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PPEproposal.docIntroduction
Pandemics refer to large-scale occurrences of a disease that is infectious that normally lead to increased deaths over a large geographical area, causing political, economic, and social disruptions. Studies have indicated that the likelihood of pandemics has heightened over the past decades due to increased international travels and integration, alteration in land utilization, extreme exploitation of the natural environment, and urbanization. Therefore, due to the acute devastations brought about by pandemics, there is a need for countries to prepare for future pandemics. Likewise, the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has affected the lives of individuals in varying dimensions, thus necessitating the implementation of better preparedness and response measures.
The Rationale for the Study
The Covid-19 pandemic has had severe implications in various sectors globally. However, the intensity of the implications varied from one country to another due to the level of preparedness and response measures that were implemented. Therefore, there is a need to highlight the manner in which various countries prepared for the pandemic and offer recommendations of better ways of preparing for pandemics in the future.
The study will focus on various aspects of pandemic preparedness, among them actions of preparedness and the level of preparedness nationally. Regarding actions, the study will look into situation monitoring and assessment, planning and coordination, reduction of the transmission of disease, continuity of health care provision, and communications. The aim of planning and coordination is to provide leadership and harmonization across sectors. It also aids with the integration of pandemic preparedness into the frameworks of national emergency preparedness. Concerning situation monitoring and assessment, there is a need to gather, interpret, and share information on the risk before its occurrence, when it occurs, and assess the characteristics of the risk. For instance, with the current covid-19 pandemic, both public and private agencies should monitor the pandemic features, including the patterns of transmission and the continuous flare-up of different variants of the virus. Hence, this will aid in coming up with measures that will counter severe outcomes of a similar pandemic in the future. An action such as reducing the spread of the disease depends on several measures among them national and international measures and utilization of vaccines. Therefore, the study will shed light on the measures that should be implemented in curtailing the spread of the disease. Some of the measures include the introduction of face masks, increasing the social distance among individuals, encouragement of individual hygiene, and the use of appropriate drugs and vaccines. Concerning international travel measures, the team tasked with pandemic preparedness should strike a balance between reducing the risks to public health and interfering with global trade and traffic. Regarding continuity of healthcare provision, healthcare services should be offered even when the system is tackling an increase of patients resulting from a pandemic. For instance, during the covid-19 pandemic, the healthcare system was paralyzed in the sense that some crucial services could not be offered due to the increased cases of covid-19 infections. Therefore, in the future, it will be necessary to plan for heave capacity in health care facilities for purposes of determining the extent to which the existing healthcare system can expand to handle the additional patient burden. Moreover, it will be a requirement for healthcare organizations to maintain enough triage and infection control measures to safeguard patients, healthcare staff, and visitors. Additionally, communications play a critical role prior to and during a pandemic since it creates an avenue for the provision and exchange of significant information with citizens, stakeholders, and partners, thus enabling them to make concrete decisions and adopt appropriate actions required in health protection, safety and response; all of which are essential in ensuring effective risk management.
The research will focus on two countries, namely China and the U.K. Hence, this will involve looking into the manner in which the two countries prepared for the pandemic and the way in which they responded to the pandemic. Thus, the study will further highlight the challenges experienced by the two countries as well as the critical measures that they introduced.
Research Questions
· How did China and U.K. prepare for the Covid-19 pandemic?
· What crucial measures have each country introduced?
· What are the social outcomes of the various approaches utilized by the private sectors?
Literature Review
There is a need to plan and prepare for the potential of overwhelming infectious outbreaks like influenza, which has resulted in additional trials in medicine and pediatric acute care. However, the field of medicine has experienced immense changes over the last one hundred years since the occurrence of the influenza pandemic. One such change is the introduction of significant care medication that allows the endurance of severely ill patients, which would have been unmanageable previously (Hamele et al., 2018). Moreover, with the technological advancement and availability of resources in numerous developed countries, the care of individuals and groups of patients has not experienced any rationalization despite the fact that critical resources are normally a limiting factor during winter peak census periods (Hamele et al., 2018). However, in a quick rejoinder, the authors highlight that in the event that a great pandemic emerges, the capability to serve huge figures of patients using the old-fashioned approaches that health facilities are accustomed to will be sternly affected.
Additionally, the study share that children are usually an overrepresented population during man-made and natural disasters due to inborn social vulnerabilities and physiological variations. For instance, when influenza endemic occurs, the representation of children in the intensive care unit is normally high because, unlike adults, they need automated airing (Hamele et al., 2018). The study indicates that numerous constitutional and healthcare system catastrophe administration plans do not usually integrate pediatric clients adequately into the general scheduling process (Hamele et al., 2018). However, despite the mentioned shortcomings, research indicates that some advancement has been witnessed in the last numerous years via the sturdy activism of pediatric benefactors and pediatric firms.
Consequently, the research further highlights the challenges ailing the health industry more so during pandemics or massive disasters. One of the challenges is that planning for care for patients during pandemics lacks existing evidence and hurdles to imminent study. The research further indicates that with the limited figure of designated pediatric beds combined with high inconsistency in pediatric care specialist compactness, there is the likelihood that there would be an acute deficiency of subject care during an epidemic.
Covid-19 has had severe implications in the health care system. These implications are following the confirmation of over one hundred and nine million cases and the deaths of over two million individuals (Disparte, 2021). In as much as some countries have been spared, the majority are experiencing the tension between maintaining social freedoms and engagement in efforts of combined defense against the virus. The U.S. bears the greatest human toll as a result of the virus, with 25.4 percent of the confirmed cases and almost five hundred thousand deaths (Disparte, 2021). Additionally, the report shares that despite pandemic preparedness having zealous support from individuals such as Bill Gates and Tom Ridge, Covid-19 has proved otherwise by showcasing the manner in which countries were ill-prepared in combating a 100-year pandemic (Disparte, 2021). However, useful lessons could be drawn from the lack of preparedness for aiding the current recovery efforts and increasing future readiness for the next communicable disease that will threaten the world.
In order for future preparedness for pandemics, the restoration of institutional and public health relies heavily on community trust. It has been witnessed during the covid-19 pandemic whereby the first line of defense has been public adherence to health directives, observation of social distance, wearing masks, quarantine, and taking of the vaccine (Disparte, 2021). The report points out that the fight against covid-19, just like previous pandemics, has suffered from several obstinate setbacks such as cyber-attacks trying to bring down the efforts of the search for a cure or vaccine. The erosion of public trust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the popular World Health Organization (WHO), and medicinal firms have beckoned the need for reform (Disparte, 2021). The other way of improving preparedness is through the fortification of early alert frameworks. Countries like South Korea and Singapore have an effective disease outbreak early alert system (Disparte, 2021). Studies have indicated that individuals are used to the perennial threat of communicable upper respiratory diseases in Southeast Asia. As such, the majority of these diseases have been identified and controlled via preventive measures such as temperature checks, airport entry checks, and wider social acceptance of wearing masks. Therefore, due to such measures, nations with crowded urban environments like Taiwan have fared well in terms of handling covid-19 infections (Disparte, 2021). Consequently, the mentioned examples demonstrate the significance of building systems for defense against infectious diseases.
Emerging threats require the outmost edge that serves as an authentic early alert system. Gobat et al. (2018) study indicates that the re-emergence communicable disease epidemic is among the uppermost urgencies for civic emergency planning. The authors share that despite the strides made in clinical study approaches, reports have highlighted existing gaps in medical studies that are patient-centered. For example, this is because they are not adequately entrenched in epidemic rejoinders, thus cannot offer updates to medical management regarding the responses of public health and patients (Gobat et al., 2018). In addition to that, the study indicates that funded medical research systems provide a remedy. However, they need processes that are well-specified for a speedy response. Therefore, it developed an operational framework detailing the manner in which PREPARE is prompted, escalates, and de-escalates response.
The occurrence of the coronavirus endemic has had a major influence on various sectors globally. For instance, some of the severely affected sectors include the medical fraternity, where covid-19 has led to the implementation of numerous changes that have heightened anxiety and stress among medical students (Chandratre & Soman, 2020). The evolvement of the pandemic has led to the implementation of measures such as travel restrictions that have hindered the interviewing cycle in 2021 (Chandratre & Soman, 2020). The interviewing process is fundamental for securing job positions. However, with the uncertainty surrounding covid-19, numerous institutions have been forced to transition from face-to-face interviewing to virtual interviewing for the upcoming interviewing season. In as much as virtual interviewing may be utilized more in nonmedical disciplines, limited studies exist regarding the utilization of virtual interviewing in the medical literature. Moreover, face-to-face interviewing remains the most preferred method of the process of candidate selection. Face-to-face interviewing gives room to the assessment of interpersonal communication skills. Therefore, organizations should update their web pages for purposes of adequate utilization of virtual interviewing (Chandratre & Soman, 2020). Hence, this will facilitate the reflection of their current status, thus aiding candidates to retrieve enough information offline.
Additionally, the web page should entail frequently answered questions for purposes of guiding applicants. Organizations should have high-quality recorded virtual tours of the interviewing firm in order to eliminate helplessness among applicants who cannot tour the facility in person (Chandratre & Soman, 2020). It will also accord applications the opportunity to get the feeling of the facility's geographical surroundings. Consequently, firms could go the extra mile by offering videos on nearby daycare and other children's activities to cater to candidates with children. Prior to conducting the actual interview, a 'test run' should be done to check on the existence of any technical error on either side. Moreover, in order to ensure a seamless interviewing process, companies should utilize a virtual platform that allows free account setup, easy access ability, and an opening of creating breakout rooms (Chandratre & Soman, 2020). Breakrooms are vital since they enable the organizers to assist applicants in transitioning into their numerous interviews. They also facilitate the interactions of candidates with future colleagues and fellow candidates. Regarding applicants, the success of the implementation of virtual interviewing requires applicants to adequately review the web pages of companies and other sources of organizational data to get a better comprehension of the firm. They should also conduct individual research for purposes of obtaining the missing details.
Prior to the interview, applicants reach out to organizations with queries that would aid them in analyzing the company's fit. Norton et al. (2020) report that researchers and funders globally are reacting to the coronavirus catastrophe with urgency, collaboration, and efficiency, unlike before. Over the last eight months, the international well-being research community has produced and disseminated vast information regarding the medical characterization, heredities, epidemiology, scientific management, and verdict of the coronavirus (Norton et al., 2020). For example, this has aided in building on significant prior preparation since researchers, health care practitioners, and other multilateral agencies had predicted and equipped themselves in readiness for a pandemic for several years (Norton et al., 2020). However, additional information is required to control the pandemic and for safe simplification of the coronavirus measures. The Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GRCIDP) is a worldwide system encompassing healthcare investors and stakeholders designed nine years ago with the aim of ensuring readiness for a harmonized study reaction to pandemics and epidemics. The network strives to resolve existing hurdles that hinder adequate research regarding pandemics by encouraging response and preparedness activities (Norton et al., 2020). In December 2019, the network organized a borderlines meeting with medical trial teams and partners, together with vital shareholders that take part in the preparation and response of catastrophes internationally. The meeting aimed to identify how the mentioned groups would collaborate in the delivery of coordinated research responses in case of a pandemic (Norton et al., 2020). Consequently, the report further highlights the recommendations acknowledged by the members informing the continuing research backing and practice during the coronavirus pandemic and future-readiness for other epidemics. The network recommended coordination across clinical trials and cohorts to effectively utilize the scarce resources, thus ensuring that researchers are not overwhelmed due to alterations in contraction rates varying geographically. Moreover, the network recommended a sustainable financing and investigation capability throughout the inter-epidemic periods to guarantee rapid initiation of valuable research for pandemics (Norton et al., 2020). The network recommended utilizing the existing studies by building on them rather than introducing fresh research during epidemics since the process consumes significant time. It was further recommended that local research be strengthened, and response agencies should work closely with governments, regional and local partners, and communities to develop national research plans.
Research has indicated that numerous health care systems facing respiratory viral infection epidemics such as Covid-19 lack adequate preparation in managing them. On the other hand, public health alleviation solutions ranging from the separation of infected individuals to the implementation of the country's curfews and lockdowns have been effective in controlling the outbreak (Cascini et al., 2021). Consequently, the authors share that there is a need to adjust the public health measures to ensure efficient transition stages, thus avoiding new outbreaks. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has revealed loopholes in numerous health systems. Covid-19 was confirmed as a pandemic on 11th March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). By 27th July 2020, the virus had infected over sixteen million individuals, and over seven hundred thousand deaths had been reported globally (Cascini et al., 2021). As such, the severity of the pandemic necessitated public health experts and government representatives to undertake efficient public health measures and restriction policies that have so far contributed to reduced cases. However, in as much as measures resulted in reduced infection cases, adequate planning and adjustment are paramount in reaching and maintaining a state of low infection levels or no transmissions. For instance, this is the case because the authors anticipate a likelihood of an extended transition period of the pandemic (Cascini et al., 2021). Moreover, the authors point out the requirement to establish and to give policies and guidelines for pandemic control, preparedness, and management to assist in decision-making. The necessity of the national-level policies describing how state, local, and territorial health departments and key staff members and organizations should carry out their operations during a pandemic is also significant for the containment of the illness (Cascini et al., 2021). Thus, the authors further shed light on the need to update the policies on a regular basis.
The nature of any global disaster is that it causes significant loss of life and destruction of many financial systems. Worldwide catastrophes such as warfare and pandemics are classified as occurrences that cause disruption to health and social care, the economy, the community, and the education system (Ashcroft et al., 2020). Disasters lead to significant loss of life and a huge burden placed on healthcare services regarding the provision of vital medical care. Therefore, the need to apply collaborative approaches in the delivery of healthcare services and such services should utilize the expertise and skills of numerous individuals. Additionally, the authors further highlight the need to utilize the training acquired by medical students during pandemics. For example, this is the case apart from the formal teaching accorded to medical students in terms of knowledge, behaviors, and skills. They receive broad training that could be useful during disasters and pandemics (Ashcroft et al., 2020). The same could be supported with aide specialist training. Consequently, the increasing prevalence of global adversities and the effect of the present-day Covid-19 endemic has warranted the necessity for training healthcare students on the preparation of catastrophe (Ashcroft et al., 2020). Hence, this is paramount because when healthcare students have skills in calamity management, they will be better placed in offering assistance in both healthcare and non-healthcare roles. This assistance will be perfect during scenarios of endemic than redeploying high-ranking medical practitioners with superior expert knowledge and skills.
Current studies have indicated the existence of limited or lack of coverage to adversity training within the existing core curriculum of medical training globally. Hence, such a situation is dire because healthcare students would be unprepared for a daunting and unversed scenario when helping the healthcare workforce. The authors claim that the current endemic of the coronavirus is speedily motivating healthcare employees in the U.K. (Ashcroft et al., 2020). Thus, this is the case because there was an announcement by the health secretary of the United Kingdom in March regarding plans of introducing healthcare students as unpaid assistants to the National Health System (NHS). As a rejoinder, the British Medical Association and Medical Schools Council offered straightforward advice concerning healthcare students being absorbed into the U.K.'s healthcare workforce by proposing precise induction, training, and supervision (Ashcroft et al., 2020). Therefore, this action ensured that highly qualified health care workers would join the industry.
The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in an acute effect on nations' healthiness and socio-economic arrangements internationally. The authors share that the pandemic has claimed the lives of numerous individuals, and a huge percentage of people have been infected globally (Jaguga & Kwobah, 2020). Equally, the mitigation measures applied in the pandemic control efforts such as lockdowns, curfews, travel restrictions, and isolation have amounted to job losses, interferences of day-to-day customs, and loneliness. Such outcomes have further created room for mental health issues among individuals in society (Jaguga & Kwobah, 2020). Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that the pandemic has impacted mental health in anxiety and stress. Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts an increase in depression, suicide, and substance abuse during the pandemic period. Consequently, limited mitigation measures will lead to the experience of two waves of undesirable outcomes of psychological health by countries (Jaguga & Kwobah, 2020). The initial wave will be highly characterized by anxiety, and it will correspond with heightened cases of coronavirus. The succeeding wave of psychological health outcomes will involve Post –Traumatic Stress Disorder, suicide, hopelessness, relapse of individuals with disorders, and it will correspond to the post-endemic period. The outbreak of SARS that took place in China in the year 2002 infected almost eight thousand and five hundred individuals internationally, and the death toll was nine hundred globally (Khanna et al., 2020). However, the Covid-19 pandemic has had ravaging effects since it has infected millions of individuals and numerous deaths globally (Khanna et al., 2020). Research has indicated that the spread of Covid-19 is wider due to increased urbanization and international travels over the last two decades (Khanna et al., 2020). Therefore, the measures that were utilized during the SARS outbreak cannot be applied in the current pandemic.
There is a need to come up with suitable measures that will mitigate the virus. The authors share that based on the past experience regarding epidemics and pandemics, as well as the current comprehension of Covid-19, the World Health Organization has suggested regular washing of hands, avoidance of touching eyes, mouth, or nose, and the practice of respiratory hygiene (Khanna et al., 2020). Likewise, due to the prolonged survival of the virus on surfaces such as plastic, copper, and stainless steel, the surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned with disinfectants (Khanna et al., 2020). Individuals with cough, fever, and breathing challenges are advised to seek medical attention (Khanna et al., 2020). Hence, there is a recommendation for social distancing at both personal and community levels.
It is evident that Covid-19 is an acute pandemic that endangers the lives of individuals. Some of the impacts of the virus include alteration of the mode of education, job losses, among other changes (Al Thobaity & Alshammari, 2020). However, inasmuch as numerous countries had implemented diseases, mitigation, preparedness, and responses, the measure was inadequate in mitigating the pandemic events. Many countries experienced paralysis in healthcare systems while others consumed their medical resources (Al Thobaity & Alshammari, 2020). Additionally, the detection of the pandemic varied in various countries since, in some countries, the figures of infected individuals were high, and they increased speedily, while in other nations, the numbers were low and declined with time. The study further highlights the challenges facing the fight against the virus, such as the shortage of nurses when attending to individuals affected by the virus.
Methodology
The study will utilize case study as a research design. This will aid in answering the research questions outlined below:
· How did China and U.K. prepare for the Covid-19 pandemic?
· What crucial measures have each country introduced?
· What are the social outcomes of the various approaches utilized by the private sectors?
Case Study
A case study is the research design that will be used in the research. The design aligns to the research questions since they involve comparing the manner in which China and U.K. prepared for the Covid-19 Pandemic and a description of the measures and outcomes of the approaches utilized. The method is suitable for the study since it is usually used in organizational studies because it gives room for detailed investigation (Meyer, 2001). Besides, this method is suitable for studies aimed at providing a description, comparison, evaluation, and comprehension of various aspects of a research problem. It will involve the use of qualitative methods. Hence, the research design will be suitable for the study because the study strives to offer concrete, contextual, and in-depth knowledge concerning an ongoing global pandemic.
Secondary and Primary Sources
The process of data collection will involve the use of qualitative techniques such as primary sources, among them journals, video recording, government publications, newspapers, and speeches. It will also involve analysis of secondary sources such as dissertations, documentaries, and references. Primary sources are significant in the study because they directly address the topic and normally offer information unavailable elsewhere. On the other hand, secondary sources offer different expert perspectives. Additionally, researching secondary sources is efficient, time-saving, and it allows the researcher to generate new insights from the previous analysis. Consequently, secondary sources provide a huge amount of data due to a wide range of sources. Moreover, the research will adopt the qualitative method. Thus, this is the case because the research involves collecting and analyzing data from sources such as video recording, journals, and newspapers, among others that are non-numerical in nature. Additionally, the method will facilitate the collection of in-depth insights as well as the generation of new ideas in the research.
Ethical Considerations
The study will consider several ethical issues and are usually connected to the existing roles and relationships. Additionally, the roles and intentions of the researcher and the respondents will also be reviewed (Holian & Coghlan, 2012). Therefore, the study will focus on confidentiality, the potential for harm, consent matters, communication of results, and voluntary participation.
· Confidentiality : Regarding confidentiality, the researcher will not disclose the identity of the respondents in the resulting report, and this will be done to ensure the protection of the participants. However, in the event that it will be difficult to protect the identity of the respondents, the same will be stated clearly to the participants.
· Potential for harm : Concerning potential harm, during research, respondents could experience emotional harm, physical harm or mental harm (Holian & Coghlan, 2012). The researcher will take the initiative to determine the possibility of either of the mentioned harms and come up with mitigation measures.
· Consent : In matters pertaining to consent, the researcher will provide a consent form to the targeted participants. This will be done several weeks prior to the collection of data so that candidates can have enough time to decide whether they will take part in the exercise. Communication of results : After the collection of data, the process of data analysis and interpretation will adhere to transparency, honesty, and accurate representation of data (Holian & Coghlan, 2012).
· Voluntary Participation : The researcher will not use any form of force or coercion to lure participants into taking part in the study.
Approaches to Data Analysis
Data analysis involves the utilization of logical techniques for describing the scope of data, condensing the representation of data, and illustrating data through tables, graphs, and tables. Therefore, the approach that will be applied in the research is qualitative coding.
Qualitative Coding
The study will utilize qualitative coding, and this is the case because by using primary sources and secondary documents, there will be a need to extract useful data. Therefore, the process involves several small steps combined to comprehend the information (Auerbach and Silverstein, 2003). The steps are made up of various levels, namely raw data, pertinent text, repeated ideas, subjects, theoretical concepts, theoretical account, and research apprehensions. Regarding relevant data, the researcher will reduce the text to manageable proportions by discarding irrelevant information. Secondly, the researcher will identify the utilization of similar phrases or words by respondents. Such repetitions aid the researcher by shedding light on the research apprehensions (Auerbach and Silverstein, 2003). Regarding the theme, it refers to the grouping of repeated ideas. Additionally, coding involves labeling and organizing qualitative data for purposes of identifying various themes and the connections between them. Coding simplifies data interpretation. It could be defined as breaking down data into small segments to comprehend data prior to converting it into a report (Elliott, 2018). Thus, this is the case because when codes are assigned to phrases and words, the process aids the researcher in analyzing and summarizing the data of the whole study.
The study will have a massive contribution to knowledge and practice. This is the case because the study focuses on preparedness for future pandemics. As such, by shading light on the challenges and shortcomings experienced during the current pandemic, various sectors such as healthcare will adopt new modes of preparedness. Therefore, organizations will gain insights regarding the areas that should be rectified to averting severe consequences in the future in the event of another pandemic.
Contribution of the Study to Knowledge and Practice
The occurrence of pandemics and epidemics affects various spheres of life globally. By conducting research on the ways of preparing for future pandemics, the study will highlight critical areas that should be looked into by governments, private sectors, and other agencies when preparing for future pandemics. In addition to that, the study will point out the existing loopholes that organizations should work on bettering future preparedness. Besides, the research will make recommendations such as the channeling of adequate resources and funding to healthcare systems for purposes of averting paralysis in future pandemics. Moreover, the study will highlight the mistakes learned during the current pandemic. For example, some of the mistakes include the reluctance of countries to inform the public about the severity of the virus during its commencement. A country like China would have curtailed the rapid spread of the virus if the government had taken the necessary measures, such as restricting movement during the initial stages of the pandemic (Holian & Coghlan, 2012). Additionally, the other mistake was a lack of effective communication. This scenario was evident because authorities in various countries hedged the efficacy of masks by sharing that the virus was not spreading in the general community. Consequently, they hinted that they did not recommend the public's continuous wearing of face masks to prevent respiratory diseases (Holian & Coghlan, 2012). Thus, this was a significant fault because citizens became confused, and it later turned out that masks played a critical role in mitigating the spread of the virus.
The mentioned loopholes will be resourceful to various stakeholders involved in pandemic preparedness. Additionally, the study will equip agencies with adequate knowledge regarding preparing for pandemics in the future, thus avoiding the severe consequences witnessed during the covid-19 pandemic that crippled both national and international operations. Moreover, numerous lives were lost, a scenario that could have been avoided by implementing adequate measures. Therefore, the research will provide measures that will guide future preparation of pandemics as well as proper distribution of resources. By focusing on preparedness for future pandemics, the research will shed light on the sectors such as healthcare that require proper systems and management for optimum operation during pandemics. By focusing on countries such as China and the U.K., the research will offer useful lessons regarding the areas that should be improved and those that should be emulated by other nations globally. Consequently, by looking into the social outcomes of the various approaches utilized by the private sectors, government entities will acquire insights on additional approaches that might be implemented in future preparedness.
Timeline of Conducting the Research
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Dissertation Milestones |
To Be Completed By |
Supervisor Signature |
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Chapter I: Introduction · Introduction · Purpose of the study · Research Questions |
10th June-17th June |
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Chapter II: Literature Review · Introduction · Review of research |
20th June-28th June |
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Chapter III: Methodology · Introduction · Research Design |
1st July -21ST July |
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Chapter IV: Data Collection · Introduction · Findings · Data Analysis |
25th July-1st August |
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Chapter V: Summary, Implications and Outcomes · Introduction · Summary of Findings · Recommendations for Future Research |
5th August-12th August |
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Table 1
Conclusion
In conclusion, based on the intended research, it is paramount for countries and agencies globally to collaborate in the preparedness for future pandemics. Hence, this is because studies have indicated that numerous changes have occurred in the last two decades, thus affecting the patterns of pandemics. In short, better policies and measures would be provided when various skills and knowledge are harnessed.
