project

Please summarize a paper according to the content of my previous homework（You can add whatever you need）：

Target country：USA

Product: Japanese automobile

analyzes the market and country you selected to develop or introduce a new product or service. You will tie your research homework together to support your final recommendation is through a comprehensive case analysis paper. You may wish to use the rubric as your table of contents to ensure you cover all the areas:

Criteria

Page 8-10

Executive Summary

· Why you selected the product and country

Country and Product Background

Macro Environment

· Cultural Discussion

· Demographics/Economic Outlook

· Political/Legal Considerations

· Trade & Financial Considerations

Conclusions

· Pull out supportive facts from your paper that leads the reader to support your final recommendation.

Recommendation

What is your recommendation to your boss? Defend you position to keep your job! ;-)

Final Case Paper

Final Case Paper
Criteria	Ratings	Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeExecutive Summary Why you selected the product and country 10pts	10 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks	10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCountry and Product Background 15pts	15 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks	15 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeMacro Environment * Cultural Discussion * Demographics/Economic Outlook * Political/Legal Considerations * Trade & Financial Considerations 20pts	20 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks	20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeConclusions Pull out supportive facts from your paper that leads the reader to support your final recommendation. 15pts	15 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks	15 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeRecommendation What is your recommendation to your boss? Defend you position to keep your job! ;-) 15pts	15 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks	15 pts
Total Points: 75

Assignment 1: Country/Product Selection Abstract

I choose the Japanese automobile industry as my research object. I think Japan is one of the most successful countries in the car manufacturing industry. Although Japan is an island country, and the territory is not large, but in the automobile industry, I think Japan is a powerful country. Toyota, Honda, Nissan and other Japanese car brands are world-renowned and very popular. In the past two years, the global auto market, affected by the epidemic, has suffered a decline in sales of most auto companies to varying degrees, but the Japanese car market still has a strong market performance. What are the conditions that enable the Japanese auto industry to develop so steadily and rapidly? This is worth studying and discussing. First, I think the Japanese government has invested a lot in the auto industry, including the most important policy and economic support. Although most of Japan's companies are privately owned, policy and financial support for many companies in the early 1960s increased the concentration of the Japanese auto industry. Many Japanese car companies such as Toyota, Mitsubishi, Nissan and so on. Through the merger and reorganization of smaller enterprises, these companies have realized the advantages of group scale production in a relatively short time. These advantages make these enterprises stand out in the global auto industry competition. On the other hand, the Japanese government has promulgated a series of laws and regulations to support the opening of local enterprises. One of the most important is that the government protects local companies by imposing tariffs and other barriers to foreign investment. Japan is also doing well in other ways. The Japanese government has invested heavily in infrastructure for the auto industry. And has been in the implementation of a sound management system; It also provided generous financial incentives and subsidies,

which helped Japan's carmakers to thrive.In terms of resources, Japan is very poor in all aspects of resources, especially mineral resources and oil resources are heavily dependent on imports. That leaves the Japanese auto industry with limited resources to build cars that consume less fuel and last longer. So even though the Japanese auto industry started about 30 years later than those in the United States and Europe, Japanese cars are generally more fuel-efficient and durable than those in other countries.In terms of marketing means, Japanese enterprises are very good at marketing and timing. By the early 1970s, Japan had become one of the world's leading economies. Most Japanese-made cars are small, fuel-efficient sedans, and fuel consumption has long been a consideration when buying a car. This also made the Japanese car sales in the United States to achieve a breakthrough, a successful foothold in the American market.Although most of the Japanese car consumer groups are working class, pay attention to affordable car prices and maintenance rate. But that does not mean Japanese carmakers have given up on the high end of the market. Japan's car companies have also produced high-end offsets like Lexus and Acura, thanks to sophisticated marketing and constant technological innovation. The brands have also had great success in North America, where Lexus beat Cadillac to become the top-selling luxury car brand in 2000. Since that year, Lexus has never left the top spot, topping North American luxury sales for 11 consecutive years.

Works CitedCheney, P. (2015, November 5). The rise of Japan: How the car industry was won. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/adventure/red-line/the-rise-of-japan-how-the-car-industry-was-won/article27100187/. Lohr, S. (1983, February 20). THE AGING OF JAPAN'S AUTO INDUSTRY. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/20/business/the-aging-of-japan-s-auto-industry.html

Assignment 2: Culture & Ethics

The influence of culture and ethics on Japanese automobile manufacturing

In the cultures of many eastern countries, national culture is the cradle of the corporate culture. Japan is one of the typical countries with traditional Oriental culture. People pay attention to traditional culture, which has an imperceptible influence on Japanese enterprises. For example, in many eastern countries, people attach more importance to the interests of the collective and the group.

Therefore, in terms of corporate culture management, Japan pays more attention to improving the efficiency of collective work and sets up a collective incentive system to encourage employees to actively help other colleagues while fulfilling their own work targets, thus forming a good atmosphere of mutual assistance and cooperation within the company.

One of Japan's corporate management models is lifetime employment. This is not a legal system but is influenced by traditional moral norms. The traditional Japanese Bushido spirit and the thought of being loyal to the king and not serving the two masters have a subtle influence on people's professional attitudes. If a person seeks another job out of personal considerations alone, he will be regarded as " A person who lacks loyalty."

An employee's length of time and loyalty to the company may be more important than their ability to do the job. Japanese enterprises still tend to be collectivist in management and decision-making. Companies pay attention to improving collective work efficiency and collective incentives and encourage employees to actively help their colleagues while fulfilling their own work targets, thus forming a good atmosphere of mutual assistance and cooperation.

With the development of society, corporate social responsibility has become one of the standards for people to measure the merits and demerits of enterprises. After the economic and social development has reached a certain level, it is inevitable for enterprises to raise the issue of social responsibility. As a moral constraint on their own economic behavior, enterprises must assume corresponding social responsibilities.

First, companies must provide economic value to society; Second, the company must return part of its profits to social and make contributions to society; Third, companies should take measures to prevent events that have adverse effects on society. We know that the true measure of a company is not just its great products, but its impact on society. The automobile manufacturing industry is a key industry in Japan. Companies should aim to build an international enterprise, actively fulfill their social responsibilities, pay taxes in accordance with the law, and abide by business ethics and fair competition.

We firmly believe that technological change and innovation is a strong driving force to achieve the future of travel, so the company will continue to optimize the production process, improve product quality and product safety, to provide customers with quality services. In terms of society and environment, the company will actively promote community development, fund the construction of schools, and cultivate more outstanding talents. The company will also strive to build energy-saving and emission reduction production lines, advocate the concept of green and new energy, and provide the most favorable help for environmental protection. To treat the company's partners, we will maintain equal cooperation, mutual benefit, and friendly relations. A strong employee group is the foundation of the success and sustainable growth of the enterprise. In the enterprise, we advocate democratic management, provide a safe working environment for employees, and let employees give full play to their own value. The company supports initiatives aimed at promoting education and creating discovery experiences to help all young people realize their dreams.

 

Works Cited

Wokutch, R. E. (1990). Corporate social responsibility Japanese style. s.n.

 

Assignment 3: International Finance

Looking back at history, we can find that Japan's auto export trade has always been financially risky. During the Japan-US trade frictions from the 1970s to the 1990s, the most intense trade friction occurred in the automobile industry. After 1978, many Japanese cars were exported to the United States. Competition from Japan forced the US government to provide 1 billion US dollars in subsidies to the US auto industry. In 1979, the US government required Japan to fully open the Japanese auto market. Japanese automakers-built factories in the US and voluntarily accepted export scale restrictions. The Japanese government uniformly reduced import tariffs on US cars and agreed to set a ceiling on the number of exported cars. On the other hand, to reduce the US trade deficit with Japan, the US requires Japan to sign the "Plaza Agreement" to agree to the appreciation of the Japanese yen against the US dollar, which has further increased the burden on Japan's export trade.

From the perspective of impact, the United States imposed high tariffs on Japanese exports and imposed export quotas, and Japanese automakers were required to build factories in the United States. These have prompted Japan to transfer more high-end product manufacturing to the United States, which has reduced the density and technology of Japan's overall automobile manufacturing industry. These have also forced the Japanese automobile manufacturing industry to improve product quality and diversify product varieties to increase profits. The expanding trade deficit also affects the entire industrial-economic chain.

In 2020, when global auto companies are facing a long-term slowdown in sales of cars that have been shut down due to the epidemic, the automotive semiconductor industry has also made new plans for their production. People’s demand for cars is unexpectedly strong. Even if manufacturers can increase their production speed, they are faced with a shortage of important automotive parts such as chips. Therefore, industrial raw material reserves are also an important consideration for the stable development of the industry.

Due to Japan's extreme shortage of natural resources, the raw materials needed for mass production are dependent on imports, such as oil and iron ore. These commodities are mostly priced and settled in US dollars in the international market. In terms of exports, Japan mainly exports manufactured goods, mainly to the United States, and most of its exports are settled in U.S. dollars, and the use rate of Japanese yen is very small. Second, Japan's domestic financial market system is imperfect. For example, too much government intervention in the domestic financial market, too much market regulation, and too complicated transaction procedures have led to frequent and large fluctuations in the yen exchange rate, causing instability.

When the fluctuation of the yen exchange rate is inconsistent with the basic economic conditions in Japan, the Japanese government cannot fully control the exchange rate trend and keep the yen's value relatively stable. This has also led to the lack of confidence in the yen and the Japanese government in all countries in the world, and therefore they are unwilling to use the yen extensively in international trade and financial markets, and even less willing to use the yen as a national foreign exchange reserve.

References

 

Jiang , Y. (2017, July). What can we learn from U.S.-Japan trade war of 1980s? CGTN News. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-07-11/Lessons-from-U-S-Japan-trade-war-of-1980s-IcWJh9RjAQ/index.html.

 

Assignment 4: International Finance Mitigation

As one of the pronouns of Japanese industry, the automobile industry has always been the backbone of the glory of Japan's export industry. This has always been inseparable from the Japanese government's policy support and protection for the automobile industry since the 1970s.

The Japanese government's protection policies for the automobile industry mainly include import quantity restrictions, import tariffs, restrictions on foreign direct investment in Japan, tax systems, subsidies, etc. The issue of subsidies will be discussed in the next section. From the above simple overview, it can be seen that the Japanese government has built a fairly high barrier to entry. For a long time, the export of Japanese cars has enjoyed very generous policy assistance.

But risks also coexist. After Toyota surpassed GM to become the world's largest car company by sales a few years ago, Trump introduced many policies to help American auto brands regain their glory, which on the other hand caused Japanese cars. A lot of pressure, because the United States is one of the most important importers of Japanese cars.

With the acceleration of auto exports in previous years, Japan’s trade surplus with the United States expanded for the second consecutive month.

The previous Trump administration tried to renegotiate trade agreements with major economies to reduce the U.S. trade deficit and resolve what it considered unfair trade practices. I hope this situation can be alleviated during Biden's time

Washington’s position has brought double harm to Japan because it inhibited Japan’s exports to China and put Japan’s trade-dependent economy at risk of restrictions on US auto exports.

Data released by the Ministry of Finance of Japan on Wednesday showed that Japanese exports fell 2.4% year-on-year in April, the fifth consecutive month of decline. A Reuters survey estimated a decline of 1.8%, after a 2.4% decline in March.

The data also showed that Japan’s trade surplus with the United States in April increased by 17.7% from the same period last year to 723.2 billion yen ($6.55 billion), partly due to an 8.3% increase in auto exports.

Faced with such risks, I think the best way is to continue to increase the research and development of its own products, and to develop markets in other countries, and not put eggs in one basket to avoid risks.

Assignment 5: Managing an International Business

After a long period of development, the automotive industry has realized the automotive electronics front-loading with safety and comfort as the core. As early as 2004, only a quarter of factory vehicles had built-in airbags, and less than 50% of vehicles equipped with front-mounted electric seats. However, driven by Japanese government supervision and consumer demand, safety-related electronic systems have rapidly spread. Nowadays, most of the innovations in the automotive industry appear on the electronic system rather than on the mechanical level. Between 2007 and 2019, the proportion of automotive electronics costs rose from about 30% to about 50%. Semiconductor suppliers play a vital role in the automotive industry supply chain. In recent years, the automotive industry has undergone earth-shaking changes, and the ecosystem will be completely transformed in the next few years. The development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, electric vehicles, unmanned driving, energy storage, and cybersecurity; the public's social awareness on topics such as safety and shared travel; concerns about environmental issues such as pollution; economic considerations such as infrastructure spending, and Asia Many factors such as market growth will reshape the automotive industry. In the next ten years, the four major trends of automation, electrification, digital interconnection and security will promote the continuous increase of semiconductor components in automotive electronics and subsystems. The automotive industry is not an unfamiliar market for semiconductor manufacturers. In fact, many manufacturers have entered the Japanese automotive field many years ago. However, due to insufficient customer scale, the automotive market was not an important source of revenue for semiconductor manufacturers at that time, and the process verification cycle was long, and sales were low compared with consumer electronics. However, the demand for automotive electronics such as advanced driver assistance systems, artificial in.

Assignment 6: International Organization and Culture

Japan is an island country on all sides, but in modern development, Japan has shown extraordinary power, which I think is also related to its unique national culture.  Japanese culture is derived from Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism from India and A complex culture formed by the fusion of the original Shinto of the Japanese nation. Confucianism, Buddhism and Shinto are known as the three basic colors of Japanese culture.

The potential impact of Japanese corporate culture on the team

The unique Japanese culture formed after a long period of fusion of these cultures is also the foundation of Japanese corporate culture.

The spirit of Groupism of the Japanese nation consists of three components. One is loyalty to the country in the traditional Japanese "Bushido spirit", from loyalty to the country to loyalty to the enterprise and to the group to which one belongs;

The other is rooted in the hearts of Japanese people. The deep sense of crisis and the sense of anxiety formed the unity, cooperation, and unanimous external ideological composition. At all times, it is based on group development and driven by overall advantages;

the third is to integrate the Chinese culture's "harmony is precious" thought into it The Japanese believe that “harmony is the most valuable” is the need of both corporate leaders and employees.

A group that has a sense of belonging and can help each other.

Steps to manage a cross-cultural team.

(1) Professional knowledge and management skills. Managers should master professional knowledge and have the management ability to be familiar with domestic and foreign environments.

(2) Cultural sensitivity and communication skills. In order to improve cultural sensitivity, managers first control their local views and national-centered ideas. Patiently understand the differences in social and cultural views, values, lifestyles, communication habits, language expressions and ways of understanding employees from different cultural prospects.

(3) Correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of cultural differences for management. Managers have expanded from the past one culture, one language organizational behavior management to today's diversified culture, multi-language organizational behavior management, of course, feel that there are many disadvantages, unaccustomed to.

Assignment 7: Managing International Marketing and Operations

The United States is the world's largest car market, and it is also the world's most profitable car market. While the current world trade protectionism is prevalent, but due to the unbalanced economic development between countries, national trade barriers may become the main constraint on the development of enterprises. It is also one of the main challenges for companies to manage the international business. When formulating a marketing mix, price has always been the "main weapon" for Japanese cars to stabilize the US market. In the 1970s, in order to enter the U.S. market, Japanese cars mainly adopted a competitive penetration and low-price strategy. Market share and establish long-term market dominance. But the result had a serious impact on the development of domestic auto companies in the United States, industry profits fell, and unemployment increased. The U.S. government restricts the number of Japanese car imports through a trade war on the grounds of stabilizing the domestic economy. Subsequently, Japan changed its product marketing methods, adopted a policy of shifting customization to high-end cars, and gradually increased prices. The three major automakers in the United States took the approach of maintaining sales and increasing prices for optimal profit considerations. Continue to invest and build factories in the United States to build luxury models with higher profit margins. At the same time, political factors were taken into consideration, the procurement of parts and components was incorporated into the overall business strategy, and American parts and components were used as much as possible to ensure that its products had a higher "American content."

Subsequently, Japan changed its product marketing methods, adopted a policy of shifting customization to high-end cars, and gradually increased prices. The three major automakers in the United States took the approach of maintaining sales and increasing prices for optimal profit considerations. Continue to invest and build factories in the United States to build luxury models with higher profit margins. At the same time, political factors were taken into consideration, the procurement of parts and components was incorporated into the overall business strategy, and American parts and components were used as much as possible to ensure that its products had a higher "American content."