Final Social Policy Analysis

Social Policy Analysis Final

Washburn O. Kelly

Western Kentucky University

Dr. April Murphy

SWRK 530

May 4, 2019 Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): Normally on a title page I just list the title, my name, and institution. I wouldn’t include Dr. Murphy, the course title, and date.. But if she hasn’t said anything, don’t worry about it.

Defining the Social Problem

Physical child abuse is the infliction of physical injury on a child through assault (Crosson-Tower, 2014). The physical injury is usually intentional and inflicted during discipline by a caregiver. Physical injury may be due to shaking, burning, kicking, beating, punching, or any other action that will lead to a child feeling some form of pain (Hinds & Giardino, 2017). Physical abuse of children affects the whole society as it interferes with the healthy development of a child both physically and emotionally. Therefore, a child will grow into adulthood remembering what happened. Some of the children may emulate their caregiver’s actions into adulthood leading to a continuous cycle of abuse. Statistically, child protection services receive an average of 3.6 million referrals of child abuse cases and the United States currently holds one of the worst records in child physical abuse cases in developed nations. Out of the 3.6 million referral cases, an average of 6.6 million children are involved, and 3.2 million of these children are subject to an investigation report (McCauley & Epstein, 2001). Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): I would include information about Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). Physical abuse is a type of trauma that is proven to affect adults later in life. Check it out: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/acestudy/index.html Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): Source needed Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): I don’t really understand these stats. Are you saying there are more children involved than reports filed? Maybe just use one clear statistic to make your point.

To stop child abuse, society needs to install values/virtues in people, spelling out clearly what is and is not appropriate. They used to be known as spiritual teachings, but all amount to the same: how to behave appropriately with each other. Also, it is important that the child has a place to speak out, that adults listen and pay attention: hence the training for those who work with children in safeguarding. When a child tells their parent that they are being abused, the parent must listen and take necessary action. Government must initiate and support services and policies that enhance children’s development, health and safety and we must advocate for policies and programs to help meet the basic needs of children and families. We must also promote research, training, and public education to strengthen protective factors that buffer risk factors for child abuse while also directly addressing those risk factors.Physical child abuse leads to trauma and some injuries that may take longer to heal. Due to the force and level of violence, the child may undergo medical treatment to heal the injuries. The most significant impact is the psychological effect of physical abuse to the child. Most children who undergo physical abuse develop psychological issues into adulthood. Among the things that lead to physical child abuse are as a result of the previous abuse subjected to child by the caregiver when he or she was young. Behavioral problems, physical disabilities, emotional disturbance, depression, alcohol, and drug abuse are consequences of physical abuse to the child (Jenny, 2011). The society must accommodate the physically abused child and help him or her to overcome it. Physical child abuse cases have a negative impact on the community since they lead to a continues cycle of abuse every time a child grows to become an adult and emulates the behavior of the caregiver which was experienced when he or she was young. Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): I wouldn’t include proposed solutions just yet. This section is focused on defining the problem of physical child abuse.

Childhood is a very tender age especially when they encounter any kind of abuse being it physical, mental or sexual abuse, it creates a lifelong impact on their mind and health throughout their lives. The worst is when the adults or other parental figures in our lives engaging in the abusive behavior. Any kid who ever has experienced such abuses may not even realize that they have been abused, they take it as reality they know growing up. No age group of children is safe from being a victim of child abuse or neglect, although girls are more often the victims of sexual abuse than boys (Hinds & Giardino, 2017). For all other types of abuse and neglect, statistics are about equal for boys and girls. Although children of all ages experience abuse and neglect, it is the youngest children that are the most vulnerable. Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): Again, I would stick to the outline Murphy provided us and only answer those questions. Use this section to talk about trends in physical abuse—are certain age groups, races, socioeconomic groups more/less likely to experience abuse? Use this section to create a picture of what physical abuse is and who is affected. You do a good job of explaining the consequences of the problem (trauma carries over into adult life), but I didn’t see anything about causal theories related to physical abuse. Substance abuse, mental illness—what factors explain why physical child abuse occurs? Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): I also didn’t see that you answered the question How have values and self-interest shaped the definition and documentation of the problem? Maybe talk about how child abuse wasn’t considered a social problem in previous decades. In the past, child abuse was just something that occurred in the home (I’m thinking about how parents talk about “back in my day..” kind of stuff). In other words, we didn’t define spanking, hitting, etc. as abuse until recently, right? Although abuse has existed for as long as people have been around, it wasn’t something discussed or recognized by the law until somewhat recently.

Background/Context of the Problem

Child abuse can be addressed using the policy approach. One policy that has been developed to address physical child abuse in the United States include the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA). CAPTA has been amended several times and represents the government's commitment to protecting children from physical abuse (Klevens, Barnett, Florence, & Moore, 2015). It provides funding to key players in child welfare such as non-governmental organizations and public agencies for demonstration projects. Additionally, CAPTA focused its attention on the enhanced reporting and investigation of child abuse (Stahmer, Thorp Sutton, Fox, & Leslie, 2008). The second policy in the state of Mississippi is the Mississippi Law on Mandatory Reporting of Child Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation. This policy defines the various forms of child abuse and makes it mandatory to report child abuse under Section 43-21-353 of the Mississippi Code of 1972. The system places responsibility on different people such as physicians, nurses, social workers, family protection specialists, law enforcement officers, psychologists, or a child caregiver to report suspected child abuse immediately if they have a reasonable cause. The policy also outlines the reporting procedure and reports can be made via a toll-free 24-hour line throughout the state (Hinds & Giardino, 2017). Additionally, penalties for failure to report child abuse are enforced according to the Mississippi Code of 1972. Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): Take out or reword. I don’t understand this sentence. Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): Change to “is” Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): ? Maybe just leave it at “public agencies”.

The history of child protection services dated back to the 19th century when society began to have positive attitudes towards the role played by parents in childcare. Civic and religious leaders started contemplating on the alleviation of suffering for children who lived in abusive families (McGowan, 2017). Some organizations that were established to help child protection services included the New York Society for The Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NYSPCC), created by Henry Bergh, and Children's Aid Society (CAS) founded by Charles Loring. Both NYSPCC and CAS were acts of voluntary services to the community and motivated by a deep commitment to the religious, charitable works as well as compassion for the less fortunate in the society (Romanofsky & Chambers, 1998). Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): Change to “dates”

Historical approaches to physical child abuse have positively shaped the current policy on the protection and welfare of the children. The approaches criminalized the social problem. It became a criminal offense for parents, caregivers, and foster parents to physically abuse a minor. For instance, in early 1870 a child by the name of Mary Ellen's underwent physical and emotional abuse by her foster parents, who were later arrested and convicted of assaulting and battering an 8-year-old orphan (Pecora, Whittaker, Barth, Maluccio, DePanfilis, & Plotnick, 2017). According to the 1962 Journal of the American Medical Association, symptoms of physical child abuse were identified as being medically diagnosable. Self-hatred, an inclination to punish or hurt oneself, as a result of guilt. The guilt is caused by the tendency, incestuous fathers have, to blame the victim. Because of these feelings of worthlessness, and self-hatred, some victims start inflicting wounds on themselves, by cutting their arms with scissors, knives, razorblades, or pieces of glass (Florence & Moore, 2015). Comment by Furnas, Sarah J (Elizabethtown): Mary Ellen McCormack was her name.. According to Wikipedia! Comment by Sarah Furnas: Change to “the” Comment by Sarah Furnas: This section doesn’t really make sense. Are you explaining symptoms of physical child abuse?

Additionally, the cultural setting at the time of enacting the policies depended on voluntary societies that began investigating complaints of child neglect, cruelty, abuse, and exploitation. Also, it trusted on the attention of the media and public concerns. Today, child protection services and policies are handled differently. The government and voluntary agencies receiving state funding provide child protection services. The current political and economic context on child protection services is entirely different from the previous approach since the organization depended entirely on their funds to provide child protection services (Stahmer, 2008). Comment by Sarah Furnas: Reword this section: Prior to the establishment of government-ran child protection agencies, reports of abuse were handled by voluntary groups. The media was also largely involved in covering reported cases of physical abuse. This differs greatly from today’s standards in which government agencies are required to investigate cases of abuse and rarely does the media get involved.

Furthermore, the Progressive Era Reformers had a broader set of interests on the children and helped shape the early child protection services. The goal was to protect the children from harm by the caregivers as well as removing the child from undesirable society (McGowan, 2017). Therefore, the laws restricting child labor demonstrated and enhanced changing expectations regarding society's responsibility for the well-being of the child. The historical approaches relied on the voluntary efforts while the current approach depends on the government interventions aimed at providing the needed funding, identification of child maltreatment, preserving the integrity of the family as well as finding a permanent home for children who cannot live with their families safely. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Reword: the reformers of the Progressive Era Comment by Sarah Furnas: Interests in children? Comment by Sarah Furnas: Change to situations or environments Comment by Sarah Furnas: Reword: Child labor laws, which also emerged during this time, demonstrated and…..

There is no reason to believe that historical approaches to physical child abuse would work better today. Despite child protection undergoing various transformations in the past years, understanding of physical child abuse has completely changed. It does include not only economic exploitation, cruelty, and neglect but also sexual as well as physical violence. Child protection services today has a good but often painful experience of the law and welfare. The current policies require welfare workers dealing with children to be people of high integrity, wisdom, patience, vision, the capability to perform assigned tasks, and the ability to abide by the statutory framework. Similarly, welfare workers should demonstrate love for the children as well as for justice. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Reword this paragraph. Recognize that while historical approaches were good in that they drew attention to an issue previously ignored by society, today’s understanding of physical abuse is much broader and encompassing of various forms of abuse. Additionally, the current understanding of child physical abuse also recognizes the implications of abuse, such as emotional trauma that continues into a victim’s adult life. Current approaches have also yielded requirements for those who work with victims of abuse.

Finally, the definition of the social problem has changed from merely describing the physical injuries inflicted on the victim to include social, psychological and emotional abuse that a child might be experiencing. They have changed over time indicating difficulty in finding clarity on plans to the social welfare of the children. In the US, child welfare services emerged out of public concern for child protection. The need to allow parents to raise their children as well as the growing urge to adopting out-of-home care instead of institutions made it a necessity. However, the government has been progressively involved in providing financial support for child welfare services and complying with the evolving US child welfare policy. Comment by Sarah Furnas: This phrase feels like it’s getting away from the main topic (physical abuse). Maybe say: The definition of physical child abuse has expanded over time. While it was first explained as merely the physical injuries inflicted on the victim, the current definition recognizes physical abuse as just one of several types of traumas children may experience.

Policy Analysis

The CAPTA was signed into law in 1974 by President Richard Nixon. The enactment of the policy was a reaction to different states’ views about child abuse. The goal of the policy was to address the problem of child maltreatment. The objective of the CAPTA were to provide funding for the identification, prevention, and treatment for children who suffered from abuse and neglect. The role of the CAPTA was to provide Federal funds to the state in order to support activities aimed at preventing and handling child. There are two Federal grant programs that support the fight against child maltreatment: demonstration grants and basic grants. The policy plays an essential role in authorizing government research on issues concerning child treatment and maltreatment of the victims. This paper examines the goals of the policy, the benefits, the expected outcomes and eligibility of the policy. Also, the paper will highlight the funding and service delivery system of the policy. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Change to “was” Comment by Sarah Furnas: Take out “the” Comment by Sarah Furnas: Lowercase f; federal doesn’t need to be capitalized Comment by Sarah Furnas: Abuse? Comment by Sarah Furnas: Take this out. Since it’s like six pages into the paper, there’s no need to say what you’re doing.

This policy is strength based and acknowledges each child and family's unique set of strengths and challenges, and engages the family as a partner in developing and implementing the service plan. Formal and informal services and supports are used to create service plans based on specific needs and strengths, rather than fitting families into pre-existing service plans. An individualized, strengths-based assessment focuses on the complex interplay of risks and strengths among individual family members, the family as a unit, and the broader neighborhood and environment. The individualized, strengths-based approach is an overall philosophical view supported by policies and standards that encompasses a range of concrete practices of child welfare caseworkers and other service providers at various points from the time the child and family enter the system to when they leave. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Take this out

Policy Goals

CAPTA was the first comprehensive legislation to address the issue of child abuse and prevention. Congress had three main goals in enacting the CAPTA. The first goal were to provide both Federal and State funding to improve the child protection system. This goal aims at creating a system which offers training and support to those who identify, respond, and prevent child maltreatment. The second goal is to expand data collection on child abuse to enable the program operation. The policy goals were put in place to give financial assistance for “demonstration programs for prevention, identification, and treatment of child abuse and neglect (Congressional Research Service, 2009).” Moreover, through this policy, children can get representation in court proceedings. The third goal is to strengthen relations among child supporters and care providers who work to solve the challenges linked to child mistreatment such as family violence.

The goals of funding have based on two objectives. The first objective is the need to support research, projects, and research which can help prevent child abuse, and the importance of offering training to child protection workers which are vital for the legal rights of the children and family during an investigation. The second objective is confidentiality which is essential in child abuse proceedings. For the legal process to take effect, the reporter of cases of children abuse ought to feel secure in making their submission. Also, the victims should be protected from the ensuing abuse and the relatives also need to be guarded against the unnecessary public scrutiny.

Latent Goals of the Policy

Comment by Sarah Furnas: This needs to be in full sentences—unless Murphy said it could be listed.

· To raise awareness of individual responsibilities in identifying and reporting possible cases of abuse.

· To provide systematic means of monitoring, recording and reporting of concerns and cases.

· To provide guidance on recognizing and reporting suspected child abuse.

· To equip children with the skills needed to keep them safe.

· To support pupils who have been abused in accordance with the agreed child protection plan.

· To establish a safe environment in which children can learn and develop.

· To emphasize the need for good levels of communication between all members of staff.

· To develop and promote effective working relationships with other agencies, especially the Police and Social Services.

· Establish and maintain an environment where children feel secure, are encouraged to talk, and are listened to.

· Ensure children know that there are adults in the school whom they can approach if they are worried.

Eligibility Comment by Sarah Furnas: Look at her outline of questions. Benefits and Services comes before eligibility

According to the CAPTA policy, all children in the US are eligible for child protection services. Children usually get protection on legal rights and any form of maltreatment. The child prevention and abuse program protect children at risk of maltreatment. The States and Federal governments are eligible for funding through grants. The states also have standards which relate to cooperation and investigation among the law enforcers, court, and social service agencies. This implies that the CAPTA policy covers states if they meet the set legislative requirements. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Lowercase s and f!

Families benefit from the CAPTA policy. According to the amendment done on the Act, child protective service systems are not allowed to separate children from parents based on poverty (Ramey, 2018). In the past, many of these welfare investigations were carried out based on “neglect”. Unfortunately, these neglects were and still relevant due to the inability of loving parents to cater for the needs of the children; these are cases of poverty and not negligence. Comment by Sarah Furnas: CAPTA or “a revision of CAPTA” Comment by Sarah Furnas: If there’s a quotation you need a source. Maybe change to: In the past welfare investigations were often carried out on the basis of presumed neglect, when in fact families were struggling with poverty.

Some other CAPTA eligibility prerequisites track rising prescribed procedures in the field. Aside from the help of the Children's Bureau in examining the implementation of differential reaction and some statewide investigations of that training change, in any case, the board of trustees is uninformed of any interest in research to decide how these CAPTA-advanced accepted procedures are being actualized across nation. Comment by Sarah Furnas: I don’t understand these last two paragraphs at all…..

One eligibility necessity of CAPTA that has been evaluated includes significant state resident oversight of child protective administrations. Each state must set up and keep up "residents audit boards" to look at the policies, systems, as well as practices of child protective administrations. Board examination should incorporate a survey of management of explicit cases and the degree to which child protective administrations is viably releasing its obligations. In spite of the fact that exploration has analyzed the effect of these boards, further investigation of how their proposals have or have not brought about positive changes of their states' child protection frameworks is required.

Benefits and Services

Under the “Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act” (CAPTA), states should give trusted information about child mistreatment or neglect to the Federal and local government, any organization of this entity, which has required such data to perform its role under the law to cushion the children against neglect and abuse. Also, CAPTA requires the states to give out information about child fatalities which resulted from neglect or abuse to the public upon request. To this effect, CAPTA also allows states to have open court policies which aim at protecting the children and the families involved in hearing. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Just CAPTA

The Act authorizes states to research measures which can be put in place to reduce instances of child abuse and how to improve the treatment of the victims. This policy has so far reduced the cases of child fatalities, and it is believed that the prevention of child exploitation, death, and negligence and the promotion of the children general well-being depends of the continued support from the legislature, non-profit organization, and state agencies (Costin, Karger, & Stoesz, 2010). Second, the policy is expected to improve the general children protective system. The proper implementation of the policy will ensure the governments develop, implement and refine tools for risk assessment. Third, the policy led to the development and enhancement of the capacity of community-based programs in coordinating activities and initiatives to prevent child abuse.

There are a lot of benefits in child abuse prevention policy. The benefits can be quantifiable or not because of some nonmonetary nature. For example, the CAPTA helps reduce family and child stress, improve the physical and mental health of the child, and improve educational achievement. When states adhere to the spirit of this policy, they achieve fewer incidents of child neglect and abuse and improve the social functioning of children (Costin, Karger, & Stoesz, 2010). CAPTA, the child abuse prevention program helps to reduce the cost of mental and health care, increase family earnings, and reduce costs of children welfare services. Comment by Sarah Furnas: ? Comment by Sarah Furnas: Take out “the” Comment by Sarah Furnas: Source? Comment by Sarah Furnas: Just put “adhere to the policy” Comment by Sarah Furnas: In other words, CAPTA helps reduce….

The CAPTA impediment on who a culprit of abuse and disregard might be results in numerous states having skewed information on child abuse, particularly child sexual abuse, in light of the fact that just interfamilial incidents might be accounted for in numerous states. The board of trustees is aware of no examination that has taken a gander at how a state's meaning of a culprit of abuse and neglect influences children’s protection from abuse and neglect overall. Comment by Sarah Furnas: I don’t understand this phrase.. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Too informal. Reword.

In one of its intermittent congressional reauthorizations, CAPTA additionally gave states the alternative of commanding revealing of just those acts, or failures to act, of alleged abuse and neglect that are later and that have brought about physical or emotional damage to the child that is viewed as genuine. Albeit few states have such restricting language in their meanings of what must be accounted for, there is no proof on whether this constraining language results in abused and neglected kids becoming lost despite a general sense of vigilance or whether child protective services offices get vast quantities of reports in which the damage to kids isn't viewed as genuine. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Never ever ever use contractions in a paper! Change to “is not”

In like manner, the board of trustees has seen no research on how the CAPTA meaning of sexual abuse, which was widened to incorporate acts identified with the generation of child pornography, statutory assault, and prostitution of children, has influenced the protection of those kids. Given the more extensive acknowledgment of and worry about child sexual exploitation, research on the effect of states having this expanded language on reportable abuse crimes including kids would be generally useful. Comment by Sarah Furnas: This is confusing because you switched from the topic of physical abuse to sexual abuse. Either reword/change this info or take it out.

Service Delivery System

CAPTA is associated with social work on a macro level. This is because the policy needs intensive and comprehensive approach through the efforts of local, state and federal government. Consequently, the system of service delivery is a multisector comprising of private agencies, religious and civic groups, professional bodies, individual volunteers, and governmental entities. These groups work in collaboration to strengthen families and ensure children are safe. All these groups play an essential role in meeting the Policy goals and objectives and account for the allocated funds. Moreover, the organizations give services to affected child and family; this includes foster care, employment assistance, housing assistance, residential treatment, domestic violence services, and parenting skills classes (Goldman & Salus, 2003). Comment by Sarah Furnas: Lowercase p

The implementation of this policy needs people who have a relevant qualification in handling children vulnerable to abuse and neglect. Moreover, the service delivery requires cooperation from the appropriate agencies such as the Congress, the Child protective services, and nursing homes (Petersen, Joseph, & Feit, 2014). These agencies need work together in a coordinated manner to develop precise identification, referrals, and response policies. The staff from these agencies should be trained to ensure consistent application of child protection policy. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Need to work?

The welfare system gets and investigates reports of child abuse; this is irrespective of child gender, race, religious affiliation, and social class. The system ensures that the affected families get the needed assistance again; this is done indiscriminately (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2011). If the situation demands the child to live with a foster family, then necessary arrangements are made. Later, the system works to ensure reunification or adoption for children under foster care. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Child protective services? Comment by Sarah Furnas: Of the child’s Comment by Sarah Furnas: ?

Financing

Under the CAPTA, there are two forms of federal funding systems. The basic grants from the government are supposed to be used to support new assessment, prosecution, and prevention of child abuse. The federal government expects states to enact laws which to get the funding so that they can give services (Congressional Research Service, 2009). The discretionary taxes are used to fund the policy; this funding is used to facilitate the policy activities. Funding for child welfare services through discretionary taxes as well as grants from the government is cost effective method to raise funds due to the fact that money is automatically deducted through taxation. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Take out “the”

About all states have laws with their child protection acts that address the issue of substance use by guardians. CAPTA subsidizing is predicated on having policies set up for notice of child protective administrations when kids are brought into the world presented to substances and on having plans set up for their protected consideration. States vary with respect to whether these techniques are formally incorporated into their meaning of child abuse as well as disregard or separate rules on such referrals and care are set up. For kids at home who are exposed to drugs habits of their folks, numerous states have extended their common meaning of child abuse and disregard to incorporate this circumstance, others address it in their criminal acts, and still others have ordered reviewed punishments for drugs crimes conducted within the sight of kids. Once more, this absence of consistency in legal strategies is exacerbated by the absence of research on what approaches are most appropriate to tending to the issue. Comment by Sarah Furnas: I’m not sure how parental substance abuse relates to financing of CAPTA…

The funding for CAPTA state grand is to enable states to better their child support system. For example, in FY2009, the government allocated $26.5 million for child protection agencies (Congressional Research Service, 2009). For a state to get the funding, it must show the plan and assurance on how it will use the allocation, establish support citizen review group, and demonstrate the maximum extent of the practicability of the use. The funding for the child support projects ought to be used for: Comment by Sarah Furnas: State grants funded through CAPTA Comment by Sarah Furnas: Maybe change to “welfare”. Child support makes me think of money.. Comment by Sarah Furnas: During the 2009 fiscal year

· Investigation of reports on child abuse Comment by Sarah Furnas: Put this into sentences and cite your source

· To develop and enhance capacity with a community for the deterrence of child mistreatment

· Develop, strengthen, and facilitate the training of the workforce. This improves the qualifications and skills of the people providing services to both the children and their families.

· The money allocated to states should be used for legal groundwork and representation. The process of petitioning and reacting to appeals needs substantial report and rightly trained people to represent the child victims in judicial proceedings.

Policy Evaluation

This policy is politically, socially as well as economically feasible, this is due to the fact that protecting children from abuse is a constitutional right hence government has an obligation to protect as well as introduce laws to protect children from abuse. It is socially feasible in the sense that addresses issues that affect the society and it is purely meant to protect the society in general. It is economically feasible because it is funded by both the government as well as residents. This policy incorporate both social values such as self-determination as well as social justice in the sense that it protect young members of the society and also serve justice to victims of abuse. Comment by Sarah Furnas: Politically, socially, and economically Comment by Sarah Furnas: This is a run-on sentence. Break it up into multiple sentences if you need to or take out some words.

This policy is evaluated through regular audits meant to enhance its abilities and also introduction of new policy in order to update it with current challenges that affect children. Evaluation of this policy involve all the stakeholders and also the government as a way of ensuring that all issues are addressed. This policy will greatly reduce cases of child abuse, this is due to the fact that all issues are addressed and, on the policy, and also people are enlightened on their rights as well as how to deal with the situation in case it occurs.

Conclusion

The purpose of Child Protective Policy is to protect abused and neglected children. It uses judicial power to make determinations, and executive power to enforce those determinations. Parent’s who’ve been deprived custody of their children have remedies available through the judicial system. Everyone requires protection to some degree. That why we have police and army, for example - to protect the citizens from the threats they can't protect them from. However, when it comes to facing the everyday problems most of the adults have enough abilities to face them on their own. On the other hand, children are much more vulnerable. Children are born without any ability to care about themselves -they don't walk, don't talk. And even as they grow up physically it takes time to develop motoric functions that allow them to perform more and more complex chores around the house. In addition, it takes children much more time to grow-up mentally than physically. Children lack the mental capabilities of the grown-ups the ability to reason, to make far going plans, to foresee the consequences of their actions. They are also more often than not much more naive and trusting. As a result they are much more susceptible to predation and thus need more protection Comment by Sarah Furnas: lowercase Comment by Sarah Furnas: Parents who have been Comment by Sarah Furnas: This is too informal Comment by Sarah Furnas: Use your conclusion to connect all of the parts of your paper. Maybe mention again the macro level consequences of physical abuse—it carries over into trauma in adult life, creates a cycle, etc.

References

Crosson-Tower, C. (2014). Understanding child abuse and neglect. Boston: Pearson Education.

Jenny, C. (2011). Child abuse and neglect: Diagnosis, treatment, and evidence. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier.

A. P. (2017). Child Physical Abuse: Current Evidence, Clinical Practice, and Policy Directions. Basingstoke, England: Springer.

Schwartz-Kenney, B. M., McCauley, M., & Epstein, M. A. (2001). Child Abuse: A Global View. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group.

Klevens, J., Barnett, S. B. L., Florence, C., & Moore, D. (2015). Exploring policies for the reduction of child physical abuse and neglect. Child abuse & neglect, 40, 1-11.

McGowan, B. G. (2017). Family-based services and public policy: Context and implications. In Reaching high-risk families (pp. 65-88). Routledge.

Pecora, P., Whittaker, J., Barth, R., Maluccio, A. N., DePanfilis, D., & Plotnick, R. D. (2017). The child welfare challenge: Policy, practice, and research. Routledge.

Stahmer, A. C., Thorp Sutton, D., Fox, L., & Leslie, L. K. (2008). State part C agency practices and the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 28(2), 99-108.

Romanofsky, P., & Chambers, C. A. (1998). Social service organizations. Greenwood Pub Group.

Hinds, T. S., & Giardino, A. P. (2017). Child Physical Abuse: Current Evidence, Clinical Practice, and Policy Directions. Springer.

Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2011). Understanding child welfare and the courts. Retrieved April 25, 2019, from Department ofHealth and Human Services, Children’sBureau: https://www. childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/cwandcourts.cfm

Congressional Research Service. (2009). The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA): Background, Programs, and Funding. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20091104_R40899_52b107ff31f0e25899fbe35212a7435e09a9a385.pdf

Costin, L. B., Karger, H. J., & Stoesz, D. (2010). The Politics of Child Abuse in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

Goldman, J., & Salus, M. (2003). A coordinated response to child abuse and neglect: The foundation for practice. Retrieved April 25, 2019, from U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices: https://www. childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/foundation/index.cfm