PV5
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PP5.pptxChapter 5
Gender and Communication
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Verbal Communication
Tentativeness
Expressions of uncertainty
Hedges
Tag questions
Intensifiers
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Expressions of uncertainty include disclaimers, like “I may be wrong, but . . .”
Hedges are expressions such as “sort of” or “kind of.”
A tag question is a short phrase at the end of a declarative sentence that turns it into a question, such as “This is a great class, isn’t it?”
Intensifiers include adverbs like very, really, and vastly, such as “The governor is really interested in this proposal.”
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Verbal Communication
Affiliative Versus Assertive Speech
Different cultures hypothesis
Gender differences
Affiliative speech
Assertive speech
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Different cultures hypothesis--communication between women and men is as challenging as communication between people from different cultures.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Verbal Communication
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Verbal Communication
Interruptions
Interruptions can have multiple meanings
Clarification
Agreement or support
Express disagreement (dominance)
Change the subject (dominance)
Context
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Researchers found that men interrupt women considerably more often than women interrupt men.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Verbal Communication
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Verbal Communication
The Gender-Linked Language Effect
Girls and women
Boys and men
Subtle effect
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The Gender-Linked Language Effect--The verbal communication of girls and women tends to be rated as more socially intelligent and aesthetically pleasing, whereas the verbal communication of boys and men is rated as more dynamic and aggressive.
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Verbal Communication
Clinical Applications
Language use
Communication therapy
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Language is often used to persuade, solve problems, and connect with people. Doing these things effectively requires using our language well.
Communication therapy--working with a speech-language pathologist to change such speech features as vocal pitch, resonance, intonation, volume, articulation, and others so that speech is more aligned with gender identity.
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Verbal Communication
Electronic Communication
Text messages
Emoticons
Emails
Topics
Gendered content
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Women tend to use more emoticons, but men tend to use greater variety of emoticons. Pattern may have more to do with gender roles than actual gender.
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Nonverbal Communication
Encoding and Decoding Nonverbal Behavior
Social interaction
Gender Differences
Nonverbal messages or cues
Decoding
Gender roles
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Women convey nonverbal messages or cues more accurately than men do.
Women are also more accurate at decoding or reading others’ nonverbal cues.
Men and women differ because of pressure to adhere to different gender roles.
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Nonverbal Communication
Smiling
Women smile more
lifespan
Why Smile
Positive affect
Appeasement
Subordinate status
Female role
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Around the world, women smile more than men. Fluctuates across the lifespan, peaking in adolescence.
neutral (i.e., nonsmiling) facial expressions: resting bitch face.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Nonverbal Communication
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Nonverbal Communication
Interpersonal Distance
Gender Differences
Unfamiliar men or women
Space preferences
Gender roles
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Men tend to prefer a greater distance between themselves and another person, whereas women tend to be comfortable with a smaller difference. Particularly evident in same-gender pairs.
People tend to prefer to maintain greater interpersonal distance from unfamiliar men than they do from unfamiliar women.
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Nonverbal Communication
Eye Contact
Power and dominance
Status
Visual dominance ratio
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
In North American cultures, higher-status people tend to look at the other person while they (the dominant people) are speaking. Lower-status people tend to look at the other person while listening.
Visual dominance ratio, defined as the ratio of the percentage of time looking while speaking relative to the percentage of time looking while listening
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Nonverbal Communication
Posture: Expansive or Contractive?
Contractive posture
Expansive posture
Manspreading
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
People who are sitting or standing with their legs together and their arms close to their body are displaying a closed or contractive posture. Makes a person seem smaller and conveys submissiveness.
People who are sitting or standing with their limbs extended away from their body are displaying an open or expansive posture. Takes up more space with one’s body and conveys social dominance and confidence, sometimes referred to as power posing.
Men more likely than women to sit or stand in expansive poses. Feminists have coined the term manspreading to refer to men’s expansive posture on public transit.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Nonverbal Communication
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How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
Misgendering
Stereotypically male professions
Transgender
Harmful effects
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
Euphemisms
Distasteful or stressful
Woman
More polite or less threatening
Objectify or sexualize
Hostile connotation
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
When there are many euphemisms for a word, it is a reflection of the fact that people find the word and what it stands for to be distasteful or stressful.
Strong tendency to use euphemisms for the word woman.
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How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
Infantilizing
Boy
Male children
Girl
Female children
Female adults
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
People, rather than using woman as the parallel to man, substitute girl instead.
Women are called by a term that seems to make them less mature and less powerful than they are; women are thus infantilized in language.
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How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
Male as Normative and Female as the Exception
Masculine generics
Female-as-the-exception phenomenon
Parallel words
Noting Gender
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Masculine generics--that is, using masculine nouns and pronouns to refer to all people in a gender-neutral sense--have long been used in English.
Female-as-the-exception phenomenon occurs when a category that is considered normatively male has a female example; in those cases, gender is noted because it is a deviation from the norm.
Parallel words reflect the male-as-normative, female-as-exception pattern.
Sometimes, noting gender is a strategy to increase visibility, other times it’s not relevant to the situation and may stigmatize the person as the exception.
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How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
Gendering of Language
Natural gender languages
Grammatical gender languages
Genderless languages
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Natural gender languages--Personal pronouns are differentiated by gender (as in she, he, her, him, etc.), most personal nouns are gender neutral (e.g., English).
Grammatical gender languages--Various parts of speech (including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) that would not naturally be considered masculine or feminine are inflected with gender (e.g., Spanish).
Genderless languages--Personal nouns nor pronouns are differentiated for gender.
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How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
Does Sexist Language Actually Matter?
Sexist attitudes
Sexist language
Whorfian hypothesis
Children
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Sexist language and sexist attitudes go hand in hand. Masculine generics reflects the cultural or societal status of women and personal attitudes about gender.
Men are generally more supportive of sexist language, and women are more supportive of nonsexist language.
Some argue that sexist language is a symptom of sexist attitudes and societal gender inequality.
The Whorfian hypothesis states that the specific language we learn influences our mental processes. Thus, gendered language perpetuates gender inequality.
Concern about the effects that sexist pronoun usage has on children as their attitudes about gender and aspirations for themselves are developing.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
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Toward Nonsexist Language
He or she
Singular to plural
Gender-neutral pronouns
Tey, tem, and ter
Misgendering
Irrelevant references
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Use he or she instead of the generic he, him or her instead of him, and so on.
Switch from the singular to the plural, because plural pronouns do not signify gender.
New gender-neutral pronouns have been created, but they are not widely used yet.
Reword the sentence so that there is no necessity for a pronoun.
Making a conscious effort to avoid misgendering people is also important.
Avoid irrelevant reference to a person’s gender and gender identity.
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Toward Nonsexist Language
Institutional Change
Cisgenderism
Gender-neutral pronouns
Occupational titles
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
A number of institutions have committed themselves to using and encouraging nonsexist language (e.g., Webster’s Dictionary).
Some sexism have not yet been adequately addressed (e.g., cisgenderism).
The use of gender-neutral pronouns is increasing at universities.
Many occupational titles have also changed (e.g., firefighters).
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Toward Nonsexist Language
Language and Careers
Gender diversity
Delicate balance
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The use of sexist language in job descriptions may contribute to a lack of gender diversity in the workplace.
Women have to strike a delicate balance as they try to advance their careers without evoking the ire of gender traditionalists.
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In Conclusion
Cultural norms
Violations of gender stereotypes
Cues
Cultural contexts
Intersectionality
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Verbal and nonverbal communication are regulated by cultural norms and gender stereotypes.
Violations of gender stereotypes are sometimes perceived as evidence that a person is queer.
People often rely on verbal and nonverbal behaviors for cues about sexual orientation.
Difficult to interpret violations of gender stereotypes of verbal and nonverbal behavior.
Gendered patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors always develop in cultural contexts.
Be mindful of the intersectionality of gender and culture when interpreting gender differences and similarities.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Nonverbal Communication
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Chapter Summary
Different cultures hypothesis
Verbal communication
Gender differences
Masculine generics
Sexist language
Nonsexist language
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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