perception related to their coaches, and for this purpose, the researcher selected seven men athletes and seven women athletes to assess their perception towards their coaches. The researcher administered the demographic questionnaires form athletes using social exchange theory and further design an interview for athletes to know their perception for their coaches styles. The indicated the difference between men and women coaches as the women coach give importance to support and trust form athletes whereas the men coaches primarily focus on the individual performance of their athletes, financial aid what and when the athletes need and protect them from injuries. Moreover, the study revealed that athletes perceive men are coaching style more effectively as compared to women coaches styles (Hartsough, 2014).

Methodology

This section is going to set a research method that will use to assess the research questions as well as selecting population and sample size.

Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon that need to be studied and the characteristics used to describe the situation used in descriptive categories (Nassaji, 2015). The descriptive research design consisting of both qualitative and quantitative method that will help to assess the participants through assessment tools and father detail will be assessed through interviews.

Population

Procedure

The current study is going to assess women coaching attributes and explore that is it useful for women coaches to appoint in a male team or not? For this purpose, the researcher will conduct descriptive research will select the population and inform the rationale of this study as well as assure the confidentiality to maintain their trustworthy relationship with their participants to asking their personal and professional attributes as a coach. To assess the first research question, the researcher will administer the demographics of the participants, including their age, duration of practice, number of matches and tournaments, etc. After that, the coaching skills assessment tool that is comprised on 13 attributes and skills of a coach including listening skills, questioning, goal setting, preparation, reviewing learning, self-empowerment, and giving feedback and the participant have to rate themselves in front of all skills that will help to evaluate their coaching skills. After completing the formal assessment, the researcher will conduct an interview that will comprise open-ended and close-ended questions in which their precious experiences would be discussed.

As previous researched have proved that the women coaches is not useful to male athletes as the men and women coaches have different level of attributes such as their self-empowerment, the ways to protect their athletes from injuries and harmful situations that is quite difficult to women coaches as the women faces some gender discrimination in sports management that leads their performance and relationship with their athletes (Indesy et al., 2011). On the other hand, the women coach faced a number of challenges including gender discrimination, cultural differences, and their relationships scandalling’s with men athletes, timing issues as women coaches have to spend their time with their families as well and they face difficulty to manage to give over timing in their profession that associated with challenges. Researches explore that women coaches are much beneficial to women athletes as compared to male athletes as the athletes explore that men coaching is more comprehensive, and effective to men athletes rather than the women coaches to men athletes (Hartsough, 2014). Hence, the researchers proved that women coaches are not beneficial to men athletes’ team; however, they are much beneficial to women athletes.

Analysis

This research paper will analyze through descriptive statistics that will help to summarize the data and information qualitatively that will explain the participant’s attributes in their profession of coaching.

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