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PP6.pptxChapter 6
Gender and Emotion
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Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
Emotionality
Women more emotional
Pervasive stereotype
Workplace
Education
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
Specific Emotions
Stereotypes
Appropriate emotions
Ethnic variations
Interpersonal interactions
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Gender stereotypes hold that not only are women more emotional than men, but there are specific emotions that are appropriate based on one’s gender.
Majority of emotions are stereotyped as appropriate for women.
All male-stereotyped emotions are associated with dominance and power.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
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Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
Some Consequences of Gender Stereotypes About Emotion
Stereotype violator
Displays of emotions
Feelings
Causes of emotions
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Emotion stereotypes regulate people’s behavior and help to preserve the organization of social groups.
Men are believed to have better control over the expression of their emotions compared to women.
For women in leadership roles too much emotional expression violates their leadership role, but too little emotional expression violates their gender role.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
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Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
The Politics of Emotion
Regulate behavior
Emotional control
Leadership
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
When a major stereotype violation that we cannot ignore occurs we are likely to respond negatively to the stereotype violator.
Affects the emotions we see people displaying.
Can lead us to inaccurately perceive another person’s feelings.
Can lead us to ignore information about the situational causes and overemphasize the dispositional causes of women’s emotions or exaggerate the situational causes and minimize the dispositional causes of men’s emotions.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Emotional Expression and Display Rules
Experience of emotion
Expression of emotion
Display rules
Gender stereotypes
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Emotion researchers distinguish between the experience of emotion and the expression of emotion.
Display rules are a culture’s rules for which emotions can be expressed or displayed.
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Measuring Emotion
Best way
Physiological
Subjective experience
Emotional expression
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
There is no one best way to measure emotion.
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Experience Versus Expression
Externalizers
Internalizers
Generalizers
Gender role identity
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
There is no one best way to measure emotion.
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Specific Emotions
Temperament
Anger
Emotional
Fear and sadness
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
There is no one best way to measure emotion.
Boys were not more prone than girls to express anger.
Girls were not more emotional than boys.
Girls were slightly more prone than boys to express fear and sadness.
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Specific Emotions
Female-stereotyped emotions
Small differences
Shame
Male-stereotyped emotions
Anger
Contempt
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Gender differences in the female-stereotyped emotions were close to zero or very small, with the exception of shame (higher in girls).
Gender differences in the male-stereotyped emotions were mixed. Girls actually expressed more contempt than boys did. Boys expressed only slightly more anger than girls did.
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Specific Emotions
Self-conscious emotions
Guilt and shame
Embarrassment and pride
Exaggerated differences
Ethnic variation
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Self-conscious emotions are emotions about the self and often have to do with morality or adhering to social norms. Women and girls reported experiencing more guilt and shame.
Gender similarities were the rule for embarrassment and pride.
Meta-analyses of gender differences in emotional experience and expression indicate that gender stereotypes about emotions tend to be exaggerated.
Gender differences in emotional experiences may vary across ethnic groups
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Emotional Intensity
Self-reported intensity
Women report greater
Powerful emotions
Gender similarities
Powerless emotions
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Emotions that function to display one’s power and dominance and encourage competition can be considered powerful emotions.
Emotions that function to display one’s vulnerability and maintain harmony within a relationship can be considered powerless emotions.
Women reported experiencing more intense powerless emotions. Women’s emotional intensity did not vary across cultures. Men’s experience of powerless emotions depended on gender equality. Men in countries with greater gender equality tended to report less intense powerless emotions.
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Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
Emotional Intensity
Gender roles
Endorsement of gender stereotypes
Men express less
Women express more
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The more that women believe in stereotypes, the more intense they report their own emotions to be. The more that men believe in gender stereotypes, the less intense their emotions. Stereotypical men don’t express emotions and stereotypical women do.
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Emotional Competence
Women better
Regulating emotions
Recognizing emotions of others
Awareness of emotions
Encode emotions
Decoding nonverbal cues
Masking socially inappropriate emotions
Feigning polite emotions
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Emotional Competence
Men better
Emotional regulation
Motivated men
Male gender role
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Men are better in some aspects of emotion regulation.
When motivated, men can be just as emotionally competent as women are.
It seems that, unlike the female gender role, the male gender role does not entail many aspects of emotional competence.
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Emotions Beyond the Binary
Gender binary
Gender role identification
Emotional experiences of trans people
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Psychologists do not know enough about the full range of emotional experience, expression, and competence of trans people.
Several studies demonstrate that gender role identification plays a larger role than binary gender in shaping emotional expression.
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The Socialization of Gendered Emotions
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The socialization of emotion: Mothers display more intense facial expressions of emotion to infant daughters compared with infant sons.
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The Socialization of Gendered Emotions
Socialization in the Family
Gender stereotypes
Emotion socialization behaviors
Parent and child gender
Adulthood
Ethnic differences
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Parents talk about emotions differently with sons compared with daughters. When parents talk about emotions with their children, it’s often in a way that conveys gender stereotypes.
The parents, viewing a child’s behavior through the lens of gender stereotypes, perceive the child to be experiencing gendered emotions.
Parents’ patterns of socialization likely reflect the roles that they anticipate sons and daughters will hold in adulthood.
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The Socialization of Gendered Emotions
Socialization by Peers
Girls and negative emotions
Questions about the situation
Rewarding or magnifying the emotions
Overriding the emotions
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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The Socialization of Gendered Emotions
Socialization by Peers
Boys and negative emotions
Ignore or neglect emotions
Engage in physical victimization
Engage in verbal victimization
Engage in relational victimization
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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The Socialization of Gendered Emotions
Brody’s Transactional Model
Temperament
Parental response
Adult roles
Peers enforce
Social exclusion
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Transactional model in that it emphasizes the bidirectional influences of children and parents, interacting and shaping each other’s behaviors.
Parents socialize their children in socially acceptable gender-stereotyped ways, preparing them for their adult gender roles.
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Chapter Summary
Emotions and stereotypes
Ethnic differences
Gender binary
Gender socialization
Cultural norms
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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