Qualitative Research Design and Approaches, Sampling in Qualitative Research & Data Collection in Qualitative Research

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Chapter 21

Qualitative Research Design and Approaches

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a design that emerges in the field as the study unfolds.

Answer

True

Qualitative research involves an emergent design—a design that emerges in the field as the study unfolds. Although qualitative design is flexible, qualitative researchers plan for broad contingencies that pose decision opportunities for study design in the field.

Emergent Design

Emerges in the filed as the study unfolds
Flexible
Plan for broad contingencies
Pose decision opportunities for study design

Bricoleurs

Creative and intuitive
Array of data from many sources
Holistic understanding

Overview of Qualitative Research Traditions

Anthropology (domain: culture)
Ethnography; ethnoscience
Philosophy (domain: lived experience)
Phenomenology; hermeneutics
Psychology (domain: behavior)
Ethology; ecologic psychology

Overview of Qualitative Research Traditions (cont.)

Sociology (domain: social settings)
Grounded theory; ethnomethodology
Sociolinguistics (domain: communication)
Discourse analysis
History (domain: past events and conditions)
Historical research

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of people and relies on extensive fieldwork that usually includes participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants.

Answer

True

Ethnography focuses on the culture of a group of people and relies on extensive fieldwork that usually includes participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants.

Ethnography

Describes and interprets cultural behavior
Types of ethnography
Macroethnography (broadly defined cultures)
Microethnography (narrowly defined cultures)
Autoethnography
Ethnonursing research
Ethnoscience (cognitive anthropology)

Ethnography (cont.)

Relies on extensive, labor-intensive fieldwork
Culture is inferred from the group’s words, actions, and products.
Assumption: Cultures guide the way people structure their experiences.

Ethnography (cont.)

Seeks an emic perspective (insiders’ view) of the culture
Relies on a wide range of data sources
Product: an in-depth, holistic portrait of the culture under study

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Ethnonursing research seeks to discover the essence and meaning of a phenomenon, as it is experienced by people, mainly through in-depth interviews with people who have had the relevant experience.

Answer

False

Phenomenology seeks to discover the essence and meaning of a phenomenon, as it is experienced by people, mainly through in-depth interviews with people who have had the relevant experience. Nurses sometimes refer to their ethnographic studies as ethnonursing research.

Phenomenology

Focuses on the discovery of the meaning of people’s lived experience
Descriptive phenomenology: describes the meaning of human experience

Steps: bracketing, intuiting, analyzing, describing

Interpretive phenomenology (hermeneutics): interprets human experience

Phenomenology (cont.)

Asks: What is the essence of a phenomenon as experienced by these people, and what does it mean?
Four aspects of experience: lived space, lived body, lived time, lived human relation
Main data source: in-depth conversations with participants

Grounded Theory

Aims to discover theoretical precepts about social psychological processes and social structures grounded in data

Substantive theory: grounded in data on a specific substantive topic
Formal grounded theory: a higher, more abstract level of theory based on substantive grounded theory studies

Grounded Theory Studies

Primary data sources: in-depth interviews and observations
Data collection, data analysis, sampling occur simultaneously
Constant comparison used to develop and refine theoretically relevant categories
Alternative views of grounded theory:

Glaser and Strauss

Strauss and Corbin

Historical Research

Systematically attempts to establish facts
about and relationships among past events
Types of historical research
Biographical history
Social history
Intellectual history

Historical Data

Typically written records (can be physical remains, photographs, interviews)
Requires evaluation

External criticism: authenticity of the source

Internal criticism: worth of the evidence

Often found in historical archives
Can be primary source or secondary source

Question

Tell whether the following statement is true or false:

Case studies focuses on story in studies in which the purpose is to explore how people make sense of events in their lives.

Answer

False

Case studies are intensive investigations of a single entity or a small number of entities, such as individuals, groups, organizations, or communities; such studies usually involve collecting data over an extended period. Narrative analysis focuses on story in studies in which the purpose is to explore how people make sense of events in their lives.

Other Types of Qualitative Research

Case studies

Focus on a single entity, or a small number of entities, with intensive scrutiny

Narrative analysis

Focus on story; designed to determine how individuals make sense of events in their lives

Research with Ideologic Perspectives

Critical theory research

Concerned with a critique of existing social structures and with envisioning new possibilities

Research with Ideologic Perspectives (cont.)

Feminist research

Focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women’s lives and their consciousness

Research with Ideologic Perspectives (cont.)

Participatory action research

Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups/communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression