Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

PSS Scoring

PSS-10 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the four positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc. and then summing across all 10 items.  Items 4,5, 7, and  8 are the positively stated items.   PSS-4 scores are obtained by reverse coding items # 2 and 3. PSS-14 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the seven positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc., and then summing across all 14 items. Items 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 13 are the positively stated items.

The PSS was designed for use with community samples with at least a junior high school education,  The items are easy to understand and the response alternatives are simple to grasp.  Moreover, as noted above, the questions are quite general in nature and hence relatively free of content specific to any sub population group.  The data reported in the article are from somewhat restricted samples, in that they are younger, more educated and contain fewer minority members than the general population.  In light of the generality of scale content and simplicity of language and response alternatives, we feel that data from representative samples of the general population would not differ significantly from those reported in the article.

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

Primary Reference:

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.

Purpose: To assess the degree to which people perceive their lives as stressful. High levels of stress are associated with poor self-reported health, elevated blood pressure, depression, and susceptibility to infection.

Description: Subjects indicate how often they have found their lives unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded in the last month.

Scaling: 0 = Never; 1 = Almost Never; 2 = Sometimes; 3 = Fairly often; 4 = Very often

# Items: 10

Sample Items:

“In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something the happened unexpectedly?” “In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed”?”

Psychometrics:

Reliability: alpha = .78

Validity: Correlates in a predicted way with other measure of stress

(Job Responsibilities Scale, life events scales).

Scoring:

Reversed Items: 4, 5, 7, 8

Total Perceived Stress: Sum Items: 1, 2, 3, 4R, 5R, 6. 7R, 8R, 9, 10

Variable Names:

pss_tot: Total Perceived Stress Score