Business Finance - Management Assignment 10
mepalacios3
Ppt3.pptxINST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 3: Winter 2023
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
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Internet of Things Enabling Technologies
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Overview
Introduction
Evolution of the Technology
What are IoT Enabling Technologies?
Benefits of the IoT Technology
Risks of IoT Technologies
Use Cases of IoT Technology!
Future of Enabling IoT Technologies
What is Virtual Age?
Relation between Metaverse and IoT
Conclusion
References
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
The emerging idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly finding its path throughout our modern life, aiming to improve the quality of life by connecting many smart devices, technologies, and applications.
This lecture provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies.
The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols.
The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications.
The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT.
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https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making.
This lecture give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies to enable students to get up to speed quickly on how the different technologies fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through the standards specifications.
Lecture explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud.
Finally, lecture present some important challenges and benefits of the emerging technologies like Metaverse, Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence etc..
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https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
The overall picture of IoT emphasizing the vertical markets and the horizontal integration between them.
Smart objects along with their supposed tasks constitute domain specific applications (vertical markets) while ubiquitous computing and analytical services form application domain independent services (horizontal markets)
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction
Architecture standardization can be seen as a backbone for the IoT to create a competitive environment for companies to deliver quality products.
In addition, the traditional Internet architecture needs to be revised to match the IoT challenges. For example, the tremendous number, more than 50 billion of objects willing to connect to the Internet.
Therefore, utilizing a large addressing space (e.g., IPv6) becomes necessary to meet customer demands for smart objects.
Security and privacy are other important requirements for the IoT due to the inherent heterogeneity of the Internet connected objects and the ability to monitor and control physical objects.
Furthermore, management and monitoring of the IoT should take place to ensure the delivery of high-quality services to customers at an efficient cost.
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Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
From 1900
From 1960
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From VACUUM TUBE
To
TRANSISTORS
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
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FROM MAINFRAME TO HYBRID CLOUD
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTERACTION
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Introduction: Next Generation of the Technology
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Evaluation of Technology: Change in Human Way of Life
Evolution of Technology: where we are?
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Fire Age
Agri Age
Industry Age
Information
Age
Virtual
Age
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Are Technologies Changing the World?
Because of technological changes taking place in the world, IoT is gradually taking over all the fields, and the future of the IoT applications are increasing day by day.
Technological advances are fueling the growth of IoT.
Technology improved communications and network, new sensors of various kinds; cheaper, denser, more reliable, and power efficient storage both in the cloud and locally are converging to enable new types of IoT based products that were not possible a few years ago.
IoT technology will further develop to make our day-to-day operations much easier and more remotely controlled in the days to come.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Are Technologies Changing the World?
Businesses need to constantly explore IoT applications within their domain to stay ahead in competitiveness and implementation.
The competition will primarily define in the coming decade as how companies take advantage of innovative technology.
However, it is the dominant technology that determines the future of many businesses attached to the future of the internet of things (IoT).
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Are Technologies Changing the World?
The emerging trends in IoT are majorly driven by technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, 5G and edge computing.
We need to know more in detail about the elements that make up broad spectrum of technologies, we know as the Internet of Things.
Technological advances lies in the business value of IoT applications like smart wearables, smart homes and buildings, smart cities, autonomous cars, smart factories, location trackers, wireless sensors and much more.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
Technology is changing the world.
It is changing the way we communicate, shop, learn, travel, play and of course the way we work.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
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Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
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Global gigabit subscriptions are expected to jump to 50 million in 2022, more than doubling from 24 million at the end of 2020, according to a new report from analyst firm Omdia.
High Speed Internet!
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Social Media is Changing societies!
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Are you on social media a lot? When is the last time you checked Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram? Last night? Before breakfast? Five minutes ago?
The Impact of Social Media on Politics
The Impact of Social Media on Society
The Impact of Social Media on Commerce
The Impact of Social Media on the World of Work
The Impact of Social Media on Training and Development
The Challenges of Social Media: Cyberbullying, Lack of Privacy
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: Can Technology Save the World?
Yes! Technology can save the world I think that because the tech can help us with different advance that we have, For example: in the medicine it can prevent disease and many people can alive but at the same time it is killing the people using chemicals in the food, but we can use less.
No! Technology alone cannot save the world. It needs to be accompanied by conscious decisions by humans.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are IoT Enabling Technologies?
IoT enabling technologies refer to the various technologies and tools that are used to create and support IoT systems and devices. Some examples include:
Wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, which allow IoT devices to connect to the internet and communicate with one another.
Sensors and actuators, which are used to gather data from the physical world and take actions based on that data.
Cloud computing and data storage technologies, which are used to store, process, and analyze the data generated by IoT devices.
Programming languages and frameworks, such as Python and Node-RED, which are used to develop the software that runs on IoT devices and in the cloud.
Security technologies such as encryption, authentication, and firewalls, which are used to protect IoT systems and devices from unauthorized access and attacks.
All these technologies work together to make it possible to create IoT systems that can collect, transmit, and act on data from a wide range of devices and sensors.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are the benefits of IoT enabling technologies?
Increased efficiency: IoT systems can automate tasks and processes, reducing the need for human intervention and increasing efficiency. For example, IoT-enabled devices in a factory can automatically adjust production processes based on real-time data from sensors.
Improved accuracy: IoT devices can gather large amounts of data from a variety of sources and use that data to make more accurate predictions and decisions. For example, IoT-enabled weather monitoring can provide more accurate predictions of weather patterns.
Better decision-making: IoT systems can provide real-time data, which can be used to make more informed decisions. For example, data from IoT-enabled sensors in a retail store can be used to optimize stock levels and improve customer service.
Increased productivity: IoT systems can provide businesses with new insights and ways to optimize operations, increase productivity, and reduce costs. For example, IoT-enabled machines can self-diagnose problems and order replacement parts automatically.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are the benefits of IoT enabling technologies?
Improved safety: IoT systems can help to keep people safe by providing real-time information, alerts and alarms, and taking automated actions. For example, IoT-enabled sensors can be used to detect and respond to potential fire hazards in a building.
Remote monitoring and control: IoT systems can give users the ability to monitor and control devices remotely.
Cost savings: IoT can help companies save money by streamlining operations, reducing downtime, and automating processes.
Improving Quality of life: IoT systems can help people live more convenient and comfortable lives by, for example, automating home systems such as lighting, heating, and security.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What is IoT Technology?
IoT technology includes all the enabling hardware IP, tools, systems, sensors, and software that support IoT device and application development.
With IoT technology, everyday objects can be made smart—from medical devices to smartphones, watches to security cameras, and cars to factory production lines.
IoT technologies also include security tools to prevent internet-based attacks on networked devices and their applications.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Technologies
The goals of most IoT technologies are to collect, process, analyze, react to, and communicate data. Any technology that does one or more of those tasks is a candidate for use in IoT application.
IoT devices usually collect data from the environment around the device using the following sensors:
Audio sensors
Proximity sensors
Light sensors
Accelerometers and gyroscopes
Temperature and humidity sensors
Motion and occupancy sensors
Biometric sensors
Two places that IoT data processing occurs in:
The front end, where the sensors that collect the data are located; often referred to as edge processing or edge computing
The back end, a central location where data is usually sent via a network connection
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Technologies
Edge processing is done by a microprocessor or microcontroller.
Further microprocessors used in IoT are usually reserved for computing-intensive applications.
Microcontrollers are specifically designed to work with sensors and I/O devices and are the processing device of choice for edge computing in IoT applications.
An embedded system as a computing system designed to perform a specific function.
A microcontroller is usually at the heart of an embedded system.
Data processing in most IoT applications consists mainly of reading data from sensors and other input devices, running an algorithm to determine how to react to the data, and outputting data.
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IoT Technologies: IoT connected devices worldwide up to 2025
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75 + Billion
IoT devices are expected to be in use by 2025.
IoT Infrastructure Devices & Facilities
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
By 2025, forecasts suggest that there will be more than 75 billion Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices in use. This would be a nearly threefold increase from the IoT installed base in 2019.
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IoT Technologies: IoT Software
IoT Software is essential for tracking and managing devices
The leading dashboard for IoT
See your device performance, manage spend, and equip your operations for the future — all in one place.
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IoT Infrastructure: IoT Software
https://www.hologram.io/products/dashboard/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
A dashboard designed to save you time
Spend less time analyzing data and more time making decisions that move the needle. The Hologram Dashboard gives you a single source of truth for your operations, with intuitive tools your team will love using.
View and act on data, instantly
Maintain real-time visibility into device activity and performance, so you can take action when it matters most.
Optimize device spend
Find opportunities to improve your bottom line with detailed fleet insights and transparent billing.
Keep operations running smoothly
Stay ahead of potential disruptions and get alerted to changes in your operations with 24/7 monitoring.
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IoT Technologies: IoT Labor (Skill)
Investing in upskilling employees can help close IoT skill gaps.
7 challenges in IoT and how to overcome them by skilled labor.
Lack of effective and informed government regulations
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IoT Infrastructure: Labor
(Upskilling employees)
hthttps://www.hologram.io/blog/challenges-in-iot/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
A dashboard designed to save you time
Spend less time analyzing data and more time making decisions that move the needle. The Hologram Dashboard gives you a single source of truth for your operations, with intuitive tools your team will love using.
View and act on data, instantly
Maintain real-time visibility into device activity and performance, so you can take action when it matters most.
Optimize device spend
Find opportunities to improve your bottom line with detailed fleet insights and transparent billing.
Keep operations running smoothly
Stay ahead of potential disruptions and get alerted to changes in your operations with 24/7 monitoring.
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IoT Technologies: QA & Testing
IoT testing is the practice of performing a series of tests to validate performance in the IoT process. Find out more here.
There are 5 types of IoT testing: usability, compatibility, security, performance, and compliance.
Table of Contents
What is IoT testing, and why it’s important
The 5 different types of IoT testing
Possible challenges of IoT testing
Tips for efficient IoT testing
Optimizing your IoT testing: a few tools to consider
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IoT Infrastructure: QA & Testing
https://www.hologram.io/blog/iot-testing/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
A dashboard designed to save you time
Spend less time analyzing data and more time making decisions that move the needle. The Hologram Dashboard gives you a single source of truth for your operations, with intuitive tools your team will love using.
View and act on data, instantly
Maintain real-time visibility into device activity and performance, so you can take action when it matters most.
Optimize device spend
Find opportunities to improve your bottom line with detailed fleet insights and transparent billing.
Keep operations running smoothly
Stay ahead of potential disruptions and get alerted to changes in your operations with 24/7 monitoring.
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IoT Technologies: Opportunity Cost & Time-to-Market
IoT deployments were ranked a top 3 investment priority in 2022.
A new global survey by Analysys Mason and sponsored by Sierra Wireless (NASDAQ: SWIR) (TSX: SW) a world leading IoT solutions provider, found that 72% of enterprises surveyed deployed IoT to automate their processes and reduce costs while 55% stated creating new revenue streams was a main reason for IoT adoption.
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IoT Infrastructure: Opportunity Cost & Time-to-Market
https://www.yahoo.com/now/global-survey-analysys-mason-reveals-130000897.html
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
A dashboard designed to save you time
Spend less time analyzing data and more time making decisions that move the needle. The Hologram Dashboard gives you a single source of truth for your operations, with intuitive tools your team will love using.
View and act on data, instantly
Maintain real-time visibility into device activity and performance, so you can take action when it matters most.
Optimize device spend
Find opportunities to improve your bottom line with detailed fleet insights and transparent billing.
Keep operations running smoothly
Stay ahead of potential disruptions and get alerted to changes in your operations with 24/7 monitoring.
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IoT Technologies (1 of 5)
The goals of most IoT technologies are to collect, process, analyze, react to, and communicate data
Any technology that does one or more of those tasks is a candidate for use in IoT applications
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Technologies (2 of 5)
IoT Data Collection
IoT devices usually collect data from the environment around the device using sensors
Common types of sensors used in IoT include:
Audio sensors
Proximity sensors
Light sensors
Accelerometers and gyroscopes
Temperature and humidity sensors
Motion and occupancy sensors
Biometric sensors
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Technologies (3 of 5)
IoT Data Processing
IoT data processing occurs in two places:
The front end, where the sensors collect the data are located; this is often referred to as edge processing or edge computing
The back end, a central location where data is usually sent via a network connection
Edge processing is done by a microprocessor or microcontroller
A microcontroller is a small, low-power processor with built-in analog and digital I/O lines and memory that usually runs at speeds measured in the tens of Megahertz
They are specifically designed to work with sensors and I/O devices and are the processing device of choice for edge computing in IoT applications
A microcontroller is usually at the heart of an embedded system, a computing system designed to perform a specific function
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Technologies (4 of 5)
IoT Data Processing (continued)
Microprocessors usually have an advanced, multithreaded OS
Microcontrollers typically have a very simple OS designed to run a single application with a dedicated function
A microcontroller may not have an OS at all; it might run only some bootstrap code that downloads an application to the microcontroller’s memory
Whether a device uses a microprocessor or microcontroller, the data processing in most IoT applications consists mainly of reading data from sensors and other input devices, running an algorithm to determine how to react to the data, and outputting data
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Technologies (5 of 5)
IoT Data Communication
Various consortiums are in the process of developing standards for IoT communications
The communication aspect of IoT is complex because of so many of the “things” that generate data are incompatible with one another or lack modern communication technologies and protocols
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Number of IoT connected devices worldwide from 2019 to 2030, by Communications Technology
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https://www.statista.com/statistics/1194688/iot-connected-devices-communications-technology/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Risks of IoT Technologies
Security and privacy issues, cybercrime, surveillance at work, home or in public spaces and control of mobility and expression.
There is governance gap’ that needs to be closed between the potential risks and society’s efforts to safeguard against them through laws, industry standards and self-governance approaches.
Effective technology governance mitigates risks and reduces the potential harms to society while also helping to maximize the technology’s positive impacts.
The generation gap seen in current IoT utilization is surprising.
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https://www.visionofhumanity.org/what-is-the-internet-of-things/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Technology Focus on IoT
Advanced Technologies like IoT lie at the very heart of modern industry’s ongoing process of digital transformation.
Indeed, these technologies enable process, product and service innovation throughout the economy, thus fostering and supporting industrial modernization across a wide range of organizations and industry sectors.
Taking the Internet of Things as one the backbones of digital transformation and industrial modernization, we observed that the current availability of huge datasets, coupled with recent technology advances in Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and fast connectivity capabilities, are all paving the way to new and more disruptive applications of IoT systems and services.
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https://ati.ec.europa.eu/reports/technology-watch/technology-focus-iot
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Technology Focus on IoT
There is now widespread recognition among consumers and organizations that IoT can help them to operate more efficiently, improve quality of service and customer experience, introduce new services and improve many other aspects of their businesses.
Likewise, governmental and international bodies have thrown their weight into supporting and stimulating IoT development as a key economic opportunity and driver of future innovation.
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https://ati.ec.europa.eu/reports/technology-watch/technology-focus-iot
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
10 IoT Technology Trends to watch in 2022
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https://iot-analytics.com/iot-technology-trends/
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What are the components of IoT Technologies
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Use Cases of IoT Technology!
Cars are more and more intelligent devices
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Use Cases of IoT Technology!
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https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/15625-Connected-Living-Report.pdf
Device Ownership of a Typical Family of Four, 2012, 2017, 2022
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Use Cases of IoT Technology!
Smart home: automation of home appliances which can sense human presence and control light, temperature and ambience etc.
Smart wearables: there are millions of smart gadgets already available on the market but still this is big area for future growth.
Smart Cities: our future security and monitoring will be using IoT. Congestion management, traffic control etc.
Smart healthcare: in future, medical practitioners will be able to assess patients' conditions remotely and advice for further procedures.
Smart energy management: smart lighting control, smart power grid and industrial applications
Smart farming: farming and agriculture could use IoT for management of irrigation and control.
Smart ticketing: in future, airports and sport venues will be using smart ticket systems.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Latest Technology used in IoT
Artificial Intelligence
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
Internet of Things
3D Printers!
Intelligent Apps (I – Apps)
Blockchain
Machin Learning
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Advanced Technologies Uptake by European Industries, 2020
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Enabling Technology
IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies.
IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor networks, cloud computing, Big data analytics, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and architectures, communication protocols, web services, Mobile Internet, and Semantic Search engines.
The major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A,5G and WiFi-Direct.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are IoT Enabling Technology
Wireless Sensor Network
Cloud Computing
Big Data Analytics
Communications Protocols
Embedded System
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are IoT Enabling Technology
1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the internet. Example:
Weather monitoring system
Indoor air quality monitoring system
Soil moisture monitoring system
Surveillance system
Health monitoring system
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are IoT Enabling Technology
2. Cloud Computing: It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations. With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet. Characteristics:
Broad network access
On demand self-services
Rapid scalability
Measured service
Pay-per-use
Provides different services, such as:
IaaS (Infrastructure as a service) - Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical machines, virtual machines, servers, networking, storage and data center space on a pay per use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure etc. Ex: Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
PaaS (Platform as a service): Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering West web based (cloud) applications – without the cost and complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware, software provisioning and hosting. Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems and libraries etc. Basically, it provides a platform to develop applications. Ex: App Cloud, Google app engine
SaaS (Software as a service): It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service. Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via the internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware management. Ex: Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are IoT Enabling Technology
3. Big Data Analytics: It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using traditional databases. Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records. Several steps involved in analyzing big data:
Data cleaning
Munging
Processing
Visualization
Examples:
Bank transactions
Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
E-commerce and in Big-Basket
Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are IoT Enabling Technology
4. Communications Protocols: They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol stack. They are used in:
Data encoding
Addressing schemes
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
What are IoT Enabling Technology
5. Embedded Systems: It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks. It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash memory). It collects the data and sends it to the internet. Embedded systems used in
Examples:
Digital camera
DVD player, music player
Industrial robots
Wireless Routers etc.
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Why IoT Enabling Technology?
It brings together most of the latest technologies.
Converged, these technologies will have a major impact.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Key Technologies enables IoT Solution
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Key Technologies enables IoT solutions to be deployed more rapidly, cost-effectively and at lower risk.
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Industrial IoT Devices (1 of 3)
The use of IoT technologies in industry has been dubbed Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 makes use of virtualization, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence to create what is called a cyber-physical system (CPS)
Some of the same IoT technologies are used in both home automation and industry
Industrial usage often requires industrial version of sensors because they must hold up under harsh environments, high vibrations, and possibly extreme temperatures
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Industrial IoT Devices (2 of 3)
Types of devices you might find in industrial applications include the following:
Actuators
An actuator is a general category of output device that provides automatic movement, such as turning a valve to open or close a pipe
Electric motor
An electric motor rotates at a particular speed and direction in response to an electrical signal
Stepper motors rotate in a series of steps, providing precise movement
Servo motors provide either partial rotation or continuous rotation
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UoNA-ST560-Winter - 2023, Internet of Things (IoT)
Industrial IoT Devices (3 of 3)
Types of devices you might find in industrial applications include the following (continued):
Solenoid
A solenoid is a tightly wound coil of wire that creates a strong magnetic field when electricity is applied
RFID tags
RFID tags are attached to objects and are used to identify and track the objects
PLCs
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are input/output controllers used in assembly lines, robotics, and automated machinery
IoT gateways
IoT gateway devices translate data coming from an IoT network to another type of network
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IoT Architecture
The IoT should be capable of interconnecting billions or trillions of heterogeneous objects through the Internet, so there is a critical need for a flexible layered architecture.
The ever-increasing number of proposed architectures has not yet converged to a reference model.
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The IoT architecture. (a) Three-layer. (b) Middle-ware based. (c) SOA based. (d) Five-layer.
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IoT Business Layer
The business (management) layer manages the overall IoT system activities and services.
The responsibilities of this layer are to build a business model, graphs, flowcharts, etc. based on the received data from the Application layer.
It is also supposed to design, analyze, implement, evaluate, monitor, and develop IoT system related elements.
The Business Layer makes it possible to support decision-making processes based on Big Data analysis. In addition, monitoring and management of the underlying four layers is achieved at this layer.
Moreover, this layer compares the output of each layer with the expected output to enhance services and maintain users' privacy
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IoT Elements
Understanding the IoT building blocks helps to gain a better insight into the real meaning and functionality of the IoT.
Six main elements needed to deliver the functionality of the IoT are Identification, Sensing, Communication, Computation, Services and Semantics.
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IoT Common Standards
Many IoT standards are proposed to facilitate and simplify application programmers' and service providers' jobs. Different groups have been created to provide protocols in support of the IoT including efforts led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), EPCglobal, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
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Example of Application Protocols
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
The CoAP defines a web transfer protocol based on REpresentational State Transfer (REST) on top of HTTP functionalities.
CoAP aims to enable tiny devices with low power, computation and communication capabilities to utilize RESTful interactions.
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CoAP functionality
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Example of Application Protocols
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
MQTT is a messaging protocol that was introduced by Andy Stanford-Clark of IBM and Arlen Nipper of Arcom (now Eurotech) in 1999 and was standardized in 2013 at OASIS.
MQTT aims at connecting embedded devices and networks with applications and middleware.
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The architecture of MQTT
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Service Discovery Protocols
The high scalability of the IoT requires a resource management mechanism that is able to register and discover resources and services in a self-configured, efficient, and dynamic way.
The most dominant protocols in this area are multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD) that can discover resources and services offered by IoT devices.
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Example of Service Discovery Protocols
Multicast DNS (mDNS)
A base service for some IoT applications like chatting is Name Resolution.
mDNS is such a service that can perform the task of unicast DNS server. mDNS is flexible due to the fact that the DNS namespace is used locally without extra expenses or configuration.
mDNS is an appropriate choice for embedded Internet-based devices due to the facts that
a) There is no need for manual reconfiguration or extra administration to manage devices;
b) It can run without infrastructure; and
c) It can continue working if failure of infrastructure happens.
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Request/Response in mDNS protocol
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Example of Service Discovery Protocols
DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD)
The pairing function of required services by clients using mDNS is called DNS-based service discovery (DNS-SD).
Using this protocol, clients can discover a set of desired services in a specific network by employing standard DNS messages.
Figure provides a visual illustration of how this protocol works. DNS-SD, like mDNS, is part of the zero configuration aids to connect machines without external administration or configuration
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Discovering print service by DNS-SD
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
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Infrastructure Protocols
Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)
6LowPAN
IEEE 802.15.4
Bluetooth Low Energy
EPCglobal
LTE-A (Long Term Evolution—Advanced)
Z-Wave
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Other Influential Protocols
Beyond the standards and protocols that define an operational framework for IoT applications, there are some other considerations like security and interoperability that should be considered.
Security
Interoperability (IEEE 1905.1)
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Considering 1905.1 protocol in network stack.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
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IoT Challenges and Future Directions
Realizing the vision of the IoT is not an easy task due to the many challenges that need to be addressed.
Examples of key challenges include availability, reliability, mobility, performance, scalability, interoperability, security, privacy, management, and trust.
Addressing these challenges enables service providers and application programmers to implement their services efficiently.
For example, security and privacy play a significant role in all markets globally due to the sensitivity of consumers' privacy.
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Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT
Connecting many physical objects like humans, animals, plants, smart phones, PCs, etc. equipped with sensors to the Internet generates what is called “big data.”
Big data needs smart and efficient storage.
Obviously, connected devices need mechanisms to store, process, and retrieve data.
But big data is so huge such that it exceeds the capability of commonly used hardware environments and software tools to capture, manage, and process them within an acceptable slot of time.
The emerging and developing technology of cloud computing is defined by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as an access model to an on-demand network of shared configurable computing sources such as networks, servers, warehouses, applications, and services.
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Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT
Cloud services allow individuals and companies to use remote third-party software and hardware components.
Cloud computing enables researchers and businesses to use and maintain many resources remotely, reliably and at a low cost.
The IoT employs many embedded devices, like sensors and actuators that generate big data which in turn requires complex computations to extract knowledge.
Therefore, the storage and computing resources of the cloud present the best choice for the IoT to store and process big data.
In the following subsections, we discuss the relation between the IoT and big data analytics, cloud and fog computing.
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Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT
The relation between the IoT and big data analytics, cloud and fog computing.
Big Data Analytics in Support of the IoT
Cloud Computing for the IoT
Fog Computing in Support of the IoT
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The role of the cloud and fog resources in the delivery of IoT services
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
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Future of Enabling IoT Technologies
The future of IoT enabling technologies is expected to see a continued growth in the number of connected devices and the amount of data they generate. Some specific areas that are expected to see significant developments include:
5G: the fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) will provide faster and more reliable connectivity for IoT devices, enabling new use cases such as real-time control of industrial machinery and self-driving vehicles.
Edge computing: as the amount of data generated by IoT devices continues to grow, it is becoming increasingly important to process and analyze that data closer to the source, rather than sending it all to the cloud. This is the idea behind edge computing, which involves deploying computing power and storage closer to the devices that generate the data.
Artificial Intelligence: IoT devices and systems will increasingly rely on AI to process the data they generate and make decisions based on that data. This will enable new applications such as predictive maintenance, which can identify equipment problems before they occur, and improve the performance of systems in general.
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Future of Enabling IoT Technologies
4. Security: As more devices and systems become connected, security will continue to be an important concern. Advanced security technologies, such as Blockchain and homomorphic encryption, may be used to protect IoT systems from unauthorized access and attacks.
5. Connectivity: With the rise of low-power, long-range wireless connectivity technologies such as LoRaWAN and Sigfox, the number of devices that can be connected to the internet will continue to increase, including devices in hard-to-reach or remote locations.
6. Interoperability: As the number of connected devices and services continues to grow, it will be important to ensure that they can work together seamlessly. Technologies such as Web of Things (WoT) and AllSeen Alliance will play a crucial role in ensuring interoperability between different devices, systems and services.
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Metaverse and IoT Technology
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What is Metaverse?
The Metaverse is a term used to describe a collective virtual shared space that is created by the convergence of virtual reality, augmented reality, and the internet.
It is a fully immersive and interactive digital world that allows users to interact with each other, digital representations of real-world objects, and virtual objects in a seamless and consistent way.
The Metaverse is imagined as a virtual universe where users can engage in a wide range of activities, from socializing and gaming to education and commerce.
Users can access the Metaverse through various digital devices such as VR/AR headsets, smartphones, tablets, and PCs.
In the metaverse, users can interact with virtual environments, objects, and avatars, and can also create their own virtual objects and environments, which other users can interact with.
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What are the relation between Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies?
Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies are related in the sense that both involve the use of technology to connect and interact with the physical world in new and innovative ways.
The concept of the Metaverse refers to a virtual world that is fully immersive and interactive, where users can interact with each other, digital representations of real-world objects, and virtual objects in a seamless and consistent way. This virtual world can be accessed via various digital devices such as VR/AR headsets, smartphones, tablets, and PCs.
IoT enabling technologies, on the other hand, are used to create and support IoT systems and devices. These technologies, such as wireless communication, sensors, cloud computing, and data storage, allow IoT devices to connect to the internet and communicate with one another, gather data from the physical world, and take actions based on that data.
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What are the relation between Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies?
The connection between these two technologies is that Metaverse will use IoT data to create a more realistic and sophisticated representation of the physical world. IoT systems can provide data about the physical world to the metaverse, enabling metaverse to be more accurate, and realistic.
IoT devices such as cameras, microphones, and sensors could be used to collect data from the physical world and send it to the metaverse, where it can be used to create realistic digital representations of real-world objects and environments. Similarly, metaverse can provide controls for IoT devices to interact with physical world, such as open a door, turn on a light, and so on.
So, in summary, IoT enabling technologies provide data and control capabilities that can be used to create a more realistic and sophisticated representation of the physical world in the metaverse, while metaverse can provide a more immersive and interactive way to interact with that world.
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1st Wave: Agricultural Age
(29,500 Years) Goal, Produce Food
2nd wave: Industrial Age
(500 Years) Goal, Produce Material
3rd wave: Information Age
( 25 Years) Goal, Produce Information
4th wave: Virtual Age
( 20 Years ahead!) Goal, Spirituality
Virtual Age (Metaverse): Next Wave of Change in Society
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What is Virtual Age?
The term "Virtual age" refers to a period in which virtual reality and other digital technologies are widely used and have a significant impact on society. These technologies include virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence, big data, the internet of things, and blockchain, among others.
In the virtual age, people will be able to interact with the digital world and digital objects in a more seamless, immersive, and consistent way. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are two examples of technology that allow users to immerse themselves in a digital world and interact with it in real-time.
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What is Virtual Age?
Virtual age also allows to access a digital replica of the physical world, such as cities, buildings, and historical sites, and experience them in a way that is not possible in real life. Also, with the help of AI, people can interact with virtual agents that can understand and respond to natural language.
Big data, IoT, and blockchain technologies will also play a role in virtual age, allowing for more accurate, real-time insights and predictions to be made about the physical world, more secure and trustless interactions between users, and the ability to track and record all sorts of information in a transparent and tamper-proof way.
Overall, virtual age represents a new paradigm shift in how people interact with the world, and will have far-reaching implications for society, culture, and the economy.
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Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society
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Paper 1: Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society
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Professor Jalali
Paper 1
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Paper 2: Virtual Age: Enabling Technologies and Trends
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Professor Jalali
Paper 2
Metaverse is part of the idea of professor Jalali in year 1993
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Professor Jalali speech
West Virginia University
1993
Virtual Age (Metaverse): Next Wave of Change in Education!
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Conclusion
The emerging idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly finding its path throughout our modern life, aiming to improve the quality of life by connecting many smart devices, technologies, and applications.
Overall, the IoT would allow for the automation of everything around us.
This lecture presented an overview of the principle of this concept, its enabling technologies, protocols, applications of the IoT.
This, in turn, should provide a good foundation for students who are interested to gain an insight into the IoT technologies and protocols to understand the overall architecture and role of the different components and protocols that constitute the IoT.
Further, some of the challenges and issues that pertain to the design and deployment of IoT implementations will be presented in other lectures.
Moreover, we will discuss in the interplay between the IoT, big data analytics, cloud and fog computing in the coming lectures.
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Conclusion
The goals of most IoT technologies are to collect, process, analyze, react to, and communicate data.
Any technology that does one or more of those tasks is a candidate for use in IoT applications
IoT combines electronics, computer hardware, programming, and networking, plus a little needed creativity to imagine what new “things” you can add to the world of IoT.
IoT data processing occurs in two places: the front end and the back end.
Different types of devices and different environments dictate what type of networking technology is likely to be used by a particular IoT device.
Home automation is a burgeoning industry and a driver of IoT, but industrial IoT products will likely have a greater impact on society as a whole
The use of IoT technologies in industry, particularly in manufacturing, has been dubbed Industry 4.0
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Conclusion: Six key barriers to IoT adoption
Knowledge: People are aware of the internet, especially in terms of mobile internet, but they do not have knowledge about IoT.
Access: the availability of the necessary network infrastructure for IoT required to gain high speed network access, and the availability of relevant end-user devices.
Skills: the extent to which people have the necessary levels of literacy and digital “savviness” to make meaningful use of the internet of Things.
Affordability: the costs associated with buying or accessing connected devices, the cost of data plans, and other associated service fees and expenses.
Relevance: the extent to which people can find and consume content, services, and connected products that they can understand and that meet their needs.
Safety and security: how worried people are about the potential risks and negative experiences that they may be exposed to via the IoT, such as harmful content devices, fraud, and devices data protection.
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References
Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society (Aliakbar Jalali)
https://vdocuments.net/dr-jalali-paperc50.html?page=1
Virtual Age: Enabling Technologies and Trends (Aliakbar Jalali)
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5070754
Internet of Things-IOT: Definition, Characteristics, Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Application & Future Challenges, Keyur K Patel1 , Sunil M Patel (DOI 10.4010/2016.1482 ISSN 2321 3361 © 2016 IJESC) – pdf.
Technologies and Protocol for IoT
https://webstor.srmist.edu.in/web_assets/downloads/2021/communication-technologies-for-iot.pdf
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Resources
1- IoT Revolution: 5 Ways the Internet of Things Will Change Transportation
2- How IoT is Transforming the Energy Industry
https://easternpeak.com/blog/how-iot-is-transforming-the-energy-industry/
3- Industry 4.0: The Future of Manufacturing
4- Pushing IoT Data Gathering, Analysis, and Response to the Edge
https://dzone.com/articles/pushing-iot-data-gathering-analysis-and-response-to-the-edge
5- IoT DIY Projects
https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-award/diy/
6- Design and Simulation of IoT Systems Using the Cisco Packet Tracer
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=108495
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