Political Science Reflection
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PoliticalSicense.docx
Week 1 8/22
Introduction to Politics
Socio-Pol model
1. Introduction
· The courts - openation
· The President executive - Pocoers
· Legislarive body - Congress
0. Society Political Culture
· Participation
· Publoc opinions
· Values of people in soc
Progressive moderate liberal moderates
Left Right
character policies - what he wants to do
past performance roter turn out
Scope of Politics what fonction gov perform
· wage’s
· Taxes - 21% - 45%
Trillion dollars of reveive
· health care
· Infrastructure
· medicare / medicard
· financial aid - banks - interest rates 1%
(wars, abortion, gay right, police reform)
Democracy - rule of the people
1. consititution + laws (we have procedural democratic rules)
· broadfranchise - all citizens can vote
· who wins - majoritation rule (50% + 1, plurahty stanard)
· accountability - you have to exercise responsibility
· fixedterms of office -
Pres - 4 yrs
Senrate - 6 yrs
House - 2 yrs
Fed judges - life term
2. associated rights constitution / bill of rights
· freedom to the press
· fredom to the speech
· right to associate in protests or organizations
· right to criticise the gov
3. democratic values in your political culture
· allow free speech in nonviolent context
· pomote participation
Week 2
Ideology
Comprehensive belief system about the values
Socialization (learning) - values - opinions beliefs attitudes - policy matters
Freedom
Negative freedom - your constitutions rights (all of the rights) from government interference, religious freedom, speech, free press, privacy, association, protesting
Conflict
potriot Act
freedom Act
religious freedom
baker - defusolot
Positive Freedom
freedom of opportunity provided by the government
The gov + is obligated + 0 help the disadvantaged
- obstacles - poverty, discrimination poor education, unstable families
liberal, costly, don’t work
give an opportunity you will have
more choices
benefits all of us
Police powers - the government has the inherent power to control/regulate morals, safety health, welfare.
Social order - Social conservatives Traditional beliefs/religious
abortion- The gov it should be involved to regulate abortions.
Same sex marriage religious liberty - declining customer serve the religious reasons.
Social conservatives: Personal religious beliefs, religious beliefs should be written into law.
Equality Two theories
Conflicts
dilemmas- conflict in value
you lose freedom when you adopt polices regarding order equality order gang curfews reduce crime freedom
freedom = suspected going members lose freedom
Freedom vs equality
more tax money will be given to the food stamp program
my tax money is spent on a program I don’t agree with
History of Ideologies
left liberals ←————X moderates———————→right cans
Political Culture = Classical liberals (conservation)
Ideology from England 1699 - John Locke
a. beliefs - limited government = freedom the only ting the government can do is provide orders
b. Social contract - agreement to the people to create a government = constitution
c. Natural rights = come from God from human status
1780’s - America
Declaration of Independence - 1776
Jefferson statement of the Social contract, preservation of natural rights, king removed natural rights.
2. The 5th amendment= No persons can be denied natural rights - “life, liberty, property” ( pursuit of happiness )
Individualism = If everyone pursues their self- interest Soc will work fairly + justly
a. most people are rational
2. Self responsibility - I should be responsible for my self
3. Capitalism - econ world, freedom, few regulations, free market determines economic decision
Modern Liberalism (equality over freedom)
1.1929 The Great Depression
2. 1932 Frankin D Roosevelt - New Deal
3. Capitalism must be controlled by the government
4. Those that need help - Need government assistance for the poor, elderly, workers, minorities
5. Social security Act of 1935= Welfare, pension, unemployment, disability, compensation
6. Social responsibility over personal res
7. Labor protections
8. Regulation capitalism
Week 3
M.L. Ideology
Trust the government
explained its powers/responsibilities
balance power between government and corporations
distrust the corporations
social security, welfare, food stamps, medicare, labor protections
Order vs freedom
Freedom Act= reduce terrorism
lose some freedom = civil liberties is not fully honored
equality vs freedom
tax money goes to a certain group not to everyone
The two models of government
Majoritarian model.
the people said rule through the majority.
popular elections.
in between elections= survey the society to ascertain public opinions on a range of issues.
D. Concern about all the issues = broad focus
The model doesn’t work well
low voting rates
30% range for congress
58-60% vote in près elections
15-17% local elections
2. low political knowledge rate people don’t follow politicians or issues
Pluralistic model
Competition from many political interest for political power
organize people into groups
groups focus in on particular issues
Money= campaign contributions
4. conflict between the majoritarian approach vs pluralistic approach which is narrow
The constitution
13 colonies= Colonial possession of ENG 1600’s - 1776
Revolutionary war = 1776 Declaration of independence
- Taxation issue
- representation issue = who decides
- England vs French/Indians war was costly
- Intolerable acts = shut down their court system.
3. 2d continental congress
Declaration of Independence classical liberal
Social contract = people from the government always retain natural right- right to revolution
4. win the war
5. after the war the colonies became states
6. confirmation= articles of confederation loose league of friendly state
Week 4 9/10
The constitution - moved from a coofederation to a federation
congress state’s have total sovereignty
Philadelpha conv 1787
· Antifederalist - save the articles of conf
· Federalist - create a new constitution
Federalists want a new constitution, Virginia plan, NJ plan, strengthen the articles - large state plan. ( states rights , small states plan)
4 major compromises
1. Presidential (executive)
a. one president
b. electoral College ( Not a popular election)
2. representation comp - bicomeral = congress is made up of 2 chambers (Senate, Hoose of reps).
large states - wanted representation in cong based on population.
small states = every states gets the same # of representatives.
small states = senate is based just 2 rep. for each state, house of reps based on population
3. commercial compromise Northern vs. Southern States.
· let the New national gov’t have the “interstate comm power” but the slave will continue for at least 20 years
4. Slaver compromise how to count slaves in your general population
⅗ slave compromise
white population slave population x ⅗ ths = total pop.
Ratification
1. article 7- until ¾ ths of the states adopt it.
2. every state had a const, convention - made up of member to the public not legis bodies
3. federalistpapers = a serres of articles in support of the proposed cons.
4. anti federalist within the 13 states - fearful that this new nat’l gov't would take away individuals rights.
5. unless you inclide a bill of right.
6. during the 1st cong session nill of rights was written by James Madison
1789
1. Republican = representative gov’t
2. Separation of powers = threebranches of gov’t
· executive - Pres
· legislative - cong
· courts - juduciary
each branch is independent of one another
3. Checks and balance
4. Federalism
Week 5
The constitution
Moved from a confederation to a federation
Philadephia conv 1787
Anti federalist - save the articles of conf
Federalists create a new constitution
Federalist want a new constitution, Virginia plan, NJ plan, strengthen theartules - large state plan
4 Major compromises
Presidential ( excessive)
a. One president
b. electoral college not a popular election
2. representation comp-
bicameral congress = Congress is made up of 2 chambers senate, those of reps.
large states - wanted representation in congress based on population
small states - every states gets the same # of representatives
small states = senate is used just 2 rep for each state, those of reps based on population.
3. Commercial compromise
Northern vs South states
Let the new natural government have the “interstate comm power but slaves will continue for at least 20 years
4. Slavery compromises
how to continue slaves in your general population
3/5 the compromise
Ratification
article 7- until 3/5 ths of the states adopt it
every state had aronst convention - made up at member of the public not legit bones
federalist papers aserres of articles in support of the proposed coust
anti federalist within the 13 states - fearful that this new nat’l gov’t would take away individuals rights
unless you include a bill of rights
during the is’t congress session a bill of rights was written by James Madison
The new constitution 1789 adopted
Constitution
Design 1789
Republic - not a democracy
separation of powers each branch is separate with its own power
* The president is not part of congress
3. Checks and balances - each branch has some control over the branches
- reto power
- declaration of war - congress
- The court can legislation and declare lows unconstitutional
4. Federalism
National gov’t —————- states
Two governmental entitles in the same country
Polarization - divide between parties - lack out compromises
2. Theory of Factions
James Madison = one of authors of the Federalist Papers
Fed papers #10
1. divide up power
2. prevent tyranny
3. we need to protect the minority from the majority
4. a. arguments - people get in to gov’t to promote their own self interest
b. when groups motivated by self interest they become more powerful
Control over majoritarian groups
separation of powers - reduces majoritarian control
bicameral system
2. Checks and balance
3. Large republic - many diverse in the rest of groups in competition with one on other
4. federalism - division of power between states and national
5. Multiple constituencies
Politicians and elected or appointed from different groups of laces
Pre’s — electoral college — 50 states
Cong : 1. senate — 50 states
2. house — elected in 435 districts
Court (federal judges) — appointed by the Pre’s — confirmed by the senate
The 7 articles
article 1 — power of congress
legislative powers = pass laws approve budgets
a. 17 enumerated powers
b. “Necessary and proper clause”
elastic clause = The constitution adds additional powers for congress that are related to the 17 powers they already possess
2.article 2 — the power of president
- commander in chief - head of the us military
- chief executive officer military + 2.4 million employees
3. article 3 — The federal courts
congress - gets to establish the interior
courts - U.S. District courts, circuit courts of appeal
We will have a US supreme court - hears case original and on appeal
4. article 4 — the right of travel, the right of residency - you get all the rights that other residents receive.
5. article 5 — amending the constitution
2/3rds of 60th chambers + 3/4ths of the states
6. article 6 — oath of allegiance to the US supremacy clause = federal law prevails
7. article 7 — ratification
9 out of 13 states 1789
Week 6
SLO — “You”
you select the skills
what do you want to learn/ and your research
How has your ideology progressing? why?
Participation — meetings, voting, study the issues and candidates, join or follow interest group
all of these - communicate
Two governments in one country
National gov’t ————————— 50 states gov’ts
two independents gov’ts with their own constitutions
national power s abroad problems involving all of the state
state power solves problems of a state/ local nature
State powers
police powers
crimes are defined by state law
local government established by the state
education
establish a business
election laws
Courts - court house
National powers
Interstate crimes
Federal Courts
Immigration laws art
US military
US postal service + roads connecting postal locations
Patients/copyrights
Land use - fed land
House of Reps
Population based - CA has 53 dis’t, 720,000 dis’t size
census - every 10 years we have recount the population
The lines must be redrawn when their are population differences
State legislatures redraw the lines
Federal Courts = redistricting lines can be used of disc against minorities one person/one vote standard
Dual Federalism (stats rights group) Republicans - Party classical liberal
The two gov’t, national/state have clearly defined powers, a clear separation of power
The two will not engage with one another
10th amendment - reserve power clause —if the power is not clearly express in the National constitution, the power resides with the states.
the relationship is a tense one
Cooperative Federalism - Modern Liberal Democrats
The states and national gov’t should work together as a partnership
We have many national problems that require national solutions
we beed uniform laws for all of the states
Health Ins
uniform law- affordable care act medicaid
50 state solution
Depression
Nationalized labor laws
regulate state institution stock market
pension plain + welfare
Federalism
I. National gov’t ———— State gov’t
historical events
The depression 1929 — 40’s
National programs — soc sec 1935. welfare, labor laws — regulate the economy
1960’s - “The war on poverty” Lydon Johnson created grants = money to states, cities, nonprofit organizations.
grants were categorical grant — medicare/medicaid
grants with specific requirement
job creation
economic development programs
urban renewal programs
2001 = Terrorism - Department of Homeland Security
II. Court cases — John Marshall — Federalist supreme court Justice
1819 mcculloch vs maryland
a. Facts - US banking system is unconstitutional. It’s not a listed power - enumerated powers.
b. Legal issues - what does the “elastic clause” ,The necessary/ proper clause menu.
c. ruling - the “elastic clause” allows the national gov’t to have a banking system
1824 — US supreme court case Judge Marshall
facts - N.Y. port authority state law which gave them one contact with Fulton Steam boat lines.
facts - The other Steam boat lines stated that they should be allowed to do business in NY because they are coming for out of the state
legal issues - interpretation of the “interstate comm clause”
ruling - a broad interpretation of what interstate commerce means. The federal law allows steamships to do business in NY.
1964 — Katzenbach V. mcclung
facts - US civil right act of 1964
mcclung - ollies’s barbecue = discrimination case
legal issues - where does the legit power to pass this law? Interpretation of the interstate commerce clause
ruling = because you receive your meat products from our of state. you are engaged in interstate commerce. so the civil right of 1964 applies you can’t discriminate under federal law as a private business.
1964 liberal court ———————— 1990’s conservative court
interstate comm clause
Lopez case
Federal gun free school zone law
1. prosecuted for the possession of guns on or near school
2. Lopez was convicted in FedCourt
3. argued that the law was unconstitutional
4. the court agreed
Study guide #1
Mcculloch case
1) facts — can the US gov’t have a US banking system
2) legal issues: enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause
3) ruling — the necessary/proper allows the national gov’t to have a banking system
2. Historical factors creating the imbalance
1) the depression of the 1920’s — the gov’t under the “New Deal” — created national laws over the economy and labor
2) Terrorism — National gov’t created the department of homeland security
3. N—S
two gov’ts
Independent
own constitutions
in one country
4. 4 compromises
1) slavery — 3/5 the are counted in the population
2) representation: bicameral legislature — senate - 2votes each/house — based on population
3) commercial comp - national given the “interstate commerce power”. The slave trade rowtinves for 20 yrs
4) executive - how to elect the press the picked the electoral college
5. ML’s: big gov’t, equality, regulated, capitalism
CL’s: small gov’t, freedom, less regulation, at capitalism
6. Republicans
- small national government
- states rights
- freedom
- unregulated of capitalism
7.
Freedom — Negative: freedom limit power of goat’t
Positive: opportunities for the disadvantaged
Order — Police powers : health safety, welfare issues.
Social order : legislation of moral values
equality — opportunity: competition without discrim
outcome: prefer rental treatment for the disadvantage
8. Pluralistic model
1) how groups influence politics
2) groups are diverse and competitive
3) groups have a narrow focus
4) it work well - heavily involved in politics money, lobbyists, connections
9. Separation powers
1) limit the power of presidents
2) because presidents are not part of congress
10. Madison’s theory of factions
- factions - people will act out of self interest in politics
- groups that more power than individuals to further influence politics
The solution - adopt a new constitution
1) separation of power
2) multiple constituencies
3) federalism
4) bicameralism
5) checks and balance
11. Grants
1) money from the national gov’t to the state/local ties
2) This is a contract
3) The states have given up power under their constitutions to the national gov’t
12.
1) Enumerated powers — power listed that congress have
2) Reserve power clause if a power is not in the national const is belongs to the states — 10th amendment
13. Katzenbach case
allows the national government the power to control discrimination in private business
authority comes from the interstate commerce clause
14. Gibbons case
The meaning of interstate commerce will be defined by congress
court denied that NY part authority could not control steamboat business inNy from out of state.
15. Majoritarian Model
We have a democracy
The majority is supposed to rule
? The majority doesn’t assume responsibility. - low voting rates. - low knowledge levels. - know what their politicians are doing
Week 7 10/1
Public opinion/ Pol socialization
Majoritatian model
· voting
· between elections
Politicions have perform
· Public opinion surveys are conducted all the time
· measure how satisfied or dissatisfied
· pew and associates research
How to conduct a fair survey
1. size of survey - 1500 respondents, 3% error rate
2. selection of respondents - random selection respondents
3. the question asked
c. value ladew terms - liberal, conservatire, big gov’t
c. avoid technical questions
c. timing considerations
Pol socialization
How you learned the 3 values
order → opinions
equality →
freedom →
1. long term learning progress
2. learning can be affective cognitive, or both
b. affective learning = emotional, instinctive, automatic - like the issue without much thought
i. Democrats - 70% agree
i. Republicans - 14% agree
1. congnitive = facts, information, data, research, analysis
Political Socialization
Learning and using the 3 values
Agents of socialization
1. family → 2. education → 3. peers → 4. media → 5. generational events → 6. knowledge
1. Family - Party preference level of activity, attitudes regarding authority figures - trust - most of this affective learning - learning attitudes towards authority authority figures, trust principals, teachers, police officers, politicians.
2. Education
b. Primary education affective - authority figures, historical figures patriotic learning
b. Secondary education - cognitive learning issues of the day critical thinking student gov’t
b. College
iii. liberalizing influence
iii. critical examination of institutions
iii. social change
i. Peers / neighborhood organization
i. Media - the media - selectivity factor - means they pick the stories that they consider to be newsworthy ( fire, crimes ) to do explore the internet on your own
i. Generational events
1. depression - frogal
1. cold war - Russia vs U.S., unclear disaster
1. terrorism, ineguality, costs of living in the bay, homelessness, gun violence
i. Knowledge and opinion (cognitive learning)
1. informational opinion leaders - party leaders, TV personalities
1. cognitive shortcut - you don’t research the area, you rely on people you trust and their version of reality
1. you need to research the issues independent of experts and media sources
10/3
Pol Socialization and social Group
agencies → family → education → peers → neighborhood organizations → media → life events → knowledge
· social groups to values → opinion
· predictions - social groups = demographic groups ethnic, gender, income, education, regionality, age, religious group
· social groups lead to common values
. ethnic = equality programs
. upper income = taxes spent for public goods
. woman = equality
. religious groups = against same sex marrage
social groups
· same life experiences
· same background
· similar status in social
correlations = the percentage of people in group → the value or opinion
positive correlation = 50%+1
58% of woman = vote for democratic candidates
prediction = so woman in the future election will vote for demo candidates.
minorities lower income groups --connection-- equality of outcome
positive correlation - 70% range = party
Votes to ideologies
· equality
(economics should gov’t beconcerned about employment)
↓
|
liberal |
communitarian |
|
libertarians freedom |
conservative |
· freedom ---- abortion question → social order
Republican CL’s Democrats ML’s
small gov’t -------- national laws
state right
freedom -------- equality
gov’t should not influence
equality issues -------- social responsibility
self - interest
soc conservatives (Republicans)
we need the gov’t to get involved to regulate about laws
legislate moral valves - bigger gov’t
Political culture
1. individualism = freedom value, self interest, national, personal = Republican
2. limited gov’t = states rights = Republican
3. equality ----- outcome ----- referred treatment
----- opportunity pure competition
0. personal res over social res
Week 8
Participation
definition = engagement in politics, making demands, seeking to change politics or keep them the same
status Quo = want to keep thing the same
Soc change= want reforms
Involvement in 3 areas
change constitutions
elections - elect politicians
public policy - eg health care, social security, immigration
Types of participation
conventional = soc acceptable forms of participation - voting, registering to vote, helping, candidates, poll surveys, discussion of politics, researching the issues, communicating the issues , meetings, petitions
levels of involvement
low initiative = spending a short period of time
medium initiative = hight initiative participation
unconditional:
socially acceptable forms of participation
confrontational
stressful
hight initiative strikes: boycotts, sitings, some demonstrations
In our political history rights have been secured first unconventional means.
through Social movements = an organized effort to secure changes both conv and unconventionally over a considerably over a long period of time
women’s suffrage movement - 1869 - 1920 - 19th amendment
1870 African-American males go to vote in 1870 15th female didn’t acquire the right to vote
Successful Social movement
leadership structure
clear issues - civil rights movements eliminations of discrimination end to separate but equal politics. The right to vote
Need constant publicity - through demonstrations
networking = organizations coordinate with one another
hight initiative involvement = political efficacy = a desire to make the system workable positive foundation
History of voting
1789-1840’s
The franchise limited to white property holders
2. Whites without property could vote
3. 15th amend 1870 = enfranchised African-American males
4. 19th amend 1920 - women could vote
5. 24th amend - eliminate poll taxes 1966
6. 26th amend - 18 years acquired the right to vote
rights are not automatic even thought they are supposed to be.
1965 Southern Resistance
white primary
poll taxes
literacy tests
1. Poll parties = private organizations white could vote in primaries.
2. Poll taxes = charging fees to vote
3. Literacy tests - grandfathered
4. registration intimidation
Participation
Proof
movements: Achievements
1969 - Farm workers movement U.F.W Union
Civil rights 1955-70’s Civil rights act of 1964
Suffrage movement Voting R+S act of 1965
19th amend 1920
gay right movement some sex marriage is now legal
States National
elections
laws
15th amendment
No discrimination in voting is allowed
congress will enforce the 15th amendment
— The south violated the 15th amend 1870-1965
1965 - now congress will prosecute public officials who deny the right
voting rights act of 1965
1. authority to stop discrimination in voting practices comes from the 15th amend
2. The national gov’t took over registration in the south
3. Prosecuted Southern election officials
4. The review all laws proposed in the southern states which discriminated against minorities
2014 - US supreme court
believes in states rights — they said section is unconstitutional can’t prevent southern states from passing a law
Registration/requirements voting operations controlled by the states
If you don’t vote in 2 elections your name is eliminated
provide a valid photo ID at the polls
30-60 days you must register
election reforms
progressive movement — 1900’s - 1920’s
complaint — congress + state governments are controlled by the big monopolies.
state by state effort to change state laws
the initiative proposal = propositions you as a citizen submit a proposed law - petitions - must be signed by petitions
submit the petitions to the sec of state
then the initiative goes on the ballot.
then the public votes
Voting Demographic’s
older people = higher rates
young people = lower rates
Socio-economic model - greater education/income greater likelihood, you will vote
Republicans vote more than Democrats
Week 9 10/15
Political parties
detraction — pol organizations that sponsor candidates for office under their party labor
a.goal - you to elect, majority of members, House, senate, executive branch.
Function — How the party enable the system to work better
Reduce the number of Candidates running for office
Train, vet, recruit candidates to run.
Provide policy choice - Party platform, equality, freedom
organize congress as the majority or minority party. example - House - what bills introduced by the majority party - organize the committees - what to investigate and what not to investigate.
Dictatorships — one party system
two party system — republican, democrats. Control house + Senate have power
Why do we have a 2 party system?
Our election laws/rules [redetermine this example : House - 435 districts. each district is called an SMPD. single member plurality district
SMPD rules:
SM=only one winner in each district
P=you win with the greatest
winer take all rule
Election laws
General Election
Constitution
art 2 -
each State gets a certain number of electors
each State gets to select their electors
the States transfered the responsibility to the pol parties
the pol parties allowed popular elections for electors and pres candidates
you get all of the electors if you win in a State winner take all = 55
NOT based on the pop vote based on the electoral vote 270 electoral votes to win
Money in campaigns
money is free speech - 1st amendment rights
money - brings power
F.E.C.A. - law of 1974 Fed elections campaign Act, campaign money restriction
P.A.C.= Pol Act Commitlee
FEC - candidate center for responsive politics
Restriction
must have a PAC to receive or give money
created the Fed election comm
campaign limitations individuals → candidates #2700 per individual groups, - 15000
public Financing of pres campaigning
Citizens United v. FEC 2010
Independent contributions
(groups --- advertising)
facts
money can’t be put directly into campaigns
super PAC’s give money for advertising (20 ~ 75 million)
Legal issue
Can corporations spend unlimited sums on advertising through super PAC
Fuling
cor porations are persons they have 1st amend rights
can spend unlimited sums as long as it doesn’t go to candidates
10/24
Interest groups
finance laws
contribution individuals’ groups —————- Zac’s Politicians
FECA - regulate have to have political action can report to the FEC annually.
Citizens united you as a corporation can spend as much as you want on politic’s but you can’t give the money to politicians.
Corporations super Pac’s/unregulated advertising must have super pacs, must report who gives them money
gifts - limitations - very small
lobbyists must register + disclose expenses 12,000 - 15,000
president - emolument clause - President can not profit from private holding
give money to a non profits
Pol parties - representing everyone - majoritarian - party portfolio
interest groups = pol organizations from society that try to influence politics about a specialized @ narrow focus
How do they influence politics?
influence - congress
- presidency
- courts
functions -
representation - join a group
participation - they will instruct you to do something politically - week by week
education = they educate the public + congress
monitor programs that the gov’t has in operation for years
Pluralism
groups influence
many diverse groups representing a full range of interest 20,000 active interest groups
educate the public
competitive process
right to associate, organize speak out istamendment right
Week 11 10/29
Interest Groups - want to change of keep policies the same policies - clean air, labor tights, civil right, gun control, what foods we subsidize, health care
Political party - sponsoring candidates, getting people into power majoritarian focus
Pluralists states
Motivated groups
Freedom of association, freedom of speech
competitive/diverse
provide representation/participation
Pluralist side more power that the majoritarian model - groups have lobbyists
lobbyists - are in Washington all the time - 12,000-15,000 lobbyists
they do fund raising = gain access through poll contributions
revolving door policy - start in congress then leave to join a lobbying firm
direct lobbying - working in congress
direct lobbying
contribution - access
draft a bill - lobbyists because they are experts. working under the supervision of certain congress persons.
hearing - lobbyists bring in the experts before the committee
getting through congers legislature strategy
Lobbyists
go into districts where the congress person can be persuaded through the public
public opinion must be measured in the local districts
you get the results - from the survey communicate the results with the congress person - 80%
generate publicity - studies, protest, meetings, scientist - public inform campaign
get the politicians to vote for the bill
from letter goes to the politician from you
Internet
Economic interest group :
economic gain
specific goals tangible results
membership constant
Citizen Groups (public interest groups) :
making things work better socially non econ
goals are not specific intangible results
competitive - variable membership
free eider concert I get the benefits even if I choose not to join
What do lobbyist represent by % ?
· union - 6%
· prof org - 11%
· citizen - 26%
· bussinesses - 35%
· other - 21%
10/31 Test Review
majoritarian express policy preference between elections through
1. surveys
2. conventional part
3. unconventional part
2.objective survey
1. random selection - selecting respondents should some random method
2. 1500 size respondents
3. The question has to be fair and objective
3. demographic = son groups
gender, income, age, education, ethnic, regions
4. low income minorities -high correlation
5. higher education - pro choice
pro choice is not a value related to abortion
6. Libertarians communitarian
7. Public opinion makers
1. Politicians, New anchors, president
2. Why ? because people trust them and are dependents on their opinions
3. The public doesn’t research the issues
8. meetings, petitions, discussions, research, joining a group
9. It’s necessary to participate unconventionally because conventional demand were not beat
10. constructive
1. develop participation habits
2. connect with people + groups/join an organization
3. pol efficacy = postive about social change
11. voting rights
a. needed rights built into the constitution 15,19,24,26
b. the right was denied
c. the national gov’t - had to impose punishments to enforce the constitution
12. voting rights act of 1965
1. the national gov’t power to regulate voting practices in the south to other states when discriminational is at issue
2. The 15th amendment give them the authority
3. prosecuted state electional officials
4. they took over registration operations in the south
13. a pol organization that sponsor candidate for office under the party label
House Majority Senate Majority
14. functions = make system work
1. reduce the number of candidates
2. give policy choices
3. organize congress
4. training/ vetting
15. weak party system
1. decentralized organization
2. candidates run on their own
3. The party members pick the nominee through the primaries
4. The party platform not used
16. Two party system
1. because we have winner take all rules not p/r rules
2. 435 small districts
3. one winner in each district
4. don’t need majority to win plurality
5. SMPD rules
17. Party primaries
1. The party members above the power to pick the nominee
2. nominee = the person selected to run in the general elections
3. you need to win in special states party delegates
18. electoral college
1. article 2 rules - every state gets a specific number of elections HR+2=total
2. each state is allowed to select the elections
3.Now the pol parties select, the electors during democratic elections
4. the people vote for the elections
5. towing you need 270 electoral votes
19. a pol organization that wants to change or keep the same policies.
a narrow focus
20. FECA 1974 changes contribute rows - candidates
1. created the F.E.C.A.
2. groups/candidates will have PAC
3. contribution limitation
group - 5200 to a politician
Individual - 2700 to each politician
4. report your pac transactions to the FEC
21. Citizens united V. FEC
1. 2010 supreme court decision
2. ist amend case involving super PAC’s
3. can superPac’s spend unlimited sums on advertising
4. The court allow this
5. as long as the money doesn’t go to campaigns
22. Interest groups - focus is on narrow issues
23. Interest group in congress lobbyists - congress
Lobbyists work in congress
1. draft brills
2. testify at hearing
3. come up with a legislative strategy to get the bill passed
24. Citizen groups : 1. non-economic gains. 2. variable membership. 3. benefits are intangible ( don’t see them) 4. free rider concept
Econ groups: 1.economic gains. 2. membership is constant. 3.benefits are intangible
25. Pluralistic Theory
1. Pluralistic claim they have a constitutional right to freedom assoc/speech
2. are motivated/participate
3. gourds are competitive and diverse
Week12 11/05
Congress
bicameral legislative body.
big state VS small stets solution
House of Reps = based on population
Senate = 2 members per state
2. House of Representatives
435 seats - term 2 yrs terms
3. district lines change every 10 yrs after the census
redistricting = change SMPD lines
single member plurality districts = districts at equal population size without discrimination = each state legislature can redraw the lines = assign responsibility to commissions
1. Powers enumerated powers + elastic clause
passes all the national laws
congress controls the budget
2. those elections - qualifications
1. 25 yrs of age
2. 7 years a citizen
3. no term limits for congress
House organization:
speaker at the house control what bills are considered
majority leader daily affairs
standing committees chair person - decide when to review bills
rules committee
- how long can we debate a bill
- how many changes can you make
5. democrats meet as a caucus. Republicans meet as a conference
6. The whips - measure how many people are likely to vote for a bill
The senate :
100 members 2 per state 6 yr terms 30yrs old, 9 years
elected statewide 1/3 rd of the seats are up for reelection
Senate organization
Majority leader - monitor all bills
no rules comm
committee chair persons standing comm
whips
cau cases / conferences
filibuster rule
2/3 vote to pass any law
motion to filibuster
The Courts
Article 3 - The Courts
There will be a “US supreme court”
They will be hear certain cases appeals/original cases
Interior Courts will be set up court - Judiciary act 1789
Inferior Fed courts
US District Courts = trial — lost
94 Fed district courts fed laws
Circuit court of appeals
12 regional courts - 9th circuit
Trial - unfair
due process rights violated by Judge or attorneys
- facts are settled
- laws rather than facts
- lost here (US SUPREME COURT)
Injured party
Fed law violation
trial and appellate process
supreme court doesn’t have to near your case
11/14 Final Review
Congress/presidency
27. Filibuster - senate rule
1. any senator can file a motion for filibuster and bill
2. discussion goes on indefinitely
3. until a successful motion of closure is voted upon
4. Need 60 votes - 3/5 ths
5. the minority party benefits
26. Incumbency factor
why do about 80% - 90% of politicians in congress get reelected?
1. factor 1=local surveys almost always favor local candidates
2. redistricting = lines are down by majority party in the state
3. name recognition = vote for candidates you recognize
4. PAC money goes to income benefits
5. Casework - you support projects for your district
Presidency article powers
1. speech powers
a. commander in chief. check: congress declares war
b. emergency power - commit groups - war powers resolution - 1973 - 60 days then a cong review
2. Appointment power are all federal officials who are in charge
ambassadors, Judges, cabinet secretaries, other higher up positions
check- senate confirms appointment
3. PARDON - fede prigione state of the union address convene congress
4. Chief executive officer - manger of the government “make sure the laws are faith faulty executed”. as congress address the president gain power
congress establishes the agencies and their powers
chiefs executive officer - emergency power
Inherent powers = are used through executive orders — DACK
1. they only last through the administration
2. example - 1853 Thomas Jefferson - Napoleon Sold the part of New Orleans to the president - 15 million
3. I have inherent power to do this “Louisiana purchase”
Check: The count has the check
# 2
They only legislative authority the president has is the veto power. congress has the 2/3 rd over ride power .
#4
against regulations and against big gov’t = bureaucracy = consists of all of the government agencies, departments, commissions
1. union protections
2. firing - due process firing by good cause
The Bureaucracy/ background
Pres Che’f executive office
1. Little Influence. Corporations: US postal service, FDIC, am Trak
2. Appointments budgets. Department of gov’t is department’s Justice - lawyer’s interior - public lands housing/health/human service agriculture transportation
3. Independent regulatory agencies. SEC-stock market. FTC-advertising. FDA-Drugs. EPA-Water/ air pollution
4.private enterprise
a. few unions
b. salary negotiable
c. at will firing
bureaucracy:
1. union protections
2. salary schedule - seniority/degrees
3. firing with case due process - hirings
4. hierarchy at authority
outsourcing - conservative ideology
#5.
regulations must be followed by civil servants
The force of law - detail instructions on how to manage the Dept
The protections the they have
Pendleton act of 1883 — established our civil service system = merit system - you must be competent old system - patronage system = if you helped politicians you automatically get a job
1979 - merit systems protection board
regulatory agencies = regulate the social programs + The economy
regulations = they pass regulations, they serve as courts.
ex. a. Federal Election Commu - pass thousand of regulations regarding campaign practice finance.
b. hearing - civil penalties
#7.
Pres. - bureaucracy: 1. appointment power 2.control over of the budget 3. executive orders (to enforce the law)
#8. Implementation: they way the agency address areas of concern within their authority
Food Drug Admin make sure medication are safe
1. Doctors/ scientists
2. Conduct research
3. Determine side effects
4. When to approve a medicine
congress gives the agencies authority to pass regulations = Implementation
#9a
Congress — 1. bureaucracy established the agencies through laws give the agencies a script of authority of the agencies. 2. The budget
#9b
administrative discretion
— scope of authority can be broad or narrow
— how much authority congress gives to the agency
2. highly technical
#10
Doctrine of Judicial Review
established the doctrine - Marbury US, Madison - 1803 Justice Marshall case
The US supreme court will decide the constitutionality all laws/and actions at public officials
The court is the sole interpreter of the constitution.
decisions
#11.
layers - submit a petition for hearing
submit briefs — 500 pages + documents — other party submits 400 page
rule of 4 = 4 out of 9 judges will hear the case
#12
Stare Decisis
arguments are base on cases already decided
Judges review the important cases from the past = precedents
They write on opinion in the US reports - about which way they rule
#13
5 out of 9 Judges to agree in favor of one of the parties
write the opinion which goes into the US reports
your write a dissenting opinion
#14
Civil Liberties
negative freedoms
gov’t backs away =L1 promises not to interfere
a constitutional involves a gov’t body
relationship= gov’t ——— you
#15
Bill of rights
list 10 amendments
1791 - rights applied to Fed
1. right to free speech
2. right to petition for grievances
3. free exercise of religion
4. establish meant clause - prohibits the state from establishing a church
5. free press
2nd - bearorms
3rd - quartering at troop
4th - search and seizure
5th - pretrial rights trial right
6th - post trial rights due process rights
