integrate the individual policies into one international policy document.

Part A: Geography Part B: Climate

How do climates compare?

● Mexico and Italy both have a diverse variety of climates, in Italy this is due to large coast lines and geographical features such as mountains, Mexico’s size causes it to experience the equatorial wet zone and dry zone at 30 latitude.

● Ukraine has a temperate climate that is consistent across the region, it lacks the size and features that lead to climate diversity in Mexico and Italy. ● Overall, the Ukraine and Italy have similar temperate zones because they are located along similar latitudes. ● Mexico’s size and location closer to the equator grant it more climate zones and more arid regions than Italy and the Ukraine.

Part C: Water Use

How does water usage vary within these countries?

● Italy has the greatest access to water. However, one-third of the Ukraine population are suffering water quality problems. ● Three countries have different water usage patterns due to the accessibility to water and landscape. ● Overall, agriculture is the major factor of water usage cross these three countries.

Part D: Threat

Threat type: Water quality and infrastructure issues

● Mexico: The population of Mexico is concentrated in the north, which receives most of its rain in a short three to four month period. Mexico's current reservoirs are insufficient in capacity to capture enough rain for current water demand. ● Italy: In Veneto Region, Italy, the groundwater, surface water and drinking water was contaminated with polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) (compounds harmful for human health), from a local chemical plant. It exposed approximately 127 000 citizens from the region to the chemical. ● Ukraine: Contaminates from household and industrial sources have rendered many water supplies undrinkable without expensive treatment.The southern region is

suffering from degrading pipelines which are worsening the problem

How does the same category of threat to water availability vary within these countries? ● Pollution in Italy and Ukraine does directly impact all water users within a country in the same ways. But this threat is different in Mexico, because the usage in Mexico is different than it in Italy and Ukraine. ● Climate change is a necessary factor that impact the water usage in Mexico. Because in Mexico, the water usage depends on the rainfall quantities. ● Because different countries have different water usage and policies that protect water source, water threats change across countries. ● Because the climate and the geography affect the water source in different regions, the threat does vary in risk. ● Mexico and the Ukraine both have water equality problems, in Ukraine the south has limited access to drinkable water and in the north of Mexico water scarcity is a problem.

Part E: Responses

● Mexico: The government is planning to expand water reservoir systems in order to capture enough rainfall. Interest in clean energy has also motivated reservoir

construction, currently a large scale hydropower project named Chicoasen 2 is under construction, but has been delayed by protests. ● Ukraine: The only way to mitigate the situation would be to change the country's water policy, raise fees for water use by businesses, introduce a law banning the use of phosphate-containing detergents and change the water management system. ● Italy: With respect to air pollution and climate change, Italy is pushing initiatives designed to reduce black carbon emissions, particularly in the transportation sector. Through the Sustainable Mobility Fund, Italy has co-funded nearly 190 projects at a total cost of 195 million Euros. In the last two decades, Italy has decreased the emissions consistently.

Works Cited

Adinolfi, Felice, et al. “Italy's Water Footprint.” ​EXPONet​, 16 Oct. 2014,

www.expo2015.org/magazine/en/sustainability/italy-s-water-footprint--.html.

“Fresh Water Resources in Italy.” Climatechangepost.com​,

www.climatechangepost.com/italy/fresh-water-resources/ .

Smith, Brett. “Italy: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology.”

AZoCleantech.com​, 16 Apr. 2019, www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=536.

“The Climate in Italy.” ​Italian Tourism Official Website​, 29 July 2016,

www.italia.it/en/useful-info/the-climate-in-italy.html .

“Water and Sanitation”, https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/children_25107.html

González, Fernando, and Víctor Magaña. “WATER AND CLIMATE IN MÉXICO.” ​OECD​, www.oecd.org/env/cc/36426852.pdf Kahn, Carrie. “Mexico City Keeps Sinking As

Its Water Supply Wastes Away.” ​NPR​, NPR, 14 Sept. 2018, www.npr.org/2018/09/14/647601623/mexico-city-keeps-sinking-as-its-water-sup

ply- wastes-away. “National Water Program.” ​Comisión Nacional Del Agua​, 2015, www.conagua.gob.mx/CONAGUA07/Contenido/Documentos/PNH_Ingles.

pdf “Mexico.” ​Mexico | International Hydropower Association​, June 2018, www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/mexico “Statistics on

Water in Mexico.” ​Comisión Nacional Sel Agua​, Feb. 2008, www.conagua.gob.mx/CONAGUA07/Publicaciones/Publicaciones/EAM2015_ing.pdf.