Business Finance - Management Assignment 10
mepalacios3
PPt6.pptxINST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 6: Winter 2023
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
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Internet of Things Ecosystems and Architecture
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Topics
Introduction
What is IoT Ecosystem and Architecture?
Stages of IoT Architecture
What are the elements of IoT ecosystem?
IoT Architecture Building Blocks
What are the 4 stages of IoT architecture?
Example of Internet of Things architecture
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
While IoT is the interconnection of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data via the Internet, IoT architecture determines the efficiency and working of an IoT arrangement.
IoT technology promises to put innovation in line with efficient management, analysis, and exploitation of the data; which is done by a An IoT architecture to create an IoT ecosystem that is functional, scalable, flexible, maintainable and cost-effective.
For implementing attractive and future-proof IoT projects, a well defined and efficient IoT architecture is needed.
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Introduction
The concept behind the Internet of Things is as powerful as it is complex, and for the elements in the IoT puzzle to mesh perfectly, they all must be part of a well-thought-out structure.
This is where IoT architecture enters the stage, especially in terms of IoT device management.
IoT architecture may vary from solution to solution, but its core consists of the four building blocks that are key in providing the fundamental features that make a sustainable IoT ecosystem: functionality, scalability, availability, maintainability and cost-effectiveness.
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An IoT ecosystem and an IoT architecture
An IoT ecosystem is a network of connected devices, people, processes, data, and systems that interact and collaborate with each other to achieve specific goals or outcomes.
It typically includes IoT devices, cloud computing platforms, data analytics tools, and applications.
An IoT architecture is a blueprint that defines the components, relationships, and interactions of an IoT system, and how data is collected, processed, and shared.
It includes layers for communication, data management, security, and application development.
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knowing the IoT Architecture is important
Knowing the IoT architecture is important for ensuring that IoT systems are designed, implemented, and operated in ways that provide maximum value, minimize risks, and support the goals of the organization. Some reasons are as follows:
Better understanding of IoT systems: Understanding the architecture of an IoT system provides a clear picture of how data is collected, processed, and used to provide value and solve problems.
Improved design and implementation: A clear understanding of the architecture can help to ensure that the design and implementation of an IoT system is optimized for specific requirements and goals.
Enhanced security: Understanding the architecture can help identify potential security vulnerabilities and ensure that appropriate security measures are in place to protect the privacy and integrity of IoT data and systems.
Improved scalability: Understanding the architecture can help to ensure that the IoT system is scalable and can support growing numbers of devices and applications.
Enhanced interoperability: Understanding the architecture can help to ensure that IoT systems can communicate and interact with each other, regardless of the devices, platforms, and protocols involved.
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IoT Ecosystem
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What is general meaning of ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a community of living and nonliving things interacting with each other in a specific environment.
It includes all the organisms, their physical surroundings, and the relationships between them.
An ecosystem can be as small as a puddle or as large as the entire earth.
The interactions between the living and nonliving components of an ecosystem shape the environment and determine the distribution and abundance of species within it.
Understanding the interconnections and relationships between the components of an ecosystem is important for understanding how it functions and for managing and conserving its resources.
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Why knowing IoT ecosystem is important?
Understanding the market: An understanding of the IoT ecosystem can provide insight into the current and future market trends and help organizations make informed decisions about product development and business strategy.
Improving collaboration: An understanding of the IoT ecosystem can help organizations identify and collaborate with other companies and stakeholders to develop new products, services, and solutions.
Identifying opportunities: An understanding of the IoT ecosystem can help organizations identify new business opportunities and potential areas for growth.
Addressing challenges: An understanding of the IoT ecosystem can help organizations address challenges related to security, data privacy, and interoperability.
Making informed decisions: An understanding of the IoT ecosystem can help organizations make informed decisions about product development, market strategy, and investments in technology and infrastructure.
Overall, knowing the IoT ecosystem is important for organizations looking to succeed in the IoT market and stay ahead of the competition.
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What is an Ecosystem in Nature?
In nature an ecosystem includes all the living things (plants, animals and organisms) in each area, interacting with each other, and with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere).
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What are general example of an ecosystem
General Examples of ecosystems are agroecosystem, water ecosystem, desert, forest, human ecosystem, littoral zone, marine ecosystem, prairie, rainforest, savanna, steppe, taiga, tundra, urban ecosystem, others like plants, animals, soil organisms and climatic conditions.
The IoT ecosystem is hard to define, complex, and difficult to capture due to the vastness of possibility and the rapidity with which it is expanding.
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Is it Ecosystem complex?
Speaking about any IoT ecosystem, we speak about a complex system of interconnected components and the environment where they exist and with which they interact.
The IoT ecosystem is hard to define, complex, and difficult to capture due to the vastness of possibility and the rapidity with which it is expanding.
We can use the term IoT ecosystem instead of IoT system because IoT devices have no value without the environment they exist in.
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More about IoT Ecosystem
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complex ecosystem of interacting elements, including sensors, gateways, servers, and platforms for accessing information.
The three facts (environment, data, people) bring the definition of an Internet of Things ecosystem, a network of interconnected devices that exists in some environment gathers the data and delivers it to people who process and analyze it using modern technologies to achieve a definite goal like building a smart home.
How does IoT technology do this? The answer is through several interconnected components that make up the IoT ecosystem.
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https://telecoms.adaptit.tech/blog/what-is-an-iot-ecosystem/
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IoT Ecosystem Common Definition
There is no common definition for it!
The IoT ecosystem may considered as a system consisting of networks of sensors, actuators, and smart objects whose purpose is to interconnect “all” things, including everyday and industrial objects, in such a way as to make them intelligent, programmable, and more capable of interacting with humans and each other.
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IoT Ecosystem
The IoT ecosystem consists of all the physical (hardware) and none physical (software) environment with which they interact with human or things.
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Example of IoT Ecosystem
https://www.securetechalliance.org/security-in-the-iot-ecosystem-webinar-series/
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A typical IoT architecture includes
Devices: Physical objects with embedded sensors, processors, and connectivity.
Connectivity: Wireless or wired network infrastructure for communication between devices.
Data Management: Platforms and tools for collecting, processing, and storing IoT data.
Analytics: Tools and algorithms for analyzing and making sense of IoT data.
Applications: Software that uses IoT data to provide value and solve problems.
Security: Technologies and processes to protect the privacy and integrity of IoT data and systems.
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Typical stages of IoT architecture
Device Layer: This is the physical layer where devices and sensors are connected to the IoT network. The devices collect data and send it to the network.
Connectivity Layer: This layer provides the communication infrastructure for the IoT devices to connect to the network and transmit data. It includes gateways, protocols, and communication networks.
Data Management Layer: This layer manages and processes the data generated by IoT devices. It includes data storage, data processing, and data analytics.
Application Layer: This layer is where applications and software are developed to utilize the data generated by the IoT devices. The applications can be used for monitoring, controlling, and automating various processes.
Security Layer: This layer provides security for the IoT system, including protection against cyber threats and ensuring data privacy. It includes encryption, authentication, and access control.
User Interface Layer: This is the layer that provides the interface between the end-users and the IoT system. It includes visualizations, dashboards, and other means of presenting data and information to users.
These layers work together to form a complete IoT architecture, allowing the data generated by devices to be collected, processed, analyzed, and utilized in meaningful ways to provide value and solve problems.
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The building blocks of IoT ecosystem
Application and user interaction Collaboration involving people, applications and business processes
Cloud server Computing systems/platforms such as enterprise and cloud with real-time processing and data analytics capacity, storage and content delivery, application hosting
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The building blocks of IoT ecosystem
Network (connectivity) Internet access: wireless/wired, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, VPN, Cellular 2G/3G/4G/5G/6G
Gateway Communication standards and protocols that enable connectivity down to the sensors and up to the network
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The building blocks of IoT ecosystem
Physical objects and devices Objects are equipped with sensors and actuators and thus given the ability to emit, accept and process signals
Sensors Convert information from the physical environment into a signal
Actuators Act on the signal from the sensors and convert it into output
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Stages of IoT Architecture
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What are the elements of IoT ecosystem?
7 components of an IoT ecosystem – detailed
#1 Component: IoT devices.
#2 Component: Security.
#3 Component: Network.
#4 Component: Gateway.
#5 Component: The cloud.
#6 Component: Application.
#7 Component: Users.
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https://sumatosoft.com/blog/iot-ecosystem-top-7-components
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Internet of Things Architecture
IoT architecture consists of the devices, network structure, and cloud technology that allows IoT devices to communicate with each other.
A basic IoT architecture consists of three layers: Perception (the sensors, gadgets, and other devices) Network (the connectivity between devices).
Such a number is chosen to steadily include these various types of components into a sophisticated and unified network.
There are essentially three major types of IoT architectural contexts: application specific, open platform and Network as a Service (NaaS).
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What is Architecture?
Architecture in general is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures.
By definition, a building is merely a structure with a floor, roof and walls.
True architecture goes well beyond a mere building.
Every architect seems to have a different definition of what architecture means to them.
It is important as a student to start to develop your understanding and philosophies about what architecture is for you, both as a designer and an inhabitant of architecture.
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IoT has many components!
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This is
One
Component!
Why IoT Architecture is an important subject?
The IoT has many components!
Simple example for showing the meaning of IoT Architecture.
1- Suppose we have only one component as it shown here!
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IoT has many components
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It isn't a good idea we talk about each component separately?
Simple example for showing the meaning of IoT Architecture.
2- Suppose we have several unorganized component as it shown here!
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It is good idea we arrange the components
This let us to understand value of each component separately and its relationship with other components!
Simple example for showing the meaning of IoT Architecture.
3- Suppose we have several organized component as it shown here!
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Then we do Decomposition
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Now is a good time to talk about each component!
What this example show?
It shows why
The IoT Architecture
is an important subject!
Simple example for showing the meaning of IoT Architecture.
4- organized component as it shown here le us to understnd relation between components!
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What is IoT Architecture?
Architecture in general is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures.
IoT Architecture has almost the same meaning as its meaning in general!
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Components of Internet of Things Architecture
Sensors
Things
Actuator
Output Devices
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
Gateway
+ 5 V
-
GND
cloud
Real Word Data
N
Network
Device to device
Device to Server
Server to Server
Communication Protocols
BLE/ZigBee (802.15.4) Standard
Wi-Fi, IP6LOWPAN
MQTT/COAP/HTTP/LoRa
MQTT/HTTP with node.js
Web-socket/Broker
Python
Get Values with Analytical
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkW8TU0jcSk
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkW8TU0jcSk
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3 Layers IoT Architecture
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Four stages of IoT architecture
IoT system architecture is often described as a four-stage process in which data flows from sensors attached to “things” through a network and eventually on to a corporate data center or the cloud for processing, analysis and storage.
On the Internet of Things, a “thing” could be a machine, a building or even a person.
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What are the 4 stages of IoT architecture?
Step 1: sensors and actuators
The first layer is physically made up of sensors and actuators. Sensors collect data from an environment and transform it into usable data. For example, your smartphone contains sensors that detect Earth's gravitational pull, allowing you to orient your screen according to its position.
Step 2: the Internet gateway layer
The data received from the sensors is in analog form and must be aggregated and converted into digital form. This happens in the second stage of the IoT architecture, called Internet Gateway Layer. Prepare the collected data for further processing.
Step 3: Edge IT
The third stage of the IoT architecture, known as the perimeter computing system, is where better analysis and preprocessing is carried out. Edge IT systems are also located near sensors and actuators, such as a wiring closet. It can also be located in remote offices.
Step 4: Data Center and Cloud
As mentioned in step 1, all data that requires further analysis without requiring immediate feedback is sent to cloud-based data centers. These data centers are capable of analyzing, managing and storing large amounts of data. It is also much safer to store it here.
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The four-stage architecture of an IoT system
https://techbeacon.com/4-stages-iot-architecture
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Four layers IoT Architecture
Data Layer
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5 Layers IoT Architecture
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Four Layer IoT architecture
These are the four layers of IoT architecture described in detail:
Things, sensors and controllers
Gateways and data acquisition
Edge analytics
Data center / Cloud platform
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Five-layer IoT architecture
The three-layer architecture defines the main concept of the Internet of Things, but it is believed to be insufficient for research because in-depth analysis often focuses on other finer aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT).
Therefore, a five-layer architecture was proposed which additionally includes the processing and business layers.
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IoT architecture building blocks
While every IoT system is different, the foundation for each Internet of Things architecture as well as its general data process flow is roughly the same.
First, it consists of the Things, which are objects connected to the Internet which by means of their embedded sensors and actuators can sense the environment around them and gather information that is then passed on to IoT gateways.
The next stage consists of IoT data acquisition systems and gateways that collect the great mass of unprocessed data, convert it into digital streams, filter and pre-process it so that it is ready for analysis.
The third layer is represented by edge devices responsible for further processing and enhanced analysis of data.
This layer is also where visualization and machine learning technologies may step in.
After that, the data is transferred to data centers which can be either cloud-based or installed locally.
This is where the data is stored, managed and analyzed in depth for actionable insights.
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The Different Layers Of IoT Architecture
The three different layers are, namely, the perception, network, and application layers.
The perception layer is the physical layer, which incorporates sensors for sensing and gathering information about the environment. It senses some physical parameters or recognizes other smart objects in the environment.
The network layer is accountable for correlating to other smart things, network devices, and servers. Its characteristics are also used for transmitting and processing sensor data.
The application layer is effective for delivering application-specific services to the user. It defines various applications in which the IoT services can be deployed, for example, smart homes, smart cities, and smart health.
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What is IoT Architecture?
Example
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Example Internet of Things architecture
Healthcare is among the major industries that have been leaders and forerunners in the adoption of the Internet of Things technologies.
The reason for this is that IoT systems help to leverage high quality care for patients and combine it with long-run but massive savings.
Within healthcare, the key IoT applications include, but are not limited to, enhancement of patient and personnel safety and security, reduction of unnecessary healthcare costs, and the provision of suitable support at the right time by employing IoT-empowered smart medical and emergency systems.
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Example
What is IoT Architecture?
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What is IoT Architecture?
Example
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IoT Structure and IoT Technologies
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IoT Technologies Architecture
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End to End Complete IoT Architecture
Before we go to end-to-end complete IoT architecture, it is needed to understand the IoT terminology!
Terminology refers to; sensors, actuators, microcontrollers, gateways, networking, platforms, protocols, App’s, data base, frameworks.
These terminologies are used for IoT applications.
An end-to-end IoT solution consists of multiple layers not just an online platform for viewing information in a grid or a chart.
These layers include device and connectivity layer, application layer, analytics layer and lastly visualization layer.
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End to End IoT Architecture
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Why is IoT architecture important?
Imagine a variety of smart IoT systems from sensors and actuators to internet getaways and Data Acquisition Systems all under the centralized control of one “brain”!
The brain here can be referred to as the IoT architecture, whose effectiveness and applicability directly correlate with the quality of its building blocks.
The way a system interacts and the different functions an IoT device performs are various approaches to IoT architecture.
Since we can call the architecture the brain, it’s also possible to say that the key causes of poor integration in IoT systems are the shortage of intelligent, connection-aware architecture to support interaction in IoT systems.
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https://community.nasscom.in/communities/emerging-tech/iot-ai/an-introduction-to-iot-architecture-and-its-benefits-for-enterprises.html
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Need for a robust Internet of Things architecture?
When talking about the Internet of Things, much attention is paid to its potential.
News about what IoT will be able to do and how it will empower our lives keeps flooding in, but for many it may seem that these uplifting visions don’t translate into reality as fast as we wish they could.
Nevertheless, the big change does happen, yet it happens in dribs and drabs rather than in giant leaps.
The reason for this is quite simple, but it tends to stay out of the public eye: it is the inherent diversity of IoT systems that stifles the progress and often stands in the way to make all things connected.
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https://www.avsystem.com/blog/what-is-iot-architecture/
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How Does an Enterprise Benefit From IoT Architecture?
For enterprises to make the most out of IoT, the interactions between the devices must be open, and more device and system synergies must be made possible.
Two following slides show how IoT is important for businesses!
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https://community.nasscom.in/communities/emerging-tech/iot-ai/an-introduction-to-iot-architecture-and-its-benefits-for-enterprises.html
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IoT and non-IoT active device connections worldwide
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Statista – Internet of Things (IoT) and non-IoT active device connections worldwide from 2010 to 2025
IoT
Is important for businesses
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Improve Business Efficiency & Productivity
According to the report from Morgan Stanley company, the IoT had the greatest impact on improving operational efficiency and productivity.
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https://sumatosoft.com/blog/what-is-iot-architecture-4-stages-of-iot-architecture
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What is a good approach for designing an IOT architecture?
IoT Protocol stack consists of IoT Application, Device Management services, Data management and reporting services, communication service at various levels of IoT communication and likewise.
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Examples of IoT architectures
Device-centric architecture: In this architecture, devices are connected directly to the cloud or a central server, and the data is transmitted to the cloud for storage and processing.
Fog computing architecture: In this architecture, data processing is performed at the edge of the network, closer to the source of the data. This architecture is suitable for applications that require real-time data processing and decision making.
Gateway-based architecture: In this architecture, a gateway is placed between the devices and the cloud, providing an intermediary layer for data processing, storage, and security.
Hybrid architecture: This architecture combines elements of different IoT architectures to create a custom solution that meets the specific requirements of a particular use case.
Service-oriented architecture: This architecture focuses on creating reusable services that can be used by different applications and devices. It is suitable for large-scale IoT deployments with a high degree of complexity.
These are just a few examples of IoT architectures, and the right architecture for a particular use case will depend on the specific requirements, such as data volume, data processing requirements, security concerns, and scalability needs.
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Conclusion
When implemented and utilized correctly, the components of the IoT ecosystem can enhance business operations and productivity.
In this lecture IoT ecosystems and architecture concepts, in general, are studied.
While IoT is the interconnection of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data via the Internet, IoT architecture determines the efficiency and working of an IoT arrangement.
The concept of architecture behind the Internet of Things is as powerful as it is complex, and for the elements in the IoT puzzle to mesh perfectly, they all must be part of a well-thought-out structure.
Over the next few years, we expect to see more businesses turning to an IoT, This is where IoT architecture enters play.
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Conclusion
We can say that IoT technology promises to put innovation in line with efficient management, analysis, and exploitation of the data; which is done by a An IoT architecture may offer diverse solutions for various industries, but its fundamental feature is to create an IoT ecosystem that is functional, scalable, flexible, maintainable and cost-effective.
strong, future-proof, scalable and secure IoT architecture.
Therefore, if you are looking to implement attractive and future-proof IoT projects, make sure you have a well defined and efficient IoT architecture.
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References and Videos
Nisrine MACHRAFI, Jalal LAASSIRI, “ Internet of Things (IOT): Architectures, Protocols and Frameworks, Applications and Challenges in Healthcare”, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4S5, December 2019.
IoT Architecture Explained What is it and how does it work?
IoT Architecture White Paper - Hologram.pdf
Internet Of Things Architecture For Beginners (13 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeaeuUcw02Q
Internet of Things Architecture Explained (27 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pS_w1KG2cPw
AN INTRODUCTION TO IOT ARCHITECTURE AND ITS BENEFITS FOR ENTERPRISES! Web 2021.
What is IoT and the IoT ecosystem?
IoT Ecosystem: Top 7 Components
https://sumatosoft.com/blog/iot-ecosystem-top-7-components
Component of Ecosystems
https://www.educba.com/components-of-iot/
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