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Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior

Criminology Today

An Integrated Introduction

CHAPTER

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Principles of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories

Forensic psychology

The application of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system

Forensic psychiatry

A medical subspecialty applying psychiatry to the needs of crime prevention and solution, criminal rehabilitation, and issues of criminal law

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Figure 6-1 Assumptions of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories of Crime Causation Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

History of Psychological Theories

Key ideas characterizing early psychological theories

Personality

Behaviorism/behavioral conditioning

Psychoanalytic theory

An outgrowth of personality theory

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Personality Disturbances

Psychopathology

Any psychological disorder that causes distress for an individual or for those in the individual's life

Psychopathy

A specific and distinctive type of psychopathology

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychopath

Psychopathy

Personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of sympathy, empathy, embarrassment

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychopath

Hervey M. Cleckley developed the concept of a psychopathic personality.

Psychopath as "moral idiot"

Poverty of affect

Inability to accurately imagine how others think and feel

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Figure 6-2 Selected Characteristics of the Psychopathic Personality Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Types of Psychopaths

Primary psychopaths

Born with psychopathic personalities

Secondary psychopaths

Born with "normal" personality, develop psychopathic tendencies

Charismatic psychopaths

Charming, attractive, habitual liars

Distempered psychopaths

Easily offended, fly into rages

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychopath

Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)

Definitive measure of psychopathy

Recent research suggests psychopaths do know the difference between right and wrong

Recent study of adolescent psychopaths found intensive treatment was linked to reduced violent recidivism

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Antisocial/asocial personality

Individuals who are basically unsocialized and whose behavior patterns bring them into repeated conflicts with society.

Individuals who exhibit an antisocial personality are said to be suffering from antisocial personality disorder.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Incidence of ASPD in general population about 2% but as many as 60% of male prisoners may be suffering from ASPD.

Causes of ASPD unclear

Somatogenic causes

Psychogenic causes

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Trait Theory

Eysenck explained crime as result of fundamental personality traits.

Introversion/extraversion

Neuroticism/emotional stability

Psychoticism

Personality stable throughout life, largely determined by genetics

Psychoticism closely correlated with criminality

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Figure 6-3 The Big Five Personality Dimensions

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Theories

Learning theories examine thought processes and try to explain how people:

Learn to solve problems

Perceive and interpret the social environment

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Moral Development Theory

Jean Piaget

Human thinking goes through stages of development

Sensory-motor stage

Preoperational stage

Concrete operational stage

Formal operational stage

Child moves from moral absolutism to moral relativism.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Moral Development Theory

Kohlberg said preference for higher levels of moral thinking universal in humans.

Research shows offenders have less ability in making moral judgments.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Figure 6-4 Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Information-Processing Theory

Study of human perceptions, information processing, decision making

Violent individuals may be using information incorrectly when making decisions.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Information-Processing Theory

Script theory

Generalized knowledge about specific types of situations stored in the mind

Career offenders develop scripts to guide them through criminal activity.

Criminal scripts help form criminal identity.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Criminal Mind-Set

Criminals make different assumptions about living and behaving than noncriminals.

Criminal personality develops early in childhood.

Includes ways of thinking characteristic of many types of criminals but not shared by noncriminals

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Criminal Behavior as Maladaptation

Psychiatric criminology envisions a complex set of drives and motives that operate from within the personality to determine behavior.

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis

Criminal behavior is maladaptive, the product of inadequacies in the offender's personality.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Figure 6-5 The Psychoanalytic Structure of Personality Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

Violent criminal behavior dominated by the id, leaving offenders unable to control impulsive and pleasure-seeking drives.

Repressed needs provide another path to criminality

Many criminals have a secret need to be punished.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychotic Offender

Psychosis

Mental illness characterized by a lack of contact with reality

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychotic Offender

Characteristics of psychotic individuals

A grossly distorted conception of reality

Inappropriate moods and mood swings

Marked inefficiency in getting along with others and caring for oneself

Not all psychotic persons commit crimes.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Freud

Aggression is a natural response to frustration and limitations.

Frustration-aggression theory

Direct aggression toward others is the most likely consequence of frustration.

Aggression can be manifested in socially acceptable ways or engaged in vicariously.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Crime as Adaptation

Crime as an adaptation to life's stresses

Alloplastic adaptation

Crime reduces stresses by producing changes in the environment.

Autoplastic adaptation

Crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems.

Stress as a causative agent in crime commission

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminogenic Needs

Criminogenic needs

Dynamic risk factors of offenders and their circumstances associated with rates of recidivism

May not be actual needs/desires but psychological indicators of maladaptive functioning

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Attachment Theory

Healthy personality development requires child to have a close, continuous relationship with mother.

Forms of attachment

Secure attachment (a healthy form)

Anxious-avoidant attachment

Anxious-resistant attachment

Difficulties in childhood appear to produce criminality later in life.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Behavior Theory

Ivan Pavlov

Behavior can be conditioned or shaped.

Classical conditioning

Behavior can be predictably changed by association with external changes in the surrounding environment.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Behavioral Conditioning

Behavior theory

Stimulus-response theory of human behavior

Operant behavior

Behavior choices operate on the surrounding environment to produce consequences.

Rewards increase the frequency of behavior.

continued on next slide

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Behavioral Conditioning

Operant behavior

Punishments decrease frequency of behavior.

Major determinants of behavior exist in the environment, not in the individual.

People can be conditioned to respond with prosocial or antisocial behavior.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Social Cognition and the Role of Modeling

Gabriel Tarde's three laws of imitation

People in close contact tend to imitate each other's behavior.

Imitation moves from the top down.

New acts and behaviors either reinforce or replace old ones.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Social Cognition Theory

Albert Bandura

Everyone is capable of aggression but must learn how to behave aggressively.

Concepts central to theory

Observation

Imitation

Modeling

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Social Cognition Theory

Most behavior learned by observing and modeling

Aggression can be provoked through assaults, verbal threats, thwarting hopes, obstructing goals.

Disengagement allows people who devalue aggression to engage in it.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Policy and Treatment Implications

Correctional psychology

Concerned with diagnosis and classification, treatment, rehabilitation of offenders

Some of the most successful treatments emphasize changing offender personality characteristics, such as impulsivity

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cognitive Behavioral Intervention

Offenders need to acquire better social skills to become more prosocial.

Lets offenders modify their cognitive processes to control themselves, interact positively with others

Target offender's environment, behavioral responses skill development

Increase reasoning skills, problem-solving skills, expand empathy

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Assessing Dangerousness

Selective incapacitation

Based on the notion of career criminality

Protect society by incarcerating most dangerous individuals

Use of psychological techniques to identify future offenders and those likely to reoffend

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Assessing Dangerousness

Strategy depends on accurately identifying potentially dangerous offenders.

Risk assessment/classification tools continually being developed, improved

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Predicting Criminality

Recent study found strong relationship between childhood behavioral difficulties and later problem behavior.

Prediction requires more than generalities.

Difference between predicting percentage of people in a population who will be criminals and predicting which individuals will violate the law

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Critique of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories of Crime

Theories criticized for failing to consider social or environmental conditions that produce crime

Idea of moral reasoning sense puts loss of control within individual.

Physical/social barriers to crime may be more effective.

Individual theories have also been criticized on various levels.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminal Psychological Profiling

Psychological profiling

Assists police investigators

Based on idea that behavioral clues left at crime scene may reflect offender's personality.

Useful in repetitive crimes, hostage negotiations

Some psychologists discount value of profiling

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Psychological Autopsy

Procedure for investigating a person's death by reconstructing what the person thought, felt, did before death

Particular focus on identifying patterns consistent with personality disorders, mental illness.

Help determine why a particular mode of death resulted, help identify contributing factors

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Insanity and the Law

Insanity

Legal concept, refers to type of defense allowed in criminal courts

M'Naughten Rule

Individuals cannot be held criminally responsible if they did not know what they were doing or did not know that what they were doing was wrong.

continued on next slide

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Insanity and the Law

Irresistible-Impulse Test

Defendant is not guilty if by virtue of his/her mental state s/he was unable to resist committing the action.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Guilty But Mentally Ill

Individual can be held responsible for a criminal act, even though a degree of mental incompetence is present.

Requirements for verdict

All required statutory elements proven

Defendant found mentally ill at time of the crime

Defendant not found legally insane at time of the crime

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Guilty But Mentally Ill

If GBMI verdict returned, judge may impose any sentence possible under the law for the crime in question.

GBMI offenders sent to psychiatric hospital for treatment

Transferred to prison after "cured"

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Problems with the Insanity Defense

Must be brought before court, proven by defense

Rarely used, rarely successful

Defendant found NGRI likely to spend a long time in court-ordered institutional psychiatric treatment.

Critics question whether idea of mental illness or insanity useful in study of criminology.

Discussion B

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