Technical Writing

Executive Summary

The project is highlighting the purpose, need and the benefits of using latest technology in the field of construction. Construction is a continuous process throughout the world. The standards and the techniques used for the construction keep on changing with the change in technology and the communities. This industry is the backbone of several developing and developed countries. It is providing jobs to many people. This report is throwing light on the importance of elevating the standard of people associated with this industry along with the need of new sciences to improve it. In the past, different techniques were used for this field but they were not so effective and efficient. Long time span was needed for the completion of the mega projects and more money and man-power was indulged in these techniques. With the growing population and modernization, this field also demanded automation to keep the ball rolling and to meet the demands of people. For this purpose several different technologies are developed by mixing various fields of study. Different software has been developed to support engineers and other people associated with field to speed up calculations. Similarly, different machines have been invented and fabricated in order to speed up different processes and to reduce time, cost and man-power consumption. This report is covering this entire topic briefly and precisely. This report would help Students and other people attached to this field to understand how latest technology could be used in the field of construction.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary 2

Introduction 5

Old Construction technologies 5

New Stone Age construction 5

Copper and Bronze Age construction 5

Iron Age construction 6

Ancient Mesopotamia 6

Egyptian Civilization 6

Ancient Greek Technology 6

Chinese Technology 7

Middle Ages 7

Seventeenth Century Construction 7

Eighteenth century Construction 8

Industrial Revolution 8

The twentieth Century 8

Purpose of the report 9

Scope of the report 9

Problem discussion 9

SOLUTION: 10

Demographic changes: 10

Technology: 11

State: 11

Effects & Results: 12

Primavera Application in Construction Industry 12

Phases: 13

Risk Exposure Values: 13

Results: 14

High Technology For sewage water treatment: 14

Effect: 14

Sedimentation: 15

Chlorination: 15

Neutralization: 15

Results: 15

Methods adopted for Construction 16

Programmable Logic Controller: 16

Geometric Design to control Speed Humps. 16

Advanced Task Management Software. 18

Zonar System in Construction 19

Fiber reinforced Sand and its dynamic behavior 20

Tunnel lining method 21

Technical and non-technical factors in lining 21

Computer Aided design 23

Building information modeling 23

Cameras and drones 24

COST AND SCHEDULE MODELING with 5D MACRO-BIM 25

Introduction of smart highways 26

Logical Conclusion 27

References 29

Introduction

The history of construction date backs to the evolution of man-kind on the earth. Different tools and materials were used for the purpose of construction on the basis of available energy at that time. This report would cover the chronological order of development in the field of construction.

Old Construction technologies

Below is a brief description of the old technologies used in construction by various communities

New Stone Age construction

This period was from 9000BC to 5000BC. In this age the construction was done with stones. And it is considered the last age of stone because after this age, wood became the major material for construction . The materials used for construction in this were bones, animal fiber, bushes, branches, leafs, hide, wood, stones and water. The tools used at that time were hand axes, choppers, Celt, scrape and adze. The architecture at this age ranged from tents to the large arrangements of stones. The stones were cut to make different structures like temples, tombs and houses.

Copper and Bronze Age construction

Bronze is a compound made by the addition of tin with copper. It is also known as the last stage of copper Age. The use of copper came into existence around 5000BC while Bronze was used around 3100 BC. This was the age when the tools like axes, hammers and chisels were coated with these metals to give better cut. This technology was first time used by the Egyptians and a new tool was also introduced by them “Saw”. Copper and bronze were mainly used to harden the cutting edges of the tool to cut stones and wood effectively and according to the desired dimensions deliberately. Greeks and Romans also adopted this technique later on.

Iron Age construction

This was the age between 1200 BC and 50 BC. In this age the iron was discovered and the tools were started to make from iron. Although the iron was not stronger than bronze but it was mixed with carbon to form steel. This was then use to make weapons, tools and structures.

Ancient Mesopotamia

The large-sized buildings were constructed by this civilization. The famous cities of this civilization were “Ur” and “Uruk”. Large scale temples and other buildings were made by them. The concept of sewage and the paved streets was also emerged by this civilization. The biggest achievement was the introduction of mud-brick which is also being used in the present era. The mold of the brick was wooden and it was filled with mud in square and rectangular molds.

Egyptian Civilization

The Egyptian contribution was the introduction of large scale stone structures also known as slab now-a-days. The material was almost same the mud-brick but was modified to with-stand the climatic conditions and heavy rains. Huge buildings of stone were fabricated at that time like pyramids. Rollers and ropes were used to move heavy stones. They introduced several other tools in the field of construction like lathe, ramp, lever, oven, ship, irrigation system, door, glass, plaster of Paris, plywood, saw, and rope trusses. The movement of heave blocks and their alignment in the huge buildings were the most significant achievements of engineers at that time.

Ancient Greek Technology

The material used by them was also the mud-bricks were they were more advanced in their architect. They introduced the concept of plumbing, central heating of the buildings, town planning and urban management, and water wheel. They also introduced the fire-baked tiles to cover the roof and to make the building safer. They introduced cranes for this purpose. The engineers at that time were familiar with jig , fixtures, pulleys, beams and bridges.

Chinese Technology

Chinese were much advanced and familiar with the use of wood, stones, bricks, and lime mortar. They built huge structures and one of the finest examples is the Great Wall of China. They enhanced their skills by re-building the temples and the other building made by previous age people on the regular basis. The outer layer of the wall is built by taking the surface of the mountain as base and filling it with extra stones. While the soil and mud is used to build those parts of the wall which come in plain areas. Bricks are also used for this purpose along with the sand to fill the orifices.

Middle Ages

This was advancement in the field of construction. The technology was mot much advanced and it was transferred from father to son. It was kept a secret and the matter of livelihood. The designing was done on the floor. The technology was very simple. Timber was used to make the roof and the walls were made of mud-bricks and stones.

Seventeenth Century Construction

In this century the construction was further enhanced with the usage of different science and the concept of calculation was started by the engineers. The rule of thumb and other principles of science were great contributors in this age. The major contribution was the invention of glass in France. Most of the buildings were rubber covered. Another addition was made by England by inventing triangular trusses for the roof of the buildings. Cranes and scoff-folding techniques were used in this century. Pulleys were also introduced for the movement of heavy loads along with the ramps.

Eighteenth century Construction

The engineering disciplines in this century became much stronger. Mathematics and other sciences were common practiced in the field of construction. The major addition in the materials was the use of iron in construction. Iron column and beams were used in the buildings. Cast iron was used for the roofs of fire resistant buildings and to make the roof water-proof. The major construction material was brick. It was often coated with lime. Bricks were molded by hand and baked in kilns to be used.

Industrial Revolution

Industrial revolution was witnessed in the nineteenth century. The modes of transportation were changed and modified. Railway, canal and macadam roads were introduced. It is known as the golden change in the field of construction. Steel was the major material used in this field. It was used to make I-beams and pillars. The use of timber was reduced and the concrete was introduced. Plumbing and sewage systems were up-graded. Fire safety was made certain and sure by introducing building codes.

The twentieth Century

The second industrial revolution was seen in twentieth century when the large cranes, elevators were introduced to build sky kissing buildings. Pre-cast and computer aided design software were introduced to reduce the man effort and time. Labor rights and laws were passed and labor and trade unions were introduced.

Purpose of the report

Use of advance technology is a major part of construction Engineering. Students enrolled in the course face a lot of limitations regarding the use of advance technology in the field of construction. Not all of the professors that are teaching the course have time to sit down and guide individual student. The syllabus and schedule of the course does not cover the topic diversely. Neither all the textbooks cover the complete topic

Scope of the report

This guide would help the students facing problems in this section. Having the guide accessible to all students would enable students who are encountering the material in classes regarding the use of advance technology in construction Engineering. Students sometimes need a different way to look at the material in order to grasp the concepts. This guide will provide a different solutions and exposure to solve the problems and will hopefully enable students to understand the use of advance technology quicker. This guide would also improve the comprehension of the students of this filed.

Problem discussion

The audience for the guide will be students enrolled in construction Engineering. This guide would also help the upcoming students as well as pass out students. The guide will assume that its readers, engineering students, have completed adequate use of advance technology in the field of construction. Elaborated discussion would be provided about the topic and it would be explained with the help of examples

SOLUTION:

During the era of 2014 and 2015 many advanced technologies have been introduced especially for the construction, architecture and engineering industry. These technologies helped a lot in the success of the civil based projects.

In the past the construction technology was criticized due to the lack of highly advanced technologies. Due to poor technology services the construction of any specific area take too much time. In different areas like in measuring the area engineers have to measure it by analog instruments. The results of these measurements were not so accurate and it has a bad effect in construction. Safety and precautionary measurements were also poor and many labors died in construction due to bad management(Kapoor, Singh, & Singh, 2016). The quality measurements by analog instruments was also not efficient in handling the life guarantee for the construction services, Many complains were issued due to not exceeding of any construction thing till the lifetime limit.

There are many technologies but some are as follows which helps in improvisation of construction

Automated Horizontal building Construction:

Automated construction is very important in the cost effective industry of construction.

Demographic changes:

Advancement has constantly been a work concentrated industry, yet the measurement changes, high-wage work besides, insufficiency are the segments acting new troubles especially for the made countries. This helps for an improvement dare to meet the new challenges.

The aim of this technology is in the urban area and to help the urban living people with social demographic by providing relief (Azhar & Choudhry, 2016)

Technology:

A particular outline is connected to the idea. An exhaustive framework comprising of three partitioned principle cubical units in which Manufacture Unit, Design Unit, and Recycle unit, by the generation power they are indicated.

State:

• First State:

The first state is of design unit in which the user by sketching through hands on the screen apply his idea and thoughts according to the requirement which he wants and the computer is advanced enough which converts this idea into the 3D graphics and the modified diagram.

• Second State:

Manufacture Unit is the second state where different modulations and fabrication happens In this unit the user provides the client with the specific materials through which he wants the construction according to his requirements. If he wants his construction with steel than he click steel or if he wants his construction through Aluminum than this will be clicked and the client will know all the requirements of material and can easily manage it.

• Third State:

The third State is the Recycle Unit in which the designs and the material configuration can be deleted or changed but if the user is working on some project than the user can pick the design or anything which is required for his project but he deleted it from the Recycle Unit.

Effects & Results:

It ought to be direct and monetarily shrewd. For a development to be extensively spread and be prepared to progress toward the bigger part. Making the innovation worthy, useful also, considering the point that a few clients may have instability, easy to use to all people in any case of their age gathering or capacities on the other hand dread of cutting edge innovations. Some can issues building up the aptitudes what's more, acclimating with the innovation and learning, systems required for working the framework, understanding it.(Abreu, 2016)

Primavera Application in Construction Industry

This is a Computer Integrated Undertaking Project Management thought which grants information and gaining from the individuals past their imaginative vitality, the noteworthy extraction of wander organization data. A number of points of view have been given by the researchers to the masters for grasping this new development for their own points of interest. The main function of this technology is that it elaborates the complex ideas into the visualization tool work which helps in solving the advanced problems in construction easily and in feasible matter.

Phases:

This technology application includes:

• Planning

• Designing

• Operation

• Maintenance

• Application:

It is a web application that gives program based access to a wander, portfolio and resource data over the wander. So anyone can easily access this application and can easily understand because it is the user friendly application and get his solutions from this easily.

Risk Exposure Values:

Exposure = Impact x Probability.

This application is basically use to calculate the risk exposure values in which two main quantities are required, impact and probability

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Results:

To development driven means expand organization thoughts are no longer speculative yet have changed over. There are some more parameters of Primavera, for instance, primavera designing, timetables, arranging, work breakdown structure, resource allocating, its examination and leveling, invigorating, et cetera.. From this software is to involve the thought of non-individuals and with the objective that they can take movement for their business or parts and obligations in their exercises.(Bashir et al., 2016)

High Technology For sewage water treatment:

Urban people group in making countries require resources for treat wastewater before exchange. In urban groups around the world extending volumes of mechanical waste water and family unit are being conveyed. Defilement control is frail for institutional support and authorization. Without a doubt, even where expensive wastewater treatment plants are presented, only a little rate of the total wastewater volume is managed before discharge occurring in conduits, lakes and aquifers ending up being to a great degree. These are all the necessary need for sewerage systems.

Effect:

There are following techniques of hardware for this system:

• Sedimentation

• Chlorination

• Neutralization

Sedimentation:

It is the process in which the liquid or the material which is to be clean is enter into the tanks where it sedimentated meaning the liquid which is not clean through screening is clean by stirring the liquid in the tank slowly due to which the solid waste particles comes at the top of the liquid and then these materials were taken out of the tank which is called primarily sludge and it removes from it.

Chlorination:

It is the process in which the liquid is clean by adding the specific amount of chlorine into the liquid because as we know by the reaction of chlorine with the liquid material it clears out all the bacteria and other damageable materials. (Asadi & Reddy, 2016)This concept is also use in cleaning swimming pools. The amount of chlorine should be specific according to the material requirement.

Neutralization:

Disconnect tank is used to finish adjust which is in like manner given LH4 and LL4 changes to pass on fundamental conditions .This is basic process for sewage water . As an issue of first significance pH of the sewage water is measured with the help of banner embellishment of pH meter and a while later transmitted to PLC controller so it can give furthermore control to alter the pH of sewage water by alternative of destructive or base to the water starting from tank 2

Results:

The treatment of water is not easy as it seems but it has awesome significance in businesses and also in the public eye. The water treatment procedures are extremely exact and very much controlled. By this system we can also use the treatment of water through automation and the transferring of liquid from one tank to another is done automatically. Many Labor cost is reduced because before PLC labor is used for working but now this whole work is done automatically through computing software PLC.(Huh, Koh, & Seo, 2016)

Methods adopted for Construction

Programmable Logic Controller:

PLC is used as a software material in this system this system is an automated technique in which the amount of chlorine is accounted, the timing and transferring of liquid from one tank to another tank.

Geometric Design to control Speed Humps.

The traffic engineering required to control the speed of vehicles going on roads for the safety of travelers. The vehicles want to travel safe and sound on the roads. To provide safety and convenience to the vehicles road humps on the city and highway streets will be required. The road engineers can use geometric design technique to control speed humps on the traffic. The relationship is developed between the speed of the vehicles and speed of the humps and this technique is employed to find a particular hump crossing speed. Speed breakers on the roads which are also called road humps are used to limit the speed of the vehicle having a parabolic shape containing width greater than the base wheel of the vehicle along the road.

The authorities sometimes considered that theses humps are hazardous in spite of the considerations of the safe construction and design. The Road Engineer can establish a relationship between the speed observation and geometry of humps and straight line is seen in figure table 1 and describes as the linear regression and correlation.

Figure 1Speed Observation VS number of Humps

The percentile of 85th crossing speed is stated as the speed which is below than 85percent of the vehicle that have been driven. The speed limit is set as a value to determine the upper limit required for traffic management objectives.

Robotics in Construction

Automation in Construction has been developed in the past few years. The implementation of robots construction which are in current use in the various stages of development and research

 The integrated GPS feature shows where equipment is currently located, where it has been, how fast it's been going, and meter readings of how long the equipment has been running. The meter readings, coupled with The Dispatcher's maintenance scheduling ability, help improve preventive maintenance on equipment. It can integrate with other company software.

Advanced Task Management Software.

Construction management software has changed a lot over the years, especially since the growth and development of the internet.(Willmann et al., 2016) New versions help not only to increase productivity, but also to track progress and organize the entire construction team. It can be used for billing and as a time clock as well.

Figure 2Robotics in Construction

The industry is in research of getting and addressing areas of automation through prefabrication which requires building entire components from walls, door frames and using structure modules(Vitkova & Hajek, 2016). A Company name Broad Group had developed 30-story building in 2012 within fifteen days. All the fabrication process had been carried out by the robots in a very short span of time.

Zonar System in Construction

Zonar Systems is another telemetric organization however it represents considerable authority in over-the-street truck operations. Zonar Systems is in checked visual investigation advancements, helping organizations catch, convey and examine data about the state of their vehicles and different resources(Wang, Yang, Liu, Zhang, & Han, 2016). Its items utilize radio recurrence recognizable proof (RFID), remote correspondence, online applications, and Global Positioning System (GPS) innovation to upgrade armada use, wellbeing, consistence, and representative fulfillment. Below is the diagram showing the working of Zonar system

Fiber reinforced Sand and its dynamic behavior

This is a special technique which is used to enhance the characteristics of the materials present in the soil. It increase the quality of both natural and synthetic materials present in the soil. For this purpose the reinforced sand is added to increase the quality of the soil. This sand contains fibers of different elements. The resonant frequency of the soil is enhanced due to the addition of fiber mixed sand and the amplitude is raised to maximum. There is very minute decrease observed in the damping ratio and the co-efficient of elastic compression. But this change is very small and ignored in most of the cases. The sand reinforcement also increases the static load bearing capacity and the settlement values are also decreased due to this addition. The behavior of strain value also shows a decreasing effect. But this change is negligible as it is very small. This technology is very useful in those regions which are seismic and exposed the frequent vibrations. This methodology is used to increase the amplitude and to decrease the co-efficient of the compression(Samal). Below is the diagram showing the complete behavior of the fiber reinforced sand.

Tunnel lining method

Tunnel construction is very difficult and complex method. It depends on several factors such as method, geology of the particular region and the economy of that region. Other major threat and challenge is the protection of the labors. Most of the time, the tunnels are collapsed causing serious losses. The main purpose of this technology is to protect the workers from any accident and to make the tunnel safer by adopting such techniques and instruments in order to avoid it from collision and failure. Many different methods have been introduced for this purpose. The selection of the accurate method is the main concern. The selection criteria depends upon the several technical and non-technical methods along with the geography of the work site.

Technical and non-technical factors in lining

The most common models of lining are “pipe in tunnel”, “Short Crete lining” and “No final “lining. These models are effected by several technical and non-technical factors such as “Tunnel cross-section profile”, “ground water conditions” and “Ground conditions”. The lining of the tunnels is totally dependent upon the nature and structure of the tunnel. For instance, the water tunnel need smooth lining while the railway tunnel needs strong and hard lining. The first step in this process is to design the model of the tunnel. It depends upon the tunnel cross-section profile. The purpose of making tunnel cross-section profile is to select the method for tunnel construction. Next step is to protect the tunnel from the under-ground water. It could be very dangerous especially in those tunnels which use electric circuits and appliance. Tunnel sealing is done for this purpose to make it water resistant and to stop the inward flow of water. The pressure of the water around the tunnel is most significant factor in this regard. The height and the land geography plays an important role in increasing and decreasing the ground water pressure. Tunnel structure is also effected by the ground conditions. The lining material is selected on the basis of this analysis because most of the time the lining material and the elements present in the ground react to damage the structure. If non-technical factors are considered then the time and the money appears to be the most important factors which effect the tunnel construction. Both of these factors have great influence on the selection of the lining method. The cost which is to be used in working and transporting of the machinery is called as “Running Cost”. The efficiency and the profit of the whole process depends on this running cost(Toma). Below is the figure explaining the entire design of the post-tensioned concrete segment tunnel liner.

Computer Aided design

This software is helping the engineers and the contractors to start the job before the completion of the plan. It is helping to reduce the construction time of the project along with the reduction in the running cost and man-power. The design is perfect and the dimensions are up to date. This software has the ability to predict the time of the project, expected errors in the project and it also has the ability to reduce the errors. These technologies would be further modified in the near future in order to compete the advancements and the continuous changings in the construction methods("esub,").

Building information modeling

This technology is becoming famous in these days and it is not confined only to the large size structures and the firms. It is become necessity of all type of firms these days. This modeling provides the opportunity to make the building models and the paper work in less time. This technology is accurate, less time consuming and the cost is also very less. This software also helps to join various parties which are working together on the same project(Peiffer, 2016). Below is the diagram showing the working method of BIM

Cameras and drones

Cameras and drones are the advance level revolutions in the field of construction. These are being used for the surveying purpose and the security of the site. The main advantage of drones is that they can reach in such places which are dangerous and hazardous for workers. The output of these devices is also 100%. Different type of drones have been developed to study different characteristics of the construction sites such as temperature, humidity, soil pH, stress, sheer and strength of the materials. They provide the detailed result and the data which can be further interpreted to obtain detailed blue-prints of the site. This technology is reducing the cost and time of construction along with the reduction in the man-power requirement. Below is the figure showing the structure of a typical drone used in the field of construction.

COST AND SCHEDULE MODELING with 5D MACRO-BIM

This technology is the future of the construction field. It would work together with 3D CAD. This device would work on the principle of lean manufacturing and the techniques like JIT. It would reduce the cost and time of construction along with the reduction in the waste of the material. This technology would provide the opportunity to all the people involved in the project to stay connected with updates and process of the project. It would enable the contractors and the engineers to tell the exact cost time and possible delays in the project. It would enable the supervisors to try different materials in the construction and to study their relevant impacts before the actual usage and it would help them to reduce the extra charges and time needed to perform the experiments in real time. Similarly, it would empower the developer and designers to make different design. It would save the time and money. It would also decrease the delays caused by stopping the project and changing the design("7 CONSTRUCTION-TECHNOLOGY TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2017," 2016)

Below is the diagram showing how this technology would made the pre-construction structures.

Introduction of smart highways

The first sketches of a smart highway are proposed in 2014 in Netherland. These roads would use some special kind of luminescent paints which would make them glow during night time. This technology is not confined only for cars and heavy traffic, but it would also be used for making bicycle tracks and pedestrian tracks. This would environment friendly as well as it would reduce the accident ratio at night time on highways. There would be further modification in these roads in the near future. It is being planned to use such stones and sensors which would provide the detailed temperature information to the drivers(Moreno, 2105). Below is the diagram showing how these roads would look in the future.

Logical Conclusion

The present day revolution made a noteworthy changes on the planet economy, since it for all intents and purposes affect all endeavors in every individual life start from sustenance and agribusiness industry closes with transportation, by enhancing another advances and machines which updating the execution of productivity in these fields, this upgrades could be seen evidently in amassing industry, before the bombshell, gathering was depending upon mechanical assemblies and human work and it was so direct and costly for both side the create and the customer, after the disturbed and the fuse of new advancement and machines the flood of work start to be speedier in light of the fact that it start dependent upon machines, mechanical assemblies, and human works in a particular request and clearly the things viability was advanced. Construction is playing an important role in the lives of people and it is consistent process. It is the back-bone of the economy of many countries. With the advancements in all fields of life the standards and demands of people are also changing so the construction methods need to be changed and advanced at the same pace. Improvement in the construction machinery and methods is making this thing possible. Population of the world is also increasing at a rapid rate. In order to counter it and to fulfil the demand the construction has to be accelerated. The use of advance technologies in the field of construction is making it easy and these technologies are re-shaping the entire filed and the world collectively. These innovations are helping to reduce the running cost of construction along with the time needed to complete the projects. Man-power is also being reduced. As, the most of the work is being converted to automatic working. This report is comparing the old technologies used in the field of construction with the new technologies being used these days. New and in-coming technologies are also forecasted in this report. The main concern was to highlight the importance and need of new technologies in this field.

References

6 Technological Advancements that are Shaping the Construction Industry. from https://esub.com/6-technological-advancements-shaping-construction-industry/

7 CONSTRUCTION-TECHNOLOGY TRENDS TO WATCH IN 2017. (2016). from http://www.sbci.com/7-construction-technology-trends-watch-2017/

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Asadi, S., & Reddy, S. (2016). Free Vibration Analysis of Multi-Storeyed Buildings resting on different Soil/Rock Media at Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(37).

Azhar, S., & Choudhry, R. M. (2016). Capacity building in construction health and safety research, education, and practice in Pakistan. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 6(1), 92-105.

Bashir, N., Jamil, M., Waris, A., Khan, M. N., Malik, M. H., & Butt, S. I. (2016). Design and Development of Experimental Hardware in Loop Model for the Study of Vibration Induced in Tall Structure with Active Control. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(21).

Huh, J.-H., Koh, T., & Seo, K. (2016). Design of a Shipboard Outside Communication Network and the Test Bed Using PLC: for the Workers' Safety Management During Ship-Building process. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication.

Kapoor, K., Singh, S., & Singh, B. (2016). Water permeation properties of self compacting concrete made with coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 1-10.

Moreno, C. (2105). New Technology in the Construction Industry: The 10 Best Innovations of 2014.

Peiffer, E. (2016). 10 construction industry trends to watch in 2016.

Samal, M. R. Dynamic Behavior of Fibre Reinforced Sand. 7.

Toma, H. Tunnel Lining Methods: Selection of an efficient method. 7.

Vitkova, E., & Hajek, V. (2016). Impact of technical changes in the production of small electric machinery on costs. Paper presented at the Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on.

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Willmann, J., Knauss, M., Bonwetsch, T., Apolinarska, A. A., Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (2016). Robotic timber construction—Expanding additive fabrication to new dimensions. Automation in Construction, 61, 16-23.