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Dear Marilyn,

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Identify the age of onset for this type of cancer
Include pictures or illustrations of cancer cells
Survival rates for breast cancer
Holistic methods for treatment
More detail and descriptions in your Notes section for the slides with in-text citations for all of the material.
Mechanisms the body has in place to protect us and avoid the development of cancer
Describe the incidence rate of breast cancer
Description of long-term prognosis

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Marilyn Tangonan

SC235 General Biology I-Human Perspective

March 18, 2019

Dr. Margret Kincaid

Introduction

Cancer occurs as a result of mutations
It also happens as a result of abnormal changes in the genes which are responsible for regulating the growth of cells as well as keeping them healthy
Mutation means that the cells are allowed to multiply in an uncontrollable way
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops in the breast
Mostly, the cancer will form either in the lobules or in the ducts of the breasts
Lobules are the glands that produce the milk while ducts are the pathways that bring the milk down to the nipple

Cancer is as a result of mutations. Mutation is the uncontrollable way in which the cells multiply and this the main causes of cancer. Breast cancer develops in the breast and it can either be in the lobules or in the ducts

Symptoms of breast cancer

The very first symptom of breast cancer is an area of thickened tissue in the breast
These tissues can also be referred to as a lump (Russo, 2016)
Other symptoms will include: pain in the armpits or the breast which will not change with the monthly cycle
Redness of the skin of the breast
A rash around or on one of the nipples
Discharge from the nipple. The discharge will probably contain blood
Sunken or inverted nipple
Change in the size or the shape of the breast
peeling, flaking or scaling of the skin on the breast or the nipple

Breast cancer has various signs but the first symptom to look for is the lump. This lump can either be on the breast or the armpit. It is very important to note that once the nipple is noted it should not be ignored but rather taken for medical check ups. Notably not all lumps are cancerous but women should have the nipples checked. Other symptoms to look for are the change in the size and the shape of the breast, any discharge form the breast among other symptoms listed above.

Stages of breast cancer

Staging of cancer depends on the size of the tumor and if the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body
Breast cancer can be staged from stage 0 to 4
These stages will further be divided into other smaller stages
Stage 0 is also known as the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
At this stage, the cells have limited within a duct and have not invaded the surrounding areas.

Cancer can be staged into various stages and the stage of each will depend on the size of the tumor. For breast cancer, it can be categorized into five main stages that is from stage 0-4. in stage 0 the tumor is limited but in stage 1, the tumor has spread for 2cm across but has not affected any lymph nodes.

Stages cont.

Stage 1: at this stage the tumor has spread up to 2cm across but has not affected any lymph nodes (Russo, 2016)
In stage 2: the tumor is 2cm across and it has also started to spread to the nearby nodes
In stage 3: the tumor is up to 5cm across and it may have spread to some lymph nodes
In stage 4: the cancer has spread to distant organs and this include the bones, the liver, the brain as well as the lungs.

As the stages progresses, the more dangerous is the cancer. At the last stage, the cancer can not be contained since it has already spread to other parts of the body like the brain and the lungs.

Causes of cancer

After puberty the breast of a woman contains connective tissues, fat, thousands of lobules as well as tiny glands that produce milk for breast feeding
In a case of cancer, the cells of the body will multiply in uncontrollable way
The excess cell growth will then lead to cancer
Breast cancer will start in the inner lining of the milk ducts or the lobules which supply milk
It will then spread to other parts of the body

Breast cancer is mainly possible once a woman reach the puberty stage since it is at this age that the cells will start to multiply. In cases where the multiplication of the cells is uncontrollable, then cancer is bound to occur. In most cases the cancer will start in the inner lining of the milk ducts and from here it will spread to other parts of the body.

Risk factors

The risk factors of breast cancer include but are not limited to are:
Age- the risk will increases with age
Genetics- if a close relative has had the cancer before, the risk is high (McGuire, 2016)
Dense breast tissue- cancer is more likely to develop in higher density breast tissue
Body weight- women who are overweight after menopause have a higher risk
Alcohol consumption- women who consume alcohol have a higher risk

The main cause of breast cancer is not known but there are risk factors that are bound to expose someone to cancer. Some of these factors are age, genetics, body weight among others. Notably, some of these factors are controllable and thus by observing healthy living and avoiding these risk factors one can live a cancer free life. However, some of these factors can not be controlled.

Types of breast cancer

Breast cancer can be ductal carcinoma which begins in the milk duct and it is the most common
It can also be lobular carcinoma which starts in the lobules
Invasive breast cancer is when the cancer cells break out from inside the lobules or the ducts and invade the nearby tissues
This increases the chances of spreading to other parts of the body
Non-invasive cancer is when the cancer is still inside its place of origin and has not broken out .
These cells can however develop to invasive breast cancer

breast cancer can either be ductal carcinoma meaning that it begins in the milk duct or lobular carcinoma that starts in the lobule. The cancer cells can also either be invasive that break out from the inside the lobules and spread to other nearby tissues or non-invasive meaning that they are still inside their place of origin and has not broken out. One important thing to note is that breast cancer can also affect men but it is less common in men than in women.

Diagnosis of breast cancer

There two tests which can help diagnose breast cancer
Mammogram is an imaging test that helps to see below the surface of the breast ("Editorial Board," 2016)
ultrasound creates a picture of the tissues deep in the breast
This method uses waves and thus the doctor will be able to distinguish between a solid mass such as a tumor and a benign cyst
Others tests that can be recommended by the doctor are MRI or breast biopsy

It is only through various tests that one can determine if they have cancer or not. The tests conducted to determine breast cancer are mammogram, ultrasound, MRI and breast biopsy

Treatment of breast cancer

Treatment of breast cancer will depend on various factors
These factors are: the type of breast cancer, stage of breast cancer, sensitivity to hormones and the age of the patients
The treatment options for breast cancer are:
radiation therapy-controlled doses of radiation are targeted at the tumor to destroy the cancer cells

The good news is that breast cancer can be treated. Treatment will however depend on various factors such as the age of the patient, sensitivity among other factors.

Treatment cont.

Surgery- the types of surgery are lumpectomy, mastectomy among others
Biological therapy- targeted drugs destroy specific types of breast cancer (Armstrong, 2016)
Chemotherapy- cytotoxic drugs are used to kill the cancer cells

Some of the opted treatment of breast cancer are radiation therapy, surgery, biological therapy and chemotherapy.

Prevention of breast cancer

Some lifestyles can help to reduce the risk of breast cancer as well as other types of cancers.
These ways are:
Avoid excess consumption of alcohol
Follow a healthy diet to avoid obesity
Getting enough exercise
Maintain a healthy body mass index ("UK Breast Cancer Research Symposium 2016: Submitted Abstracts," 2016)

Breast cancer can be prevented by mostly observing our lifestyle. Some of the things to observe include avoiding excess alcohol, getting enough exercise, following a healthy diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Conclusion

Incase one detects an unusual lump in their breast or have any other symptoms of breast cancer, it is good to see a doctor
There are chances that it is not breast cancer
However, if the problem turns out to be cancer, note that early treatment is very important
Early stages can be treated and cured if found quickly
The longer the cancer is allowed to grow, the more difficult the treatment becomes
Most of all, if one has breast cancer, they should try as much as possible to stay positive

One should always go for check up to determine if they have breast cancer or no. incase of any signs of cancer, one should book an appointment with the doctor, since the early the cancer is detected, the easier it is to treat it but the longer it takes to determine the cancer, the more complex is the treatment procedure. The most important thing to note is that in case one has been diagnosed with cancer, then they should stay positive.

References

Armstrong, W. (2016). Breast Cancer: Risk Assessment, Treatment and New Developments.
Editorial Board. (2016). Clinical Breast Cancer, 16(1), A1. doi:10.1016/s1526-8209(15)00284-0
McGuire, K. P. (2016). Breast Cancer in Young Women (Premenopausal Breast Cancer). Breast Disease, 375-387. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26012-9_22
Russo, J. (2016). The Invasive Breast Cancer Types. The Pathobiology of Breast Cancer, 79-110. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40815-6_4
Russo, J. (2016). Trends in Breast Cancer Prevention. Springer.
UK Breast Cancer Research Symposium 2016: Submitted Abstracts. (2016). Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 159(1), 177-197. doi:10.1007/s10549-016-3898-5