Discussion 3
nikkieramsey
PPT_CARLSON_CH03_LC.pptxPhysiology of Behavior
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 3
Structure of the Nervous System
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Chapter Preview
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Development of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
2
Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
3.1 Apply anatomical terms to the nervous system.
3.2 Differentiate the locations of the three layers of the meninges.
3.3 Describe the locations and functions of CSF within the ventricular system.
3.4 Summarize the process of human brain development from ectoderm plate, to neural tube, to three interconnected chambers.
3.5 Explain how prenatal development contributes to the development of complex human brains.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives (2 of 3)
3.6 Provide examples of how genetic change, personal experience, and neurogenesis can influence postnatal brain development.
3.7 Identify the structures and functions of the forebrain, including the telencephalon and diencephalon.
3.8 Identify the location and functions of the structures of the mesencephalon.
3.9 Contrast the locations and functions of the structures of the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives (3 of 3)
3.10 Describe the structure and functions of the spinal cord.
3.11 Identify the functions of the cranial nerves.
3.12 Differentiate between the functions of afferent and efferent axons of the spinal nerves.
3.13 Compare the functions and locations of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Basic Features of the Nervous System (1 of 2)
An Overview: Directions in the Nervous System
Anterior/Rostral = Front
Posterior/Caudal = Back
Dorsal = Top
Ventral = Bottom
Lateral = Toward the Side
Medial = Toward the Middle
Ipsilateral = Same Side
Contralateral = Opposite Side
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
6
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Basic Features of the Nervous System (2 of 2)
Brain Slices and Planes
Cross Section or Frontal Section
Horizontal Section
Sagittal Section
Midsagittal Plane
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
7
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Basic Features of the Nervous System (3 of 3)
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Encased by bone
Cerebrospinal fluid
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Peripheral ganglia
Encased by vertebral column
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.1 page 59
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Figure 3.1 The Nervous System
The figures show the relation of the nervous system to the rest of the body.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.2 page 60
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Figure 3.2 Anatomical Directions and Planes (1 of 2)
The figures show (a) planes of section as they pertain to the nervous system
illustrating the anatomical terms described in this section.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.2 page 60
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Figure 3.2 Anatomical Directions and Planes (2 of 2)
The figures show (b) side and frontal views illustrating the anatomical terms described in this section.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.2 page 60
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Basic Features of the Nervous System Meninges
Meninges
The protective sheath around brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater
Tough, flexible outermost meninx
Arachnoid Membrane
Middle layer of the meninges
Pia Mater
Last layer of the meninges, which adheres to the surface of the brain
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
12
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The Ventricular System and CSF (1 of 3)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Clear fluid, similar to blood plasma; fills ventricular system of brain and subarachnoid space surrounding brain and spinal cord
Subarachnoid Space
Space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater filled with CSF
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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The Ventricular System and CSF (2 of 3)
Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Ventricles: Set of holes within brain filled with CSF
These include:
Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricles
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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The Ventricular System and CSF (3 of 3)
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Flow of CSF blocked
Surgical repair with valve
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Figure 3.4 The Ventricular System of the Brain
The figure shows (a) a lateral view of the left side of the brain, (b) a frontal view, (c) a dorsal view, and (d) the production, circulation, and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.4 page 62
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Figure 3.5 Hydrocephalus in an Infant
A surgeon places a shunt tube in a lateral ventricle, which permits cerebrospinal fluid to escape to the abdominal cavity, where it is absorbed into the blood supply. A pressure valve regulates the flow of CSF through the shunt.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.5 page 63
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Development of Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Begins early in embryonic life as a hollow tube
Maintains this basic shape even after it is fully developed
Tube
Elongates
Forms pockets and folds
Thickens until the brain reaches its final form
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Figure 3.6 Neural Plate Development
The figure shows development of the neural plate into the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. Left: Dorsal views. Right: Cross section at levels indicated by dashed lines.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.6 page 64
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Figure 3.7 Brain Development
This schematic outline of brain development shows its relation to the ventricles. Views (a) and (c) show early development. Views (b) and (d) show later development. View (e) shows a lateral view of the left side of a semitransparent human brain with the brain stem “ghosted in.” The colors of all figures denote corresponding regions.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.7 page 65
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Table 3.1 Anatomical Subdivisions of the Brain
| Major Division | Ventricle | Subdivision | Principal Structure |
| Forebrain | Lateral Third | Telencephalon Diencephalon | Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus |
| Midbrain | Cerebral aqueduct | Mesencephalon | Tectum Tegmentum |
| Hindbrain | Fourth | Metencephalon Myelencephalon | Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata |
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table 3.1 page 65
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Figure 3.8 Cortical Development
This cross section through the cerebral cortex shows it early in its development. The radially oriented fibers of glial cells help to guide the migration of newly formed neurons from the ventricular zone to their final resting place in the cerebral cortex. Each successive wave of neurons passes neurons that migrated earlier, so the most recently formed neurons occupy layers closer to the cortical surface.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
(Adapted from Rakic, P., A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: A hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution, Trends in Neuroscience, 1995, 18, 383–388.)
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Prenatal Brain Development (1 of 2)
Cerebral cortex: surrounds hemispheres
Progenitor cells: stem cells that give rise to CNS
Development from inside out
Ventricular zone (VZ)
Symmetrical Division
Asymmetrical Division
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Prenatal Brain Development (2 of 2)
The development of complex brains
Genetic duplication
More symmetrical divisions
Longer period of asymmetrical division
Overproduction and refinement
Pattern of development
Genetics
Personal experience
Neurogenesis
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
24
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Figure 3.9 Refining Neural Connections: Overproduction and Refinement
Experience shapes brain architecture by early overproduction of neurons, followed by later apoptosis and refinement of synaptic connections based on learning and exposure to stimuli.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.9 page 67
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Figure 3.10 Pre and Postnatal Brain Development
Brain development begins during the prenatal period and extends through adulthood.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.10 page 68
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Structure and Function of the CNS (1 of 2)
Forebrain:
Largest section of the brain, comprised of telencephalon and diencephalon
Cerebral Hemisphere
Sulcus
Gyrus
The Spinal Cord
Spinal roots: Cauda Equina (ee kwye na)
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Structure and Function of the CNS (2 of 2)
Cerebral Cortex
Primary Visual Cortex
Primary Auditory Cortex
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Primary Motor Cortex
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
28
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Figure 3.12 Forebrain
The forebrain is the most dorsal division of the brain. The forebrain consists of the telencephalon and the diencephalon.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.12 page 71
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Figure 3.13 Cross Section of Human Brain
This brain slice shows fissures and gyri and the layer of cerebral cortex that follows these convolutions.
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Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.13 page 71
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Figure 3.14 The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
The two symmetrical hemispheres of the cortex are divided into four lobes. This figure shows the location of the four lobes, the primary sensory and motor cortex, and the association cortex. (a) Ventral view, from the base of the brain.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.14 page 72 Each primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex sends information to adjacent regions, called the sensory association cortex.
Circuits of neurons in the sensory association cortex analyze the information received from the primary sensory cortex; perception takes place there, and memories are stored there
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Figure 3.14 The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (1 of 3)
This figure shows the location of the four lobes, the primary sensory and motor cortex, and the association cortex (b) Midsagittal view, with the cerebellum and brain stem removed.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.14 page 72 Each primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex sends information to adjacent regions, called the sensory association cortex.
Circuits of neurons in the sensory association cortex analyze the information received from the primary sensory cortex; perception takes place there, and memories are stored there
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Figure 3.14 The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (2 of 3)
The two symmetrical hemispheres of the cortex are divided into four lobes. This figure shows the location of the four lobes, the primary sensory and motor cortex, and the association cortex. (c) Lateral view.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.14 page 72 Each primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex sends information to adjacent regions, called the sensory association cortex.
Circuits of neurons in the sensory association cortex analyze the information received from the primary sensory cortex; perception takes place there, and memories are stored there
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Figure 3.15 The Primary Sensory Regions of the Brain (3 of 3)
The inset shows a cutaway of part of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, permitting us to see the primary auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe, which forms the ventral bank of the lateral fissure.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.15 page 73
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Cerebral Cortex (1 of 2)
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe (pa rye i tul)
Temporal Lobe (tem por ul)
Occipital Lobe (ok sip i tul)
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Cerebral Cortex (2 of 2)
Motor Association Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
Corpus Callosum (ka loh sum)
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
36
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Figure 3.16 Role of Cortical Regions in Motor Control
The motor, premotor, and prefrontal cortex all contribute to motor control in the cortex.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.16 page 74
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Figure 3.17 Bundles of Axons in the Corpus Callosum
This figure, obtained by means of diffusion tensor imaging, shows bundles of axons in the corpus callosum that serve different regions of the cerebral cortex.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
(From Hofer, S., and Frahm, J. Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited—comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage, 2006, 32, 989–994. Reprinted with permission.)
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Figure 3.18 The Midsagittal View of the Brain and Part of the Spinal Cord
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.18 page 76
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Limbic System
Group of brain regions including: Cingulate gyrus
Limbic cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Figure 3.19 The Major Components of the Limbic System
All of the left hemisphere except for the limbic system has been removed.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.19 page 76
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The Basal Ganglia and Diencephalon
Basal Ganglia: Set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement
Includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
Diencephalon: Major component of the forebrain consisting largely of the thalamus and hypothalamus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
42
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Figure 3.20 The Basal Ganglia and Diencephalon
The basal ganglia and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) are ghosted in a semitransparent brain.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.20 page 77
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Hypothalamus
Small but important structure
Organizes behaviors related to survival
Four F’s
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
44
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Figure 3.21 A Midsagittal View of Part of the Brain
This view shows the hypothalamus. It is situated on the far side of the wall of the third ventricle, inside the right hemisphere.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.21 page 77
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Midbrain
Known as mesencephalon
comprised of:
tectum
tegmentum
3-43
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Tectum
Superior Colliculi (ka lik yew lee)
Inferior Colliculi
Tegmentum
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Tegmentum
Reticular Formation
Periaqueductal Gray matter
Red nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Hindbrain
Cerebellum (sair a bell um)
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
49
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Figure 3.24 The Cerebellum and the Brain Stem
This figure shows (a) a lateral view of a semitransparent brain, showing the cerebellum and brain stem ghosted in, (b) a view from the back of the brain, and (c) a dorsal view of the brain stem. The left hemisphere of the cerebellum and part of the right hemisphere have been removed to show the inside of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellar peduncles. Part (d) shows a cross section of the midbrain.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.24 page 80
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Figure 3.25 Ventral View of the Spinal Column
Details show the anatomy of the bony vertebrae.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 3.26 Ventral View of the Spinal Cord
The figure shows (a) a portion of the spinal cord, showing the layers of the meninges and the relationship of the spinal cord to the vertebral column; and (b) a cross section through the spinal cord. Ascending tracts are shown in blue; descending tracts are shown in red.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.25 and 3.26 page 81
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Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (1 of 3)
Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves attached to ventral surface of brain
Most serve sensory and motor functions of head and neck region
Vagus nerve regulates functions of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
53
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Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (2 of 3)
Spinal Nerves
Afferent Axon
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Efferent Axon (eff ur ent)
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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3-52
Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (3 of 3)
Sympathetic Division
Portion of autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
Parasympathetic Division
Portion of autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during relaxed state
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical directions
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Development of the Central Nervous System
An overview of brain development
Prenatal development
Postnatal development
Structure and function of the central nervous system
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
The Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
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3-53
Figure 3.27 The Cranial Nerves
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve regions in the head, neck, and thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.27 page 83
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Figure 3.28 Cross Section of the Spinal Cord
The figure shows the routes taken by afferent and efferent axons through the dorsal and ventral roots.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 3.28 page 84
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