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Introduction

Post Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a term used to define a condition that is not understood by most women. This is one of the leading causes of maternal complications and mortality. Every woman who has a longer gestation beyond the normal 20 weeks’ is at the risk of the condition known as PPH as mentioned above.

Mortality ratios during pregnancies are estimated to loss of more than 100,000 lives due to these conditions. According to national world statistics, 11.4% of the deaths are due to PPH. This simply means that PPH is ranked amongst the most common condition that causes maternal mortality not to mention hypertension and embolism.

Problem definition and postpartum assessment after the delivery

PPH is problematic and arbitrary. Many women, especially from rural and remote areas, suffer silently without knowing the exact condition caused by the symptoms. PPH in simple terms is a loss of blood after vaginal deliveries of up to 500ml or 1000 mL after cesarean deliveries. Such losses within the first 24 hours after delivery are known as primary or early PPH. After 24 hours the blood loss is known as secondary or late PPH. Studies have shown that loss of blood during or after delivery are inaccurate and subjective. This simply means that caregivers often underestimate blood loss. In this way, the hematocrit values under 10% can be used to identify and define PPR.

Individual patients who have to deal with these conditions should be allowed considerations is differing capabilities and capacities from an individual patient point of view in order to ensure that they cope with the loss of blood. Every woman has 30-50% increase in blood volumes during normal pregnancies. This means that they have tolerance to blood loss as compared to women suffering from preexisting anemia’s. Preexisting anemia is an underlying condition known as a cardiac condition.

PPH Etiology

PPH is a condition with many underlying potential disease causes. These causes include uterine atony which is the failure of a uterus to retract and contract after delivery. It attracts the major risks of PPH cause and severity lower or higher birthweights, labor inductions and chorioamnionitis, augmentation, and magnesium sulfate usage are all associated with the increased PPH.

Other symptoms and signs include;

· Retained placentas

· Placenta accretas

· Laceration

· Instrumental deliveries

· Large-for-gestational-ages

· A hypertensive disorder which leads to labor induction

· Labor augmentation with oxytocins

Medications used to prevent hemorrhage

Prophylactic uterotonic drugs can prevent PPH and are routinely recommended. There are several uterotonic drugs for preventing PPH but it is still debatable which drug is best. All randomized controlled comparisons or cluster trials of effectiveness or side-effects of uterotonic drugs for preventing PPH. Quasi-randomized trials and cross-over trials are not eligible for inclusion in this review.

A support system can you identify for this client

Hospital readmissions are expensive and may reflect poor quality care. Access to primary care is a significant factor in avoiding preventable hospitalizations related to chronic conditions.

Signs of postpartum depression in the past ? is she at risk?  What behaviors would you expect to see?  What interventions should you employ?

Postpartum depression is a non-psychotic episode from diagnostic standardized criteria. Depression is caused by poor social support, stressful events in life, anxiety, and history of depression not to mention low self-esteem, difficulties in infants temperament, maternal neuroticism. In such cases, screening is effective in order to interpret the same. Introduction of open health care system to ensure control of potential harm and referral policies. It is vital to note that this condition is amenable to most treatment interventions, therefore a rationale should be created to enable a well designed randomized trial.

What discharge education should be included in her care planning?

This is one of the leading causes of maternal complications and mortality. PPH in simple terms is the loss of blood after vaginal deliveries of up to 500ml or 1000 mL after cesarean deliveries. The health caregiver should ensure that the parent has knowledge and understanding of all aspects of the condition. The caretaker should give advice and guidelines as symptoms, Control, and treatment of PPR.

Most women who experience PPH do not have or suffer risk factors. Different common etiologies have different risk factors, and especially uterine trauma and atony. PPH commonly have single causes, but more causes are possible.

Does culture also influence the care she provides for her baby?

Culture definitely influences the care provided to the infant. Culture has in the past and still plays a big role in medical and personal interactions. Culture has the power to influence the kind of views towards treatments or illnesses. Culture also affects decision-making processes. It helps to shape influences and experiences in the child's development. Therefore it is evident that her behavior as influenced by a culture which is embedded in parenting practices and cognitions has negative and positive aspects in relation to the care provided to the baby.

Conclusion

Post Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a term used to define a condition that is not understood by most women. This is one of the leading causes of maternal complications and mortality. Every woman who has a longer gestation beyond the normal 20 weeks’ is at the risk for the condition known as PPH as mentioned above. Prophylactic uterotonic drugs can prevent PPH and are routinely recommended. There are several uterotonic drugs for preventing PPH but it is still debatable which drug is best. Hospital readmissions are expensive and may reflect poor quality care. Access to primary care is a significant factor in avoiding preventable hospitalizations related to chronic conditions and Maryland has a growing shortage of primary care physicians. However, the condition is treatable and controllable. In this way, women should seek medical attention.

References

lynch, Christopher B- (2006). A textbook of postpartum hemorrhage: a comprehensive guide to evaluation, management, and surgical intervention . Duncow: Sapiens Publishing. pp. 14–15. ISBN   9780955228230 . Archived from the original on 2016-08-15.

Weeks, A (January 2015). "The prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: what do we know, and where do we go to next?". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 122 (2): 202–10.