Personal Computer Primary Sources

commodore

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the PET keyboard

The PET keyboard consists of 73 keys. There are the usual alphanumerics

(A-Z and 0-9) found on typewriters and calculators and many computers.

But the PET has something more: 64 graphic characters. The graphics can

be used for plots, for fun and games, or for artwork.

There are also special screen and keyboard control keys which allow the

moving of the cursor in four directions, the reversing of characters and

background, the inserting and deleting of characters. Shift keys and a

run/stop key are also provided to facilitiate keyboard operations.

By the use of a POKE command lower case letters are obtained instead of the graphic symbols above the capital letter keys.

specifications Dimensions: 16!4" wide by

18%" deep. 14" overall height.

Weight: 44lbs

MEMORY Random Access Memory (user

memory): 8K included. Expandable to 32K bytes externally.

Read Only Memory (operating system resident in the computer): 13K bytes

8K BASIC interpreter 4K — Operating system IK — Diagnostic routine

VIDEO DISPLAY UNIT 9" enclosed, black and white,

high-resolution CRT 1000 character display, arranged

40 columns by 25 lines 8x8 dot matrix for characters

and continuous graphics Automatic scrolling from bottom

of screen Winking cursor with full motion

control

Reverse field on all characters (white on black or black on white

64 standard ASCII characters; 64 graphic characters

KEYBOARD

9 1/2" wide x 3" deep; 73 keys All 64 ASCII characters available

without shift. Calculator style

numeric key pad All 64 graphic and reverse field

characters accessible from keyboard (with shift)

Screen Control: Clear and erase Editing: Character insertion and

deletion

CASSETTE STORAGE Fast Commodore designed

redundant-recording scheme, assuring reliable data recovery

Cassette drive modified by Commodore for much higher reliability of recording and record retention

High noise immunity, error detection, and correction

Uses standard audio cassette tapes

Tape files, named

OPERATING SYSTEM Machine language accessibility File management in operating

system

Cursor control, reverse field, and graphics under simple BASIC control

Cassette file management from BASIC

Pseudo random number Generator

INPUT/OUTPUT

All other I/O supported through

IEEE-488 instrument interface

which allows for multiple intelligent peripherals

All I/O automatically managed by operating system software

Single character I/O with GET command

Easy screen line-edit capability

Flexible I/O structure allows for

BASIC expansion with intelligent peripherals

BASIC INTERPRETER

Expanded 8K BASIC; 20% faster than most other 8K BASICS

Upward expansion from current popular BASIC language

Strings, integers and multiple dimension arrays

10 significant digits; floating point

numbers Direct memory access through

PEEK and POKE commands

commodore basic

The fastest full floating-point BASIC implemented

on a micro-computer. Allows communication

directly from BASIC to IEEE-488 standard devices,

cassettes, display, and keyboard built into PET.

Accurately built-in clock is settable and readable

from BASIC in decimal or string value. Full command set, including:

Basic Arithmetic Statements

Standard Dartmouth BASIC Statements

LET READ PRINT DATA IF THEN FOR NEXT DIM END GOTO

Extended BASIC Statements RESTORE REM GET GOSUB RETURN STOP STEP INPUT ON . . .GOTO ON. . .GOSUB

DEF FN

Scientific Functions

SGN INT ABS SQR RND SIN COS TAN ATN LOG EXP TV

Logical Operators

AND OR NOT

Operation Commands RUN NEW CLR LIST CONT FRE

Formating Functions

TAB POS SPC

Machine Level Statements

PEEK POKE Allow the user to examine and store at specific

memory locations.

USR SYS Link BASIC to machine language subroutines with parameter passing or developemental subsystems.

WAIT Monitors status of a memory location such as an

I/O port until specified bits are set.

The screen writing rate is 1000 characters per

second.

String Functions

LEFTS RIGHTS MIDS Returns substrings lof specified length and

position) of string acted upon.

CHRS ASC CHRS returns a character, given a numeric code. ASC returns a numeric code corresponding to a character.

LEN Returns the length of a string.

VAL STRS Convert decimal values to numeric strings an

vice- versa.

Extended I/O Statements

OPEN CLOSE Control association of a logical file number to

physical device, and optionally, a file on the

device.

SAVE LOAD VERIFY Store and retrieve a program, with optional file

name, on a physical device. Load allows for

program overlay, VERIFY compares contents of

memory to stored program.

PRINTS INPUTS GETtf Allow communication with logical device numbers

other than keyboard or screen. GEJit inputs one

character.

CMD Permits communication with multiple devices

simultaneously.

Example of I/O Operations

Tape-to-tape file copy 10 OPEN 5,1,0, "OLD FILE" 15 POKE 243, 58: POKE 244, 3 20 OPEN 6,2,1, "NEW FILE" 30 INPUT #5, AS 40 IF (STI AND 64 GO TO 70 50 PRINT #6, AS 60 GO TO 30 70 CLOSE 5 80 CLOSE 6

Program locates "OLD FILE" on tape it 1, writes file header for "NEW FILE" on tape #2, then copies tape it 1 to it2 until it encounters an EOF on it], and then writes an EOF on til.

Variables

TYPES: NAMES:

Real Integer (%) String

Variable names are uniquely given as a letter or a letter

followed by a letter or a digit.

:sj

Special variables

Tl TIS Time of day ST Status word for I/O operations.

software and documentation

The inclusion of 8K of extended

BASIC in ROM means there are a large number of existing programs that can readily be

adapted for use with the PET. In

addition Commodore has established its own Program Library which is being added to on a monthly basis. These are

being issued on cassettes and

include Scientific. Financial,

Business, Educational and Game

packages. Personalised

programming is not undertaken

by Commodore but is available from many Authorised Dealers,

software houses and freelance

programmers. Commodore's

BASIC is comprehensive and easily learnt for writing one's own programs.

An introductory and a Main Users

Handbook are included as standard documentation. Also

available are the highly praised

hardware and Programming

manuals on our own MOS Technology 6500 microprocessor

— used at the heart of both the pet computer an our KIM microprocessor system. These

will aid the more sophisticated

users.

The U.K. PET Users Club also produces regular newsletters

covering such topics as

applications, software hints and

program information. The rapid

acceptance and acclaim of PET

by industry professionals means it

is becoming an industry standard ensuring further software

availability from many external

sources.

Cr commodore

further

expansion

The IEEE-488 Interface

Expansion is one of the prime

design concepts of the PET. The

IEEE-488 (HP-IB) interface built

into the PET allows for multi- ple intelligent peripherals lup

to 15 devices). A list of many compatible devices is included in

the User's Handbook,

A Floppy Disc and Modem

Commodore has both of these under development for inclusion

in its own PET range of products. Also planned are memory expansion units. It should be

noted that PET's design does not preclude the use of other

company's peripherals.

An RS 232 Interface

This is not supplied by

Commodore as PET peripherals are planned as plug compatible

with the PET itself. IEEE-488 to RS 232 interfaces may be obtained from other suppliers.

This means further add-ons can

be used in conjunction with PET — in particular many common printers and modems.

Expanding to a Much Larger System

The PET computer is an extremely versatile and

expandable base for much larger systems than the self-contained

PET itself. It can, in fact, be used as a front end processor, in several languages, for linking to a

mainframe computer.

connections

to the outside world Available at the back and sides of

the PET 2001 computer are four

edge card connectors. These are

to the built-in IEEE-488 interface

(HP-IB), the 8 bit user port

with two extra handshake lines,

the second cassette interface and

the memory expansion

connection.

some application areas for PET For the Commercial User

The Commodore PET offers the commercial user for the first time

a really cost effective business

computer. The speed of the PET plus its well-known BASIC language enable it to be used

efficiently for:

Trend Analysis

Stock Control

Payroll

Invoicing

Inventory Control

Amortization Calculations, etc.

Commodore will be introducing a floppy disc data and program

storage system and a printer,

allowing the user to store and retrieve thousands of pieces of

information in seconds, and produce printed results. Lower

case letters are available, making

PET ideal for producing form letters.

For the Scientist and the Laboratory

The PET has a comprehensive set of scientific functions useful to

scientists, engineers and industry.

The IEEE-488 Interface (HP-IB) is

directly compatible with hundreds

of laboratory instruments such as

DVM's, synthesisers, auto

analysers, data-loggers, etc. The

PET also has a general purpose 8 bit plus 2 control bit I/O port for

general interfacing. This last

feature makes the PET an ideal

industrial and commercial

controller. Direct access to

machine code allows special I/O

routines to be easily written.

For the Educational World

The PET's applications in the educational field are numerous.

The extensive BASIC language and the file by name cassette program storage facilities make the PET an ideal tool for teaching computer programming.

Programs can be written to

"tutor" the user (pupil) in almost

any discipline, including BASIC itself. And. of course, the PET can be used to take care of

school records, exam results, attendance figures, etc.

the PET 2nd cassette deck The PET second cassette deck

plugs directly into the PET 2001 computer adding further

capability to the basic PET system. Stopping and starting of

the motor can again be done

under program control. All the

features of the built-in cassette

deck are in this unit including the

specially designed electronics.

the PET2020 printer

Designed specifically to go with

the Pet 2001 computer and make full use of its extensive capability

is the PET 2020 printer. The PET 2020 is an 80 column, 7x8 needle matrix impact printer

which again demonstrates Commodore's continued oustanding value for money policy and technical expertise.

The printer works on plain paper

and is capable of producing

carbon copies. In addition such

items as individual sheets (e.g.

headed notepaper) and address

labels can be used as alternatives

to plain paper rolls when desired.

The PET 2020 printer is IEEE-488 compatible and plugs directly into

the PET 2001 computer. As well

as the ability to print the full PET computer graphics, including

reverse and lower case, the PET printer will also print double

width capital letters for such uses

as document headings. The

average speed of the printer is 50

characters per second. The paper

is pinch roller fed and is 8'/£"

wide.

The PET 2020 printer contains its own microprocessor and is capable of accepting format

statements under program control

— having memorised these

statements the printer will

automatically format incoming

information on the printed page, e.g. it can automatically insert

leading zeros and round to fixed

decimal places for stock

numbering and financial

statements.

(Planned availability: First quarter

1979)

this is an example

THIS IS THE NEW REIT PRINTER Can Print Both UPPer And Louer Case Characters As Hell As X/NHr IS A 80 COLUMN POT MATRIX PRINTER WITH 36 DIFFERENT CHARACTERS 3ABCDEFGHIJKLHN0PGRSTUVMXVZC\Jt<- ! "M'/A '(>*+,- ./0123456739 : ;C=>? -I—--| h w LVnt-tl #M 14-M IW1 l-"~J U ±T ItiS-r'-rfll l""""--k "-"fc -abcdef9hiJklmrioP°irstuvwKyz-tf I4« ! J33 U£lh — r ill i/l

Commodore's philosophy

Commodori> (CBM) has been in business for over 21 years during

which lime H has established

an enviable reputation for

outstanding value and innovation — none better illustrated than by the PET 2001 computer. Already recognised as a loader in

advanced consumer electronics

Commodore has further increased its worldwide technical resources.

These now include in house microprocessor technology and production through its own Mos Technology subsidiary.

These special strengths have

been combined to produce a truly outstanding product - the PET 2001 computer. A personal computer that operates anywhere

by simply plugging into the

mains. An e*tremoly powerful self contained tool at the

command of its owner yet capable of even further

expansion.

Quite portable, very affordable

and unbelievably versatile, the

PET 2001 computer may well be a lifetime investment.

Commodore Systems Division, 360 Euston Road.

London NW1 3BL 01 388 5702

Authorised Dealer

COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES IUKI LTD. Reg. Office: Industrial Estate. Eaglosdiffe. Stockton-on-Tees. Cleveland TS16 0PN