Psychology & Law 2000words essay

Lesson 1(Intro)

Assignment due date: 26 october 11.55pm, in PDF, 2000words for the issue of stalking

· Define stalking

· Critique the law by using the psychologies evidence

· Does the legistration made sense from psychology

· How does the law define stalking

· Different type of stalker, is there proper distinguishes

·

· Analyze

· 1 jurisdiction

Legal psychology

· Legal psychology is a modern term that refers to the study and use of psychology as it applies to the legal system and people who come into contact with legal system.

Defining psychology

· Psychology in law

· Eye witness testimony

· Psychology in law

· Into the future

· Work in law school and psychology is being use/recognize by the court.

· They are require to pass a subject called ‘ethics’ because it is being recognize as a important subject.

· Psychology and law

· Therapeutic jurisprudence

· Is a interdisciplinary method of legal scholarship that aims to reform the law in order to positively impact the psychological well being of the accuse person.

· Examines the extent to which substantive rules, legal procedures, the roles of court personnel such as lawyers, judges, and court administrators combine to produce therapeutic or nontherapeutic consequences, by taking a non-adversarial approach to the administration of justices.

· Seek to address that the psychological of wellbeing of accuse.

· Psychology of law

· Public perception of CJS

· Done by academic (e.g school of law)

· Using psychological method to research legal issue, throw up question such as ‘why people obey/not obey the law?’, ‘why do people stalk?’

· Forensic psychology has a role to play in psychological of law, psychological of court is being use by the court

Lecture 1-Part 2 (Investigation & Policing)

How do police investigate crime? Nature of police investigation

· In most situation criminals have already flea

· Investigation starts when criminal flea such as;

· Examine the crime scene to collect evidence

· Interview witness(es)

· Observation of the crime scene

· Police are trained to observe every details, they look all around.

· Physical and forensic evidence is collected

· Blood sample

· Custodial interrogations of suspect

· During interrogation they examine body language

Law Enforcement and Policing

· Law enforcement

· About procedure, arrest, investigation.

· Enforcing law making arrest, patrolling and proceeding the people in court

· Very unwavering

· Policing

· Uses different approach, to crime fighting. More holy approach, involve the community, working with the community to solve the issue, getting to know the community

The origins of modern policing

· Individual citizens were largely responsible for maintaining the law among themselves, sheriffs were employed full time to oversee the law enforcement activities in England. The public fear that a police force would act like a military force, began of Sir Robert peel in order to assure the public not another form of military force laid the framework for what a police force should do and no armed carried.

Police corruption

· Define as the misuse of police authority for personal gain (monetary benefit etc) benefit must be gain legally as a result of the officer’s position or authority.

· Police corruption hurt both law enforcement and the community and damage the police image and undermine a community trust of law enforcement.

Types of police corruption

· Bribery

· Giving or receiving any item of value in order to influence an officer. The bribe is usually money etc such as extortion someone or sexual favour.

· Extortion

· Somewhat to bribery, extortion involve threatening to obtain money or property. E.g If you don’t give, he will bring you to jail. Extort means threaten, extortion always involve threat.

Reason for corruption

· Low salaries, poor working condition, a high degree of formalism in the police force, poor recruitment and selection procedure.

· The rotten apple theory; a theory of police corruption that an individual is an rotten apple and misuse their authority that ruin the reputation of police force.

Effects of police corruption

· Political effect

· The government will lose it election

· Social effects

· An attitude of “us versus them” and community will not trust the polce

· Economic effects

· Costly to have investigation

· Training, prosecution (costly)

· Police corruption

Noble cause corruption (police force)

· Some people will go to extreme to secure a prosecution, they will use unethical means to obtain desirable goals which appeal to benefit the greater goods.

· To put a drug dealer out of business may do a business unethical, he know the drug dealer and it is very sure but cant catch him so he stop the drug dealer(search the car, drugs found, the policeman planted it there, but his evil benefit for the greater goods) > take matters into their own hand.

Criminal profiling definition (Criminal behaviour session 3)

· Psychology and law come in

· Also known as offender profiling, is a strategy to use for law enforcement to look for likely suspect and to link cases that might have committed by the same perpetrator.

· Used to be relevant to sex crime, sexual murder, ever since the 90s it has been use on wider basis such as robbery

Criminal profiling, Science or an Art?

· Pick up accuse habit, how he does his crime or what he like to do.

How profiling come about?

· ‘ mad bomber’ in 1956 (slide 13 in topic2)

Profiling means you are putting every evidence together for a profile to see what an individual is like, is like narrows down the suspect.

Profiling: Modus operandi

· The operation or method that a criminals uses when committing the crime (the way he does it), once he establish the modus operandi

· Example of criminal modus operandi;

· Types of restraint used on victims

·

Profiling (signature)

· The distinctive behaviour that will help the investigator

· What he does during the crime, what he leave behind or taking trophy of an victim.

· Example of criminal signature;

Type of profiling

· Homant & Kennedy (1998) – 3 main types

· Crime scene profiling – info at crime scene

· Offender profiling – collection of data, aggregate of those involve in particular crimes

· Psychological profiling – Personality test, interviewing etc, to assess which individual fits known personality template

Blunders

· en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Rachel_Nickell

· ukessays.com/essays/criminology/the-investigation-of-colin-stagg-murder-of-rachel-nickell-criminology-essay.php#:~:text=In%20July%201992%2C%20Rache….

· en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Napper

Behaviour reflects personality (serial killer/serial rapist)

4 crime phases in murderer behaviour;

· Antecedent

· Method and manner

· Body disposal

· Post-offense behaviour

Offender profiling

· Come from David canter, key is to examining and going through the evidence what the serial criminal what he like and does not like to do. Characteristic of a criminal behaviour base on the crime.

Crime action profiling (after the crime)

· Involve the practice of examine the individual

· A study of why people become serial criminal, rapist, as a guide to prevent such future crime.

Psychology law enforcement relationship

· Is being recognize as an asset to law enforcement.

· E.g. FBI is working with many forensic psychologist

· If the opus operandi is there than It can see if it is the same person.

Racial profiling

· Refer to discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals on suspicious of crime base on the individual race, ethical, religious or national origins.

Instances of racial profiling

· Asian racial profiling

· E.g.If you’re an Asian in Europe/US, because of the covid virus.

· Walking while black and brown

· Gang database racial profiling

· Bicycling while black or brown

· Bitten while black or brown

· Shopping while black or brown

· Workplace racial profiling

Racial profiling in Singapore?

Lecture 3 – Cognitive interviewing

Cognitive interview 2 theoretical principle of memory

· multi component view of a memory trace

· encoding specificity principle

The technique

· context reinstatement

· witness are mentally ask to reconstruct both physical and personal features of the events such as smells or hear.

· Report everything

· Even the smallest details of everything, everything that pop to the mind.

· Different personal perspective

· Different people have different perspective for the incident

· Change the temporal order of recall technique

· Looking at time, telling it backward so it will remember more.

Lecture 4 - Memory Processes

Working memory