Business Finance - Management Assignment 10
mepalacios3INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 9: Winter 2023
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
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Internet of Things Sensors, Gateway, Hardware and Software
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Contents
Introduction
IoT Sensors
What is sensor?
Smart Sensor Network
Sensor Market
IoT Hardware
IoT Actuator
IoT Gateway
Raspberry Pi and Arduino
IoT Software
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
IoT Sensors, hardware and software are the most important parts of IoT ecosystems.
The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors, which are becoming widely available.
Sensors play an important role in creating solutions using IoT and IIoT.
Sensors are devices that detect external information, replacing it with a signal that humans and machines can distinguish.
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Introduction: IoT sensors
"IoT sensors" stands for "Internet of Things sensors".
These are small devices or components that are used to collect data from the physical world and communicate that data over the internet to other devices, systems or platforms.
IoT sensors can collect a variety of data types such as temperature, humidity, pressure, light, sound, motion, and many more. The collected data can be used for a wide range of applications such as home automation, environmental monitoring, industrial automation, healthcare, smart cities, and more.
IoT sensors can be used in a variety of different contexts such as in consumer electronics, industrial machinery, transportation systems, and more. They often have wireless connectivity and can communicate with other devices or systems over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other wireless protocols. The data collected by IoT sensors can be processed and analyzed in real-time or stored for later use.
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Introduction
IoT hardware involves the tangible components and devices used to enable connectivity, such as IoT sensors, computer chips, actuators, cables, smart devices and devices for routing, bridges, etc.
These IoT devices manage key tasks and functions such as system activation, security, action specifications, communication, and detection of support-specific goals and actions.
IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware.
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Sensors
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What is sensor?
Sensors are devices, which help in interacting with the physical environment.
The data collected by the sensors must be stored and processed intelligently in order to derive useful inferences from it.
Note that we broadly define the term sensor; a cell phone or even a microwave oven can count as a sensor if it provides inputs about its current state (internal state + environment).
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What is IoT Sensor?
Sensor Is an essential components of IoT smart objects.
In general, a sensor is a device that measures physical input from its environment and converts it into data that can be interpreted by either a human or a machine.
Sensors enable the Internet of Things (IoT) by collecting the data for smarter decisions.
Therefore, IoT sensor data is the data collected by devices found on the Internet of Things (IoT).
These devices can be anything are used to sense Light, Sound, Heat , Pressure, Images etc.
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Market Size of IoT Sensors
People use IoT sensors to measure temperature, Humidity, pressure, Motion Detection, Accelerometer, Gyroscope sensors, Distance Sensors, Light Sensors. Optical Sensors and IR Sensor/Infrared Sensor.
The IoT Market size was valued at USD 300.3 billion in 2021 and is projected to grow USD 650.5 billion by 2026, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.7% from 2021 to 2026.
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Position of Sensors in IoT System
Protocol
Sensors
Communications
Networks
Position of Sensors in IoT Systems
Sensors, Gateway, Communication and Protocols
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Understanding IoT Sensors: the Basics
Sensors convert various forms of physical energy into electrical energy, allowing microcontrollers, Raspberry Pi and Arduino to read changes in the physical world.
Measure soil Moisture with Arduino – Gardening
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Understanding IoT Sensors: the Basics
The simplest sensors read changes in mechanical energy, usually by moving electrical contacts.
For example, the pushbutton or switch converts mechanical energy (e.g., your finger’s press) into electrical energy by closing a connection between two metal contacts.
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Understanding IoT Sensors: the Basics
The potentiometer is another sensor that reads mechanical energy changes: a metal contact called a wiper slides along a resistor, effectively short circuiting the resistor into two halves and creating a voltage divider circuit.
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Understanding IoT Sensors: the Basics
Analog and Digital Sensors:
Analog sensors are much different than digital sensors and typically have less features.
Analog sensors create analog signals from the quantity that is sensed. In comparison, digital sensors produce digital signals when performing a measurement.
The most common types of analog sensors include sound sensors, light sensors, temperature sensors, and pressure sensors.
Typical example of a digital sensor can be a door sensor, which gives the output in two states either normally closed (NC) when the door is open or normally open (NO) when the door is closed.
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Understanding IoT Sensors: the Basics
Before using sensors:
First you should know the range of the sensor which can read and deliver.
Second you should know the range of possible values your application requires.
Light Dependent Resistors, LDR
Moisture Sensor
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Resistive Sensors
Many sensors work by converting the energy they read into a changing electrical resistance by using a variably resistive material at their heart.
For example, force sensors and stretch sensors are made of a partially conductive rubber.
Force sensors
Stretch sensors
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102042976
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Optical Sensors
Light is used in many sensors in a variety of ways.
Light-emitting diodes, light-dependent resistors, and phototransistors can be combined to sense dust, measure distance, or determine reflected color.
Light is also used in some ranging sensors to determine distance from a sensor to a target.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102042976#t=3m41s
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Ranging Sensors
Many sensors measure movement or distance indirectly, by sending out a pulse of light or sound and reading the reflected signal when it bounces off a target.
These are called ranging sensors because they read a range of distance.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102044250
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Data Sheets
When you shop for sensors, you need to look at the data sheet to learn how they operate.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102558686
Click
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Data Sheets
The data sheet will usually include the following essential facts:
a text description of the sensor and its operation;
a pin diagram to tell you what pins perform what functions;
a table of electrical characteristics that tells you what the supply voltage is, what the operating current is, and what the output is, along with other electrical and physical properties;
a graph or conversion formula that relates the input energy to the output energy;
a mechanical description of the sensor itself.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102558686
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Using a Sensor With a Microcontroller
Once you understand how a sensor works and what its output will be, you should connect it to your microcontroller and write a simple program to read the output.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102559255
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Using a Sensor With a Microcontroller
Don’t jump right into writing a complex program.
Write the smallest program necessary to read the sensor’s changing values and output them for debugging purposes.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102559255
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Desirable functions for sensor nodes
ease of installation
self-identification
self-diagnosis
reliability
time awareness for coordination with other nodes
some software functions and DSP (digital signal processing)
standard control protocols and network interfaces
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Smart Sensor Network
Smart sensor network, is a network consist of several smart equipment called “Node” which distribute in different places to do a special task with an especial goal.
Wireless sensor network
Sensor Node
Gateway
Router
Wired sensor network
Sensor Node
Gateway
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Objectives for smart sensors
Moving the intelligence closer to the point of measurement
Making it cost effective to integrate and maintain distributed sensor systems
Creating a confluence of transducers, control, computation, and communications towards a common goal
Seamlessly interfacing numerous sensors of different types
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An architecture of a smart sensor
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Sensor networks
Sensor networks are the key to gathering the information needed by smart environments, whether in buildings, utilities, industrial, home, shipboard, transportation systems automation, or elsewhere.
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Wireless sensor networks
Wireless Networks connect any devices or computer using radio waves, infrared, or any other wireless media.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
The networks typically run Low Power Devices
Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators)
Dr Payam Barnaghi, Dr Chuan H Foh Centre for Communication Systems Research lectronic Engineering Department University of Surrey
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complexity of wireless sensor networks
Data Acquisition
Data Distribution
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Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensors should be many, small and cheap
Limited resources – memory, CPU and energy
Should be able to operate unattended, for many years
Recharging the battery is too difficult or too costly
Most of the energy is consumed by the communication
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IoT and Wireless Sensor Networks
Integrate cars into the IoT, let them communicate!
Special case of vehicular networks
Cars are more and more intelligent devices
Tons of sensors: engine temperature, brake temperature, tire pressure, parking radars, wheel speed, rain, detection, fuel consumption, seat occupancy, etc...
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Note
Security of the sensors leads to the security of the Internet network.
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Top 10 Arduino-Sensors with Projects for Beginners
Click
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IoT Definition with focus on sensing
Internet of Things devices is the aggregation of all the sensing modules that are linked to the Cloud – either directly or through a gateway.
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Sensing technology
Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Nanotechnology
MEMS devices smaller than 1 mm
Accelerometers, gyroscopes, microphones integrated into smartphones, digital cameras, cars, etc.
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Example: Sensing technology
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Example: wide range of Cell Phone sensors
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Example: Light Dependent Resistance (LDR)
LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light falling on it.
It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated.
It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
LDR is placed as potential divider circuit so that output voltage will vary according to its resistance or light falling on it.
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Example: Thermistor
Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors.
Two types available NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) and PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient).
PTC is used in all kit which uses CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) e.g., T.V., monitor in series with Degassing coil.
All conductor and semi-conductor resistance is affected by heat.
You can use any semiconductor device such as transistor, diode etc. as NTC type thermistor.
For PTC type thermistor you can use thin wire of many turn for e.g. you can also use small step-down transformers primary connection.
Thermistor are inexpensive device.
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DHT11 Temperature/Humidity Sensor
Specification
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Sensors and IoT Market
The high demand and the production of sensor hardware on the IoT makes objects economical in entering sensor sets.
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Sensor Market
The major factors driving the growth of the IoT sensors market include development of cheaper, smarter, and smaller sensors.
The cost of internet-connected sensors is coming down
A lot more money is being poured into the IoT
Expanded internet connectivity
High adoption of "remotes," especially smartphones
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Sensors and IoT Market
Sensors as the infrastructure, are leading and shaping the IoT market.
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Wearable Electronic Market in 5 categories
http://www.yole.fr/iso_upload/Samples/Yole_IoT_June_2014_Sample.pdf
Wearable electronics is a new big opportunity for sensors
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Transducer, Sensor and Actuator
Transducer
a device that converts a primary form of energy into a corresponding signal with a different energy form
Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, optical, chemical, etc.
take form of a sensor or an actuator
Sensor (e.g., thermometer)
a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
acquires information from the “real world”
Actuator (e.g., heater)
a device that generates a signal or stimulus
real
world
sensor
actuator
intelligent
feedback
system
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Sensor Systems
Typically interested in electronic sensor
convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal
General Electronic Sensor
primary transducer: changes “real world” parameter into electrical signal
secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or digital values
usable
values
real
world
analog
signal
primary
transducer
secondary
transducer
sensor
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Sensor Systems
Typical Electronic Sensor System
Sensor
Input signal
(measured)
microcontroller
signal processing
communication
sensor data
analog/digital
Network
display
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Sensor and smart Sensor
Sensor collect and process data to detect the changes in physical status of things.
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Smart Sensors
A smart sensor is a sensor that provides extra functions beyond those necessary for generating a correct representation of the sensed quantity.
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Smart Sensors
The smart environment needs information about its surroundings as well as about its internal workings.
To collect and process data to detect the changes in physical status of things.
Sensory data comes from multiple sensors of different modalities in distributed locations.
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IoT Sensing
The IoT sensing means gathering data from related objects within the network and sending it back to a data warehouse, database, or cloud.
The collected data is analyzed to take specific actions based on required services.
The IoT sensors can be smart sensors, actuators or wearable sensing devices.
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How Sensor work
https://giphy.com/search/temprature-sensor
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How Sensor work
S
e
N
S
O
r
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Example: WATER SENSOR ALARM USING LM380
This is a Water Sensor Alarm Circuit for warn the water level, by when sensor point touch the water or the rain.
The circuit have a voice loud warn here immediately.
By this circuit uses the integrated circuit LM380 , usual use be power amplifier IC the small-sized , seek buy easy , be usable not difficult. For friend's loudspeaker choose use 8 ohm small-sized all right. For power supply source 9V sizes arrive at 12V all right. The detail is other , see in the circuit better yes.
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IoT Sensors types
Noise levels;
The presence or absence of certain kinds of objects;
Mechanical stress levels on attached objects;
The current characteristics such as speed, direction, and size of an object.
There are many types of sensors depending upon the type of sensing required
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Different types of sensors
Radar
Lidar
Polaroid Sonar
Electrostatic Ultrasonic
Scanning Laser Detector
Sonar
Ground Radar
Sick Laser
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Different types of sensors
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MultiSensor 6
UV sensor
Vibration sensor
Humidity sensor
Light sensor
Temperature sensor
Motion sensor
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Example: Motion sensor
Motion sensor is perfect for more than just an intelligent security system.
With a 5-meter range and a 120° field of view, MultiSensor 6 captures motion data that can be used for everything from security to heating management to energy saving.
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Sensors in smart home
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barometric pressure sensor- to capture and adjust interior conditions of their apartment.
Motion activated sensors – As the name implies, these types of home security sensors are used to detect an intruder’s presence.
Glass break Sensors – Once a window is broken the smart house sensor sends a signal back to your smart home panel.
Door contacts – Once armed, a signal is sent to the smart home control panel if the door is opened.
Windows contacts – Operates in a similar manner to door contacts and sends notifications to smart house control systems. These sensors are basically used to enhance your windows home security levels
Microphone- to provide sound information.
Microphone near the sink to detect and classify major activities occurring within a bathroom including showering, brushing of teeth, washing hands, flushing, and urination.
Clearly in spaces such as bathrooms where the use of video sensors is not socially acceptable, sounds could provide an alternative source of information.
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Sensors in smart home
A smart home refers to a residence augmented with sensors to observe the environment and devices/actuators to provide proactive services with the goal to improve the occupant’s experience.
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Sensors in smart home
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Programmers need to include the corresponding header file, instantiate the sensor class they need and then manipulate the object.
The next step is to activate and open the chosen sensor.
Then, it starts retrieving data. When it detects changes greater than the default threshold, it means that an unexpected activity is happening.
So, it triggers the buzzer from the alarm service.
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IoT Wearable Sensors
Physiological sensors on IoT
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Wearable Sensors: Medical services example
Information
interventions
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Figure illustration of a remote health monitoring system base on wearable sensors.
Health related information is gathered via body-worn wireless sensors and transmitted to the caregiver via an information gateway such as a mobile phone. Caregivers can use this information to implement interventions as need
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IoT
Hardware
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What is IoT Hardware?
Hardware plays an essential role in successfully rolling out an IoT solution.
IoT hardware involves the tangible components and devices used to enable connectivity, such as IoT sensors, computer chips, gateways, actuators, cables, edge devices and smart devices (such as cellphone and tablet).
IoT devices help to facilitate the flow of data through a manufacturer's technology stack, enabling organizations to use machine data at every level and department of the organization.
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IoT Hardware: Actuator, Gateway, …
Sensor
Gateway
Cloud
D2D
Wireless Communication
D2D
Wireless Communication
D2D
Wireless Communication
Actuator
End user
Smart Phone
Web
Input
Smart Device
OR
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Example of IoT Hardware: Actuator
An actuator is a device that is used to effect a change in the environment such as the temperature controller of an air conditioner.
The three main types of actuators are pneumatic (air pressure), hydraulic (fluid pressure) and electric.
The most common kind of actuator is an electrical one which can take electrical energy from DC or AC and turn it into mechanical energy.
Because this is a clean and easily available technology, electrical actuators are popular for many types of industry and things like multi-turn valves.
Electrical Actuator
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Example of IoT Hardware: Gateway
An Internet of Things (IoT) gateway is a physical device or software program that serves as the connection point between the cloud and controllers, sensors and intelligent devices.
IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between different networks and protocols.
Another function of gateway is to translate different network protocols and make sure interoperability of the connected devices and sensors.
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/
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What is an IoT Gateway Device?
An IoT gateway device bridges the communication gap between IoT devices, sensors, equipment, systems and the cloud.
By systematically connecting the field and the cloud, IoT gateway devices offer local processing and storage solutions, as well as the ability to autonomously control field devices based on data input by sensors.
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IoT Gateway
Gateways can be configured to perform pre-processing of the collected data from thousands of sensors locally before transmitting it to the next stage.
In some scenarios, it would be necessary due to compatibility of TCP/IP protocol.
IoT gateway offers certain level of security for the network and transmitted data with higher order encryption techniques.
It acts as a middle layer between devices and cloud to protect the system from malicious attacks and unauthorized access.
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/
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IoT Gateway
IoT gateways perform several critical functions such as
device connectivity,
protocol translation,
data filtering and processing, security,
updating,
management and more.
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What to Look Out for in IoT Gateway Manufacturers
There are a few things you need to consider about your IoT gateway device before purchasing one.
Network Security
Downtime
Connectivity Issues
Remote Updates
Power
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How to Secure an IoT Gateway
There are three key core principles of security - confidentiality, integrity and authentication.
You will need to ensure that all communications between the gateway and devices are meeting each of the three principles while communication is happening in the internal and external networks.
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How to Secure an IoT Gateway
It is also worth noting that the gateway is often the first to be attacked because of two reasons:
It has a higher processing power, which it can use to run more intensive applications. More power means better software, but better software means more vulnerabilities for a hacker to exploit.
Because of its location as an Edge device between the internet and the intranet, the gateway is the point of entry for any threat vector (as well as a system’s first line of defense).
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Example of IoT Hardware: Raspberry Pi
What is Raspberry Pi
The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing countries.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi
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Example of IoT Hardware: Raspberry Pi 400
Raspberry Pi 400 is your complete personal computer, built into a compact keyboard.
Featuring a quad-core 64-bit processor, 4GB of RAM, wireless networking, dual-display output, and 4K video playback, as well as a 40-pin GPIO header, it's the most powerful and easy-to-use Raspberry Pi computer built into a neat and portable keyboard.
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Raspberry Pi 400 is powerful
For teachers. For learners.
Raspberry Pi 400 is the perfect educational tool for students of all ages.
Low-cost and portable, it is ideal for home study, and for teaching computing concepts like programming, physical computing, and networking.
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Example: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B?
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Different tapes of Raspberry Pi
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IoT Hardware
Issues Arduino and Raspberry Pi
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Example of IoT Hardware: Arduino
WHAT IS ARDUINO?
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
It's intended for anyone making interactive projects.
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards can read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
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Arduino UNO REV3 [A000066]
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A project: using Arduino
http://www.instructables.com/id/WATERING-SYSTEM-INTRODUCTION/
WATERING SYSTEM - INTRODUCTION Good example
Step by Step
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A project: using Arduino
INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES of WATERING SYSTEM It is a simple system, using Arduino to automate the irrigation and watering of small potted plants or crops. This system does the control of soil moisture, doing indications via LEDs and in case of dry soil emitting an alarm beep.
In case of dry soil, it will activate the irrigation system pumping water for watering plants. The system uses an LCD display to notify all actions that are taking place and a real time clock.
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A project: using Arduino
Automatic Watering System for Plants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUHizmtyt74
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2xLD0P83rw\
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IoT
Software
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IoT Software
IoT software is the enabling technology that controls data collection and communication on a connected device so it can provide real-time data that computers and applications can transform and present as information.
It's now more important than ever to understand how hardware components interact with the internet to collect and analyze user data.
The Internet of Things (IoT), combined with the popular open-source language Python, can be used to build powerful and intelligent IoT systems with intuitive interfaces.
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IoT Software
The idea of smart appliances in a networked home is older than the smartphone.
However, smart home automation got off to a slow start because of several problems, such as the lack of common technical standards and device interoperability among manufacturers.
As the technologies associated with device-to-device and device-to-network connectivity improved—such as wired and wireless communication technologies and intelligence in software that are accessible from smartphones—the internet of things (IoT) has once more gained traction with a wider set of consumer and industrial applications.
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What is IoT software?
IoT terminology is still evolving, but IoT is generally accepted as the network of smart devices that are able to exchange data autonomously without human interference.
For an IoT-connected device to function properly, it needs several components: sensors to collect data, radio or other digital communication technology to send the data, and software to control or automate the process.
IoT software is the enabling technology that controls data collection and communication on a connected device so it can provide real-time data that computers and applications can transform and present as information.
Some of the real-world applications of IoT devices are in home automation where lighting, heating, air conditioning, entertainment, or security systems can detect environmental input and automatically activate or deactivate.
Another application is in healthcare where smart medical devices can actively monitor patients and automatically alert healthcare providers. Other applications are in personal wearables, transportation systems, manufacturing, and agriculture.
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What are the Benefits of IoT Software?
Connected devices are able to function smartly due to the intelligence that an IoT platform provides. Smart devices only have limited computing ability and have another primary functions.
The intelligence usually comes from a system in the cloud where the IoT software resides but can transfer the needed information so the device can perform an action or function wherever it is located. Benefits of IoT software include:
Providing the interface to automate and control smart devices
Enabling the access of data from connected devices in real time to provide just-in-time information
Adding value through intelligence by improving sensor data collection
Facilitating device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication
Helping in the collection and consumption of big data
Providing new business opportunities as well as support better quality of life.
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Best IoT Platforms 2020
An IoT platform has two core features. It has connectivity using wired or wireless communication technology such as ethernet, power-line communication, Bluetooth, radio frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee, 5G, or satellite communications.
Another important feature is automation or the direct communication between devices, hardware, or machinery without human intervention to start a process or perform an action.
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Best IoT Platforms 2020
The best IoT platform builds upon these two features to perform automatic data transfer, data analysis, and autonomous response. Here is a list of the top IoT tools in no particular order.
SAP Internet of Things is part of its intelligent technology's platform.
New Relic One is an observability platform that can collect, store, and monitor all types of operational data, including those coming from IoT devices.
Oracle IoT Intelligent Applications Cloud leverages real-time sensory data from connected devices to deliver analytical insights.
Cisco IoT Control Center is a connectivity management solution for connected cellular devices.
Google Cloud offers fully managed and integrated IoT services that are scalable.
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UoNA-ST560- Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Best IoT Software
Java, Python and JavaScript are the most popular IoT programming language.
Python with the following features and advantages is a popular software for IoT systems.
Easy to Code. Python is a very high-level programming language, yet it is effortless to learn. ...
Easy to Read. Python code looks like simple English words. ...
Free and Open-Source. ...
Robust Standard Library. ...
Interpreted. ...
Portable. ...
Object-Oriented and Procedure-Oriented. ...
Extensible.
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Why use Python in IoT
For many developers, Python is the language of choice in the market.
It’s easy to learn, has clean syntax, and it is supported by a large community online.
In IoT, Python is a great choice for the backend side of development as well as the software development of devices.
In addition, Python is available to run on Linux devices and you can use Micro-Python for microcontrollers.
Some of the many advantages of working with Python for IoT devices are the speed at which you can develop code and many libraries for all kinds of platforms.
Python is a great ally to develop device prototypes.
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Internet of Things with Python
Oftentimes, prototypes or real-life Internet of Things (IoT) systems need to be developed quickly and efficiently.
When this happens, two tasks immediately come to life: programming the IoT devices and organizing a backend that interacts with these devices.
In both tasks, you can use Python as the development language.
Or you can use a completely functional and practical version of Micro Python to work on devices with little computing resources, and accordingly, at a very low cost.
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