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PP15.pptxChapter 15
Gender and Mental Health
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Depression
Gender Differences
The ABC Model
Affective vulnerability
Biological vulnerabilities
Cognitive vulnerabilities
Negative life events
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
According to the DSM-5 at least five depressive symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks for a diagnosis of depression.
No matter how you count it, more women than men are depressed.
The ABC Model a vulnerability-stress model. Affective vulnerability--affective (or emotional) vulnerability. Biological vulnerabilities--focus on two potential biological factors genetics and issues associated with puberty. Cognitive vulnerabilities--negative cognitive style, rumination, and objectified body consciousness.
Girls and women actually experience slightly more negative life events.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Depression
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Alcohol- and Substance-Use Disorders
Gender and Alcohol-Use Disorder
Alcoholism
Alcohol-use disorder
Ethnic difference
Masculine problem
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Yearly, alcohol causes nearly 107,000 deaths, from car crashes to liver disease. Thirty percent of these deaths are among women.
Alcohol-use disorder is characterized not only by excessive alcohol use, but also by the associated failure to fulfill major role obligations.
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Alcohol- and Substance-Use Disorders
Causes of Gender Differences
Predictors
Substance-Use Disorder
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Heavy drinking often precedes and predicts the development of alcohol-use disorder and more men than women are heavy drinker.
Alcohol has greater bioavailability in women than in men. Women more sensitive to effects.
Genetic factors, a history of childhood adversity, having a mood disorder, and having a spouse or partner who has a drinking problem are predictors.
Substance-Use Disorder- use despite it creating significant problems in their life. Diagnostic criteria include the failure to fulfill major role obligations; the desire and perhaps failed efforts at stopping or cutting back; cravings or preoccupation with obtaining the substance; and using increasingly larger amounts.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Depression
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Diagnosis criteria
Restriction of energy intake
Fear of weight gain
Body weight or shape
Denial
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Anorexia is a disorder in which one essentially starves oneself. Anorexia disproportionately affects girls and women (more than 90% female).
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Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-eating
Lack of control
Purging behavior
Health consequences
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Bulimia Nervosa--characterized by episodes of binge-eating large amounts of food while feeling a lack of control over eating, followed by purging behavior.
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Eating Disorders
Causes of Eating Disorders
Thin ideal
Genetics
Brain mechanisms
Personal characteristics
Traumatic life events
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Many factors have been proposed as causes of or risk factors for eating disorders, including biological factors, personal traits such as perfectionism and low self-esteem, traumatic life events, and a culture that is obsessed with thinness.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Eating Disorders
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Eating Disorders
Feminist Perspective
Socialization
Ideal bodies
Normative discontent
Standards of beauty
White culture
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The feminist perspective emphasizes the socialization practices and media messages of our society over the pathology of the individual.
The gap between ideal and actual women’s bodies has increased.
Dissatisfaction with weight is so common among adolescent girls and women that it has been termed a normative discontent.
These standards of beauty are attached to White culture.
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Depression
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Eating Disorders
Treatments for Eating Disorders
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Family-based therapy (FBT)
Antidepressants
Prevention of Eating Disorders
Effective programs
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The feminist perspective emphasizes the socialization practices and media messages of our society over the pathology of the individual.
The gap between ideal and actual women’s bodies has increased.
Dissatisfaction with weight is so common among adolescent girls and women that it has been termed a normative discontent.
These standards of beauty are attached to White culture.
Multiple sessions that actively involve participants are needed. Effective programs tend to have any or all of the following emphases:
Promoting self-esteem, stress management skills, healthy weight-control behaviors, and critical analysis of the thin ideal in our culture.
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Sexism and Psychotherapy
Gender Bias in Diagnosis
Stereotypes
Gender Bias in Treatment
Gender-difference beliefs
Theoretical orientation
Misuse of power
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Diagnoses of women seeking therapy may be influenced by gender stereotypes.
The therapist uses essentialist, gender-difference beliefs in working with clients.
Theoretical orientation of the therapist or the system of therapy that they use.
The therapist misuses the power of the therapist role.
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Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Dysfunctional behaviors
Dysfunctional thought patterns
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive restructuring
Positive beliefs
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color
Therapy
Feminist Therapy
Gender is salient
Personal is political
Personal empowerment
Mutual and egalitarian
Strength focused
Caring and nurturing
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color
Intersectional approach
Gendered racism
Ethnic and racial identity
Immigrant status
Culturally competent
Psychotherapists
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Women of color and poor women have had less access to mental health services.
An intersectional approach that is attentive to the multiple disadvantages of women of color is also helpful. Must assess experiences as a multiply-marginalized individual.
Gendered racism, or other forms of intersectional disadvantage, should also be considered in the therapy setting.
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Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color
Guidelines
Attitudes and beliefs
Multicultural sensitivity and responsiveness
Culturally appropriate skills
The deficit hypothesis
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Guidelines for multicultural issues in therapy.
Recognize that, they may hold attitudes and beliefs that have a negative influence on their perceptions of and interactions with other ethnicities.
Encouraged to recognize the importance of multicultural sensitivity and responsiveness to individuals who are of a different ethnicity.
Encouraged to apply culturally appropriate skills in clinical practice.
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Psychological Practice With Trans People
Nonbinary construct
Gender identity and sexual orientation
Intersections
Attitudes and knowledge
Stigma
Institutional barriers
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Be aware of how their attitudes about and knowledge of gender identity and gender expression may affect the quality of care.
Recognize how stigma, prejudice, discrimination, and violence affect the health and well-being of transgender and gender nonconforming people.
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Psychological Practice With Trans People
Social change
Mental health concerns
Positive outcomes
Romantic and sexual relationships
Parenting and family formation
Interdisciplinary approach
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Recognize the potential benefits of an interdisciplinary approach.
Seek to understand how parenting and family formation among transgender and gender nonconforming people take a variety of forms.
Strive to understand the effects that changes in gender identity and gender expression have on the romantic and sexual relationships.
Recognize that transgender and gender nonconforming people are more likely to experience positive outcomes when social support or trans-affirmative care is received.
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Chapter Summary
Gender ratios
Theoretical perspectives
Sexism
Diagnosis and treatment
Discrimination
APA guidelines
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
American Psychological Association guidelines for psychological practice with two marginalized groups, trans people and women of color, were introduced.
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