population discussion
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PPT_Ch04.pptxEpidemiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse
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Demetrius J. Porche, DNS, PhD, APRN, FNP, PCC, ANEF, FACHE, FAANP, FAAN
A Population Health Approach
POWERPOINTS TO ACCOMPANY
Chapter 4 Epidemiology Primer
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POWERPOINTS TO ACCOMPANY
Epidemiology Defined
epi which means upon, demos which means people, and logos which means science
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and health-related conditions or events in populations to promote and preserve population health while preventing and controlling health-related conditions or events in specific populations
Table 4.1
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Table 4.1 Epidemiology Definitions
Source: From Frerot, M., Lefebvre, A., Aho, S., Callier, P., Astruc, K., & Aho Glélé, L. S. (2018). What is epidemiology? Changing definitions of epidemiology 1978–2017. PLoS One, 13(12), e0208442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208442
Components of Epidemiology
Substantive epidemiology
Descriptive epidemiology
Analytic epidemiology
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Descriptive Characteristics
Person
Place
Time
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Descriptive Epidemiology Process
Define the population
Define the health condition or disease under investigation
Describe the health condition or disease in terms of person, place, and time
Measure the health condition or disease
Compare health condition or disease measurement to known epidemiologic data
Generate etiological hypothesis about health condition or disease in population
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Science
Rigorous methods used to understand the natural and social world. Science is also known as a methodology to develop knowledge through the scientific method
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Scientific Method
Define the purpose of the investigation
Construct hypothesis
Collect data to test the hypothesis
Analyze data
Propose conclusions from the data and integrate the information into the existing state of knowledge
Communicate findings through peer-reviewed dissemination
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Epidemiology Science
The body of knowledge accumulated through epidemiology, the methods used to collect epidemiologic data, and the underpinning philosophical and theoretical information that guides epidemiologic thinking and data collection
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Epidemiology Objectives
Study the natural history and prognosis of health conditions/diseases
Identify syndromes and classification of health conditions/diseases
Examine effective screening and diagnostic testing strategies
Determine the extent of health conditions/diseases in a population
Surveillance of health conditions in a population
Identify and prevent or decrease the impact of the risk factors of health conditions/diseases
Identify and prevent the cause or etiology of a health condition/disease
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Epidemiology Objectives (cont.)
Evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic measures
Evaluate the efficacy, outcome, and impact of various modes of health care delivery
Provide epidemiologic information that informs the development of health-related and public policy
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Epidemiologic Approach
Thought process utilized by epidemiologist to approach or resolve a health condition
Steps
Determine the population structure
Characterize the exposure or risk factor in the population or characterize the health condition within the population
Determine if there is an association between the exposure or risk factor, the population characteristics, and health condition
Infer hypothesis about the causal or associative relationships between the population characteristics, exposure or risk factor, and the health condition
Examine the impact of preventive or therapeutic strategies on the exposure or risk factor within the population and on the health condition
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Epidemiologic Approach (cont.)
Presence of health condition/disease
Exposure
Population structure
Age
Characterize health condition/disease in population
Who has disease
Determine association or causation
Risk factors
Race/ethnicity
Sex
Income
Where is disease geographically
When did disease occur
What are the disease characteristics
What are the risk factors present
Case definition
How is the population structure, risk factors/exposure, and health condition associated
Why does the risk factors/exposure cause health condition
Potential agents present
Host characteristics
What environmental factors promote associations
How does agent, host, and environment interact to produce health condition/disease
Epidemiologic Triangle
Agent
Host
Environment
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Epidemiologic Triangle (cont.)
Agent
Host
Environment
Epidemiologic Tools
Counts
Frequency
Rates
Ratio
Proportion
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Discussion
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