Prenatal and Infant Development Presentation
netpa6s1w
PrenatalDevelopmentPresentation_AS_DG.pptx
Individual and Family Development Across the Life Span/CCMH 504
April 17, 2018
Judith L. Nelson, Ed.D., LCPC
By
Amy Sharman, darnetta glover, jean ??? & ANGELA STOUDER
Prenatal Development Presentation
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The Three Prenatal Developmental Stages
Sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote.
The zygote’s cells begin multiply after 36 hours.
The ball of cells moves through the fallopian tube
and attaches to the uterus around day 7.
The mother’s placenta develops.
SparkNotes Editors. (2017). Psychology study guides, development, prenatal development. Retrieved from
www.sparknotes.com.
Stage 1: Germinal
Fertilization to 2 Weeks
Good morning, thank you for joining us. In this presentation, we plan to discuss prenatal development. The three stages of development, developmental milestones and the influence of genetics, nutrition and the environment will be addressed. We’ll wrap up with a conversation about the role culture and gender play.
We’ll start with the three prenatal development stages. The beginning event is when a male’s sperm penetrates and fertilizes the female’s egg forming a zygote. About a day and a half after fertilization, the zygote’s cells begin to divide and multiply to form a ball of cells. Around the seventh day, the ball of cells travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus where it attaches to the uterine wall. Another key development during this stage is the creating of the mother’s placenta. The placenta is important as it provides nutrition to, and removes toxins from, the embryo and fetus during the pregnancy.
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The Three Prenatal Development Stages
Stage 2: Embryonic
2 to 8 Weeks
Feldman, R. (2014). Development Across the Life Span (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
The embryo is particularly vulnerable to viruses, drugs and radiation.
SparkNotes Editors. (2017). Psychology study guides, development, prenatal development. Retrieved from
www.sparknotes.com.
By the end of this stage, the embryo is approximately 1 inch in size.
The zygote turns into an embryo.
The major organs begin to form via three layers:
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
The second stage is called the embryonic stage. During this stage, the zygote has developed into an embryo. The embryo has three separate layers that form the beginnings of the major organs. The ectoderm layer will become the skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, brain and spinal cord. The endoderm layer will become the digestive system, liver, pancreas and respiratory system. The third layer, the mesoderm, is the beginning of the muscles, bones, blood and circulatory system. By the end of this stage, the embryo is only an inch long. The embryo is particularly vulnerable during this stage to the dangers of drugs, viral infections and radiation.
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The Three Prenatal Development Stages
Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2018). Stages of pregnancy. Retrieved from
www.womenshealth.gov.
Stage 3: Fetal
8 Weeks to Birth
The most growth and development happens during this final stage.
Sex can be determined around 12 weeks.
Bones and muscles form.
The fetus actively kicks and moves around.
The fetus grows from 1 inch to around 19 to 21 inches in length.
The fetus is considered full term by 39 weeks.
The fetal stage is the final, longest and most robust stage. Most pregnancies are about 40 weeks long so this stage is approximately 32 weeks. There are many significant developments during this stage as this stage has the most significant growth. Around the twelfth or thirteenth week, the external sex organs have developed and are visible via an ultrasound. All organs and systems as well as the bones and muscles continue to grow. The child is actually considered full term by 39 weeks. Around 20 weeks, the mother can feel the fetus move around and by the 32nd week, the mother can feel pronounced kicks. When the birth date approaches, the baby will turn head down to prepare for the birth. Most full-term babies weigh between somewhere between six pounds and two ounces to nine pounds two ounces and be 19 to 21 inches long.
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Milestones of Germinal Stage
Begins at the conception stage
Male sperm uniting with egg cell in fallopian tube
Fertilized egg; zygote moves to the uterus to undergo further development
Zygote undergoes further cell division and growth
During cell division cell develops into a blastocyst which has three layers ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
The germinal stage begins at conception when the sperm and egg cell unite in one of the two fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after conception.
Within just a few hours after conception, the single-celled zygote begins making a journey down the fallopian tube to the uterus where it will begin the process of cell division and growth. Cell division continues at a rapid rate and the cells then develop into what is known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst is made up of three layers:
The ectoderm that forms the skin and nervous system
The endoderm that forms the digestive and respiratory systems
The mesoderm that forms the muscle and skeletal systems
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Milestones Embryonic Stage
Mass of cells is known as embryo
Embryo divides into three layers which form the body system
Neural tube forms 22 days after conception that later develops into the nervous system
By eight week the embryo has most of the body parts developed
The embryo begins to divide into three layers each of which will become an important body system. Approximately 22 days after conception, the neural tube forms. This tube will later develop into the central nervous system including the spinal cord and brain. By the time the eighth week of development has been reached, the embryo has all of the basic organs and parts except those of the sex organs. It even has knees and elbows! At this point, the embryo weighs just one gram and is about one inch in length.
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Milestones Fetal Stage
Embryo becomes a fetus
Further development of body systems from embryonic stage takes place
Complete nervous system development occurs in this stage: spinal cord and neurons development
Fully development of sexual organs occurs in this stage
The early body systems and structures established in the embryonic stage continue to develop. It is at this point in prenatal development that the neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord and neurons continue to form. Once these neurons have formed, they begin to migrate to their correct locations. Synapses, or the connections between neurons, also begin to develop. During the third month of gestation, the sex organs begin to differentiate and by the end of the month, all parts of the body will be formed. At this point, the fetus weight around three ounces. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the later stages of pregnancy.
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References
Doyle, C., Werner, E., Feng, T., Lee, S., Altemus, M., Isler, J. R., & Monk, C. (2015). Pregnancy distress gets under fetal skin: Maternal ambulatory assessment & sex differences in prenatal development. Developmental psychobiology, 57(5), 607-625.
Feldman, R. (2014). Development Across the Life Span (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2018). Stages of pregnancy. Retrieved
from www.womenshealth.gov.
SparkNotes Editors. (2017). Psychology study guides, development, prenatal development. Retrieved from
Tkachenko, L., Bystron, I., Zykin, P., Nasirov, R., Blakemore, C., & Krasnoshchekova, E. (2015). Organization of the marginal zone of human neocortex during prenatal development. In Cortical Evolution Conference.
