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PP12.pptxChapter 12
Gender and Sexuality
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Physiology
Sexual response
Excitement
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Criticisms
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The physiological underpinnings are the same in men and in women, although the observable response seems different.
The clitoris is the most sexually sensitive organ in the female body. Only exclusively sexual organ in the human body.
Focuses exclusively on physiological processes and ignores cognition and affect.
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Psychological Aspects of Gender and Sexuality
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
3
Physiology
Alternative Models
Triphasic model
Sexual desire
Dual control model
Excitation
Inhibition
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The triphasic model--three components to sexual response: sexual desire, vasocongestion, and the muscle contractions of orgasm.
The dual control model--proposes that two basic processes underlie human sexual response: excitation and inhibition.
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Physiology
Clitoral orgasm
Vaginal orgasm
Freud
Physiologically
Multiple Orgasms
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Traditionally, it was thought that women, like men, experience only one orgasm, followed by a refractory period.
Research shows that women can have multiple orgasms within a short time.
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Physiology
Sexuality and Aging
Myths
Sexual desire
Sexual activity
Physiological changes
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
It is a popular belief that a woman’s sexual desire is virtually gone by the time she is 60 or so, and perhaps ceases at menopause. Myth dispelled by research.
Some people believe that sexual activity is a drain on their health and physical resources and stop all sexual activity in middle age. Myth dispelled by research.
Physiological changes occur as women age that influence sexual activity.
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Physiology
G-Spot
Female ejaculation
Fluid
Uterine orgasm
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Researchers believe it is the source of female ejaculation. Chemically similar to the seminal fluid of men, but contains no sperm.
Estimated that 10% to 20% of women ejaculate during orgasm.
Perry & Whipple theorized about a uterine orgasm. Research needed.
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Psychological Aspects of Gender and Sexuality
Gender Differences in Sexuality
Traditional stereotypes
Masturbation
Casual sex
Pornography
Orgasm consistency
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
A traditional stereotype in our culture that female (uninterested in sex and slow to arouse) sexuality and male sexuality (constantly aroused) are quite different.
Women are less likely to have masturbated than men are.
More restrictions placed on female sexuality than on male sexuality.
Women are less approving of sex in a casual or uncommitted relationship.
Men report a larger number of sex partners than women report.
Data are based on self-reports, which can sometimes be inaccurate.
Reported use of pornography saw men engaging in the behavior more. More men orgasm during sex and masturbation.
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Psychological Aspects of Gender and Sexuality
9
Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
9
Psychological Aspects of Gender and Sexuality
Sexual Development
The body
Masturbation
Double standard
Messages
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Sexual development in childhood & adolescence involves an interplay between the body, masturbation, and messages from the media, parents, and peers.
Learn how body responds to sexual stimulation and what the most effective techniques for stimulating our own bodies are through masturbation.
Boys and girls seem to learn about masturbation in different ways.
Sexuality is an area of ambivalence for girls and women. Results from the mixed messages that they get from society.
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Psychological Aspects of Gender and Sexuality
Adolescent Girls, Desire, and First Intercourse
Focus on negatives
Sexual desire
Urban
Suburban
National variations
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Most discussions of teenage girls’ sexuality focus on topics such as teen pregnancy and date rape--that is, on the negatives.
A study of 11th-grade girls gives insight into girls’ experience of sexual desire.
About two thirds of the sample said that they felt desire. Questioned their entitlement to their own sexual feelings.
The urban girls expressed agency with a goal of self-protection. The suburban girls, in contrast, expressed agency with a goal of pleasure.
National variations, too, provide evidence that cultural factors play a major role in the socialization of girls’ sexuality.
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Psychological Aspects of Gender and Sexuality
Hooking Up
Poorly defined
No strings attached
College campuses
Sexual double standard
Gendered power dynamics
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Hooking up is a poorly defined term but it generally means any kind of casual sexual contact, between two people who are strangers or only casually acquainted, with no strings attached.
College campuses provide an ideal environment for hookup culture to flourish.
A sexual double standard exists in hookup culture. Women were more likely to feel judged for hooking up.
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The Intersection of Gender and Race in Sexuality
Biological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual phase
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Hormones
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The first phase is the menstrual phase, beginning on Day 1.
Next, extending from about Day 4 to Day 14 is the follicular phase.
Follicle matures and swells. Ends when follicle ruptures and releases the egg; this marks ovulation and the beginning of the ovulatory phase.
The next phase is the luteal phase, during which a group of reddish-yellow cells, called the corpus luteum, forms in the ruptured follicle.
Then, the menstrual phase begins again, marked by menstruation, when the endometrium (i.e., the inner lining) of the uterus, is sloughed off.
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The Intersection of Gender and Race in Sexuality
14
Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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Sexual Disorders and Therapy
Desire disorders
Arousal disorders
Orgasmic disorders
Pain disorders
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Female sexual arousal disorder--lack of response to sexual stimulation.
Involves both the subjective, psychological and a physiological elements.
Orgasmic disorders--is the condition of being unable to have an orgasm.
Painful intercourse can trigger other problems with sexual functioning.
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Sexual Disorders and Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
Masturbation
Kegel exercises
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The major objective in behavioral therapy is abolishing goal-directed sexual performance.
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Sexual Disorders and Therapy
Feminist Sex Therapy
Feminism and women’s issue
Anatomy and physiology
Assertiveness training
Body image reclamation
Masturbation education
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Education about feminism and women’s issues: Can be liberating.
Anatomy and physiology education: U.S. sexuality education is so inadequate.
Assertiveness training: Learn to be assertive in asking for what they need sexual.
Body image reclamation: Need a substantial shift from seeing bodies as objects.
Masturbation education: Many women do not masturbate, can be empowering.
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Sexual Disorders and Therapy
Where’s the Female Viagra?
Viagra
Women’s sexual problems
Big Pharma
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Men have Viagra for their erections.
Women’s sexual problem is lack of desire and difficulty with orgasms.
Pfizer hoped that Viagra would also work for women. Gave up when it didn’t.
Boehringer developed flibanserin but it showed no increase in sexual desire.
Sprout Pharmaceuticals launched a feminist campaign for flibanserin and got it FDA approved, but it still didn’t work.
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Gender Similarities
Earlier research
Recent research
Meta-analysis
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Earlier research showed marked gender differences in several aspects of sexuality.
Recent research shows that these differences are greatly decreased, or even absent.
In a meta-analysis, a number of variables showed no gender difference.
While there are some large gender differences in sexuality, there are many similarities.
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Chapter Summary
Physiologically
Contemporary sex research
Freud’s
Meta-analysis
Gender difference
Child and adolescent development
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Physiologically, sexual response involves vasocongestion and myotonia, as people pass through four stages of response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Contemporary sex research challenges Freud’s assertion that women can have either clitoral or vaginal orgasms
According to meta-analysis, there are moderate-sized gender differences in the incidence of masturbation, attitudes about casual sex, and use of pornography.
Gender difference in reported number of sex partners, although the bogus pipeline study questions whether that is a true difference or just a bias in reporting.
Across child and adolescent development, girls are less likely to masturbate than boys. Despite this, research shows that adolescent girls do experience sexual desire.
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Chapter Summary
Sexuality of transgender persons
Gender and ethnicity in sexuality
Sexual disorders
Therapy
Gender similarities
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Else-Quest and Hyde, The Psychology of Women and Gender 9e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The sexuality of transgender persons is a new topic for research.
Sexual disorders for women include hypoactive sexual desire, female sexual arousal disorder, anorgasmia, dyspareunia, and vaginismus.
Therapy for sexual disorders includes behavior therapy, bibliotherapy, and directed masturbation. Feminist sex therapy has also been developed.
there are many gender similarities.
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