Weekly Summary
Part 2: Colonial America
Consolidating Empire Supreme Council of the Indies –
developed in 1524 to replace the chaotic (often violent) rule of conquistadors – avoid mini‐ fiefdoms, impose will of the Crown
The Viceroys – highest representatives of the Crown in the colonies – authoritarian governors of two vast administrative units – viceroyalties (New Spain & Peru) Peru divided into four units in the 18th century – adding New Granada & La Plata (briefly Brazil)
Consolidating Empire Mercantilist system – economy based on merchant trade, built
on the accumulation of precious metals (real money) and commodities – enriches the monarchy Mercantilist Institutions House of Trade – oversaw all of economic life in the colonies Quinto Real (Royal Fifth) – flat 20% tax levied on behalf of the Crown on all incoming mined metals from the colonies Flotas – convoys of ships that sailed from the colonies (laden with goods and precious metals) to Spain
Economic & political geographies of the system included the series of ports/forts established to safe‐guard the Flotas – e.g., Cartegena, Veracruz, Havana
Routes of Spanish “Flota”
The Spanish “Flota” (Convoy)
Problems with the System Everything was focused on what was best for Spain at the
expense of Colonial America – “contributing to the progressive underdevelopment” Unequal, dependent trade relations developed – trade was heavily regulated – no manufacturing or cultivation of anything that might threaten Spain’s economy Captive Markets – supplied raw materials to Spain/Portugal and purchased manufactured goods from Spain/Portugal
Retarded the economic development of the colonies – internal markets were not developed and latest technologies (from Protestant nations) were excluded – e.g., olives, grapes, sheep prohibited
Problems with the System Promoted contraband and black market trading,
disrespect for laws, ill‐will by American‐born Spaniards Piracy, along with neglect, aided in the decline of the
Empire – semiofficial support of pirates by other states Henry Morgan not only plundered, but bartered with industry‐starved colonies
Success of pirates led to formation of West Indies companies, and colonization of lands not effectively colonized by Spanish Bermuda, Barbados, northern Lesser Antilles (English in early 1600s) – Guadeloupe, Martinique (French) – Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao (Dutch) Caribbean coasts of Central America (Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua) by English; Jamaica (1655) – Dutch ruled NE Brazil from 1630‐1654 – Haiti (1697) by French
Sir Francis Drake
Captain Morgan
Colonial Land & Labor Systems Encomienda – large feudal estates granted by the Crown which
allowed the owner (encomiendero) to demand labor from the indigenous
Bartolome de las Casas – called to abolish the system and raised the human rights conversation in Spain “Black Legend” – discourse of Spanish cruelty amongst other European states – however, the human rights issue was not even something debated in those countries
Repartimiento (1542) – replaced the encomienda system and changed the structure of the labor demands from individual to group services Abuse and enslavement continued however, and the campaign to legislate protection of indigenous helped further the importation of Africans as labor in the Americas
De las Casas & Spanish Tyranny
Black Legend
Slavery in the Americas
The Spanish turned to Africa as a labor source as the indigenous population collapsed
First African slaves were brought to the region by 1510 Asiento – contract or license by the Spanish Crown to traffic slaves to their colonies – the asiento passed among others engaged in the trade (Portuguese, Dutch, French, English)
Plantation economy grew as a result of the influx of labor – requiring more labor
Triangle Trade – the movement of manufactured goods, people, and raw materials between Europe, Africa, and the Americas – made the Europeans very wealthy
The Triangle Trade
Colombian Exchange
Referred to as the “Atlantic Exchange” in Fuentes
a transference of plants, animals, peoples, diseases and wealth between the “New” and “Old” worlds – never before had there been such a massive exchange; this process completely reshaped the world
The Colombian Exchange
Wealth Exchange