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Creating Environments for Learning Third Edition Julie Bullard

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Chapter 13

Developing Visual Art Centers

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Teachers approach art in three different ways

Non-interventionist
Production-oriented
Art as inquiry

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Non-interventionist

As a non-interventionist, the teacher takes a hands-off approach to art. The teacher provides materials and encourages children to explore the art media.

Without adult assistance it is difficult to move beyond exploration and children will not develop their full potential.

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Production-oriented

The emphasis in production-oriented art is on creating a teacher-prescribed art product.

Because it stifles creativity as well as cognitive and artistic growth it is considered developmentally inappropriate (Copple & Bredekamp, 2009).

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Art-as-inquiry

The emphasis in art-as-inquiry is on active investigation, where children deepen their knowledge about art techniques as well as the subject of the art.

Art is viewed as a language to communicate thoughts, ideas, and feelings.

Art is often related to an in-depth project with the children using art to express their knowledge.

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Art-as-inquiry

involves teachers scaffolding children’s learning

providing background experiences on the topics

providing materials for inspiration

teaching art techniques

assisting children to revisit their art

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Stages of early childhood art
Scribble stage

primarily kinesthetic

children do not pre-plan their artwork

there are three sub stages

random: children use their whole arm to draw, may draw off the paper

controlled: children begin to use their wrist allowing them to make smaller marks and have more control

naming: children make a variety of different lines and shapes and begin to name their scribbles

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Stages of early childhood art
Pre-schematic

at the beginning of this stage children will often draw tadpole people characterized by a head with lines coming from it representing legs and sometimes arms

children will use a larger size for objects that are more important, powerful, or impressive to them

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Stages of early childhood art
Schematic

children have developed a schema for the way an object looks and may draw the object the same way each time

children use baselines, skylines, and show beginning awareness of perspective

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Did you know?

Tadpole figures are found in children’s artwork around the world and have been documented for more than 100 years (Lasky & Muderji, 1987).

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

When children engage in art they enhance:

artistic knowledge and skills

creativity

emotional development

social development

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

When children engage in art they enhance:

cognitive development

math

science

literacy

problem solving

physical development

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

An effective art center includes:

ample space for designing, drying, storing works in progress, and displaying art

storage for replenishing supplies

a quiet space with

plenty of light

access to water

easy to clean floor and tables

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

An effective art center includes:

an abundance of diverse, safe, non-toxic materials

high-quality, authentic tools

low, uncluttered shelves where materials are aesthetically displayed

an abundance of reference materials and materials for inspiration

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Note that there is a place to store work in process. In addition, a book and jar filled with interesting items provide inspiration for young artists.

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

According to the National Core Art Standards (2014) children need the opportunity to:

create art

present art

respond to art

communicate about art (relate artistic ideas and works with societal, cultural and historical context to deepen understanding)

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Creating art

Choose art materials that can be transformed by the child.
Ask whether this art project will expand or limit creativity and the cognitive thought process.

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Art materials for preschool and early
elementary grades include:

Drawing (pencils, markers, chalk, crayons)

Painting (tempera, watercolor, acrylic, finger paints)

Collage (materials for two and three-dimensional creations)

Sculpture (materials such as boxes, wood, rolled up newspaper to create three dimensional figures)

Modeling (clay and dough)

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Children also need:

high quality tools

a variety of kinds of paper

Why are high quality tools important?

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Did you know?

Giving children cookie cutters with clay or play dough is like giving them dittoes for drawing or coloring. It inhibits children from using their creativity and from creating their own three dimensional creations (Koster, 2005).

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

The children collected, sorted, and organized materials making diverse materials available for art activities.

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Children need opportunities to engage in in-depth artwork

In-depth artwork:

assists children to deepen learning

enhances artistic outcomes

In-depth artwork can be encouraged through:

repetition with a medium

revisiting the same piece of art

creating an idea using different types of media

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

When can children begin using art media?

Children can begin to engage in art as soon as they show an interest.
Beginning at the age of one, most children will draw, make collages, paint, and model with clay or play dough.

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Responding to art

With adult guidance children can consider multiple aspects of a picture

subject

medium

elements

mood being conveyed

Did you know?

Children tend to prefer bright, saturated colors, pictures with a familiar subject, and simple compositions (Epstein & Trimis, 2002).

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Responding to art

It is important to add materials to your art center and classroom that will over time expose children to:

famous works of art

art from different time periods and different cultural groups

art that features different art media and styles

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Teachers assist children to meet the goal of creating art by:

providing materials and activities for drawing, painting, collage, sculpture, and modeling

teaching art techniques

providing appropriate tools and paper

discussing children’s artistic creations

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Teachers assist children to meet the goal of creating art by:

providing art materials that can be transformed

allowing adequate time to explore each new medium, tool, or element

encouraging in-depth artwork through revisiting

acknowledging learners

observing and documenting children’s art processes and products

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

Meeting the needs of all learners

The art center and materials need to reflect cultural diversity and learners with differing abilities.

Art provides an opportunity to expose children to:

local culture

their own unique culture

the culture of others

Art activities can also perpetuate stereotypes, so it is important to carefully choose activities.

Creating Environments for Learning: Birth to Age Eight, 3e Bullard

In the art area, children participate in self-expression, create unique visual images of their ideas and thoughts, and engage in problem solving and inquiry.

As children create and study art they take part in a universal language that breaks cultural barriers and transcends the changes of time.