Integrative Literature Review

Integrative Literature Review

Name

PSY699: Master of Arts in Psychology Capstone

Instructor: Dr. Tolanda Tyler

University of Arizona Global Campus

Mar 15, 2022

Table of Contents

Introduction.................................................................................................................................3 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................... 3 Organization of the Review......................................................................................................... 5 Identification, Analysis, and Synthesis of the Literature ............................................................ 7 Method of Selection .................................................................................................................... 8 Thesis Statement ......................................................................................................................... 8

Discussion .....................................................................................................................................9 Analysis....................................................................................................................................... 9 Critique ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Synthesis.................................................................................................................................... 18 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 21 Recommendations for Future Research Studies........................................................................ 23 References..................................................................................................................................... 25

Introduction

This literature review focuses on various mental processes in a human being and how they are connected. There is a need to focus on expected changes in a human being to understand the mental processes and what happens when there is a variation in the expected changes in those mental processes. This study is attained through four main domains all of which are connected through the study of mental processes.

The first domain is psychopathology which focuses on exploring mental abnormalities that is very significant when it comes to the diagnosis of patients while the second domain is developmental psychology which focuses on mental changes that occurs in human beings of different ages and life stages over time. The third domain is cognitive psychology which refers to individual-level mental processes such as language use, attention, and perception. The fourth domain is psychopharmacology which refers to the study of the use of medical interventions used in treatment of psychological issues such as mental disorders.

Discussion

Psychopathology

Feist, G. J., Dostal, D., & Kwan, V. (2021). Psychopathology in world-class artistic and

scientific creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts.

https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000440.

This article focuses on the effectiveness of treatment interventions used in treatment of mental disorders. The findings of this research are reliable because it uses consistent research methodology to guarantee the consistent results. Different variables which may stimulate mental disorders are used in the study. The integration of these variables contributes significantly to the reliability and validity of the study in that they can be assessed based on consistency across time. For the most part, these findings are consistent with earlier biographical research on the link between artistic originality and life-long rates of psychopathology. This provides the unique contribution as it shows the improvements made in advancing the effectiveness of treatment interventions. Although different stakeholders were used in the research, the researchers-maintained integrity and nonmaleficence by ensuring the data collected was not used in victimization of the participants. This falls in line with the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the Code of Conduct.

Gazzillo, F., Fimiani, R., De Luca, E., Dazzi, N., Curtis, J. T., & Bush, M. (2020). New

developments in understanding morality: Between evolutionary psychology,

developmental psychology, and control-mastery theory. Psychoanalytic Psychology,

37(1), 37.

This article summarizes some recent theories regarding the development of morality and guilt in humans and the development of the individual psyche. In terms of developmental psychology and psychopathology, this is a cross-cutting issue. According to this article, group selection has chosen prosaically motives, emotions, and abilities, which underpin morality in decision-making and action, and how everyone’s specific experiences and cultural connection.

The study's validity and reliability can only be ensured by using data that has been collected over a long period of time. For this purpose, researchers evaluate data on a child's development of guilt in infancy, as well as on the temperamental and environmental factors that influence adaptive and maladaptive guilt. To sum it up, these results are extremely consistent with the assumptions and data provided by the Control-Mastery theory via clinical observation and the thinking of numerous psychoanalytic writers. The APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the Code of Conduct are only partially applied in the article's support of psychopathology.

Hawkins-Elder, H., & Ward, T. (2021). Describing disorder: The importance and advancement

of compositional explanations in psychopathology. Theory & Psychology, 31(6), 842–866.

https://doi.org/10.1177/09593543211021157

The main purpose of the research in this article was to demonstrate how to write an effective compositional justification, and it does so by demonstrating how existing descriptive theories of mental illness fall short of offering such an explanation. Understanding the underlying causes of mental illness is beneficial to both academics and practitioners in the field of psychopathology. When it comes to our knowledge of mental illness's underlying causes, classification systems, clinical examination, and treatment, there is always space for progress. When it comes to fulfilling the role of configurational interpretation of psychopathology, the DSM/ICD syndromes, pathophysiologic and dimensional methodologies, as well as historical and case narratives all fall short in crucial ways. The results are dependable because of the use of effective approaches that can be employed in a broad range of contexts throughout the study. The use of compositional explanations to psychopathology and experiments is discussed in this article, as is the significance of compositional explanations in scientific inquiry and their efficiency.

The results can be considered as valid because the methodology which was selected was effective and consistent. The researchers observed all the APA ethical principled during the research. Additionally, this article was selected because it explains about the makeup of mental disorders. This contributes so much to the field of psychopathology in general which aims at understanding the abnormal mental state of humans.

Lantagne, A., & Furman, W. (2021). A dyadic perspective on psychopathology and young

adult physical dating aggression. Psychology of Violence, 11(6), 569–579.

https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000386.

This article tries to examine the relationship between psychopathology and its contribution to dating aggression. Few research has examined this crisis attached to psychopathology despite being acknowledged as a major risk factor for physical dating aggression. To prove the hypothesis, research on psychopathology of two young spouses was analyzed. Early adult physical dating aggressiveness may be predicted with more accuracy when risk variables such as individual characteristics and interpersonal connections are examined in a dyadic fashion. This result can be said to be both reliable and valid in the sense that the can be applied in every context. A clinical study of high-risk young adult couples might benefit from the results, which could be employed in clinical research. The article satisfactorily applied the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the Code of Conduct

Lee, S. A., & Jobe, M. C. (2022). Does fear mediate the neuroticism-psychopathology link for

adults living through the COVID-19 pandemic? Clinical Medicine Insights: Psychiatry, 1–

5. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795573211069912

This article is reliable in the sense of use of wide range of data to develop hypothesis. The research shows that the fear of death and the anxiety that is associated with the ongoing covid-19 pandemic display the relationship that exists between the neuroticism and depression symptoms. Additionally, the results from the study are consistent with previous research conclusions and findings. Also, the results shed light to the light to psychological constructs that are useful to mental health professionals and other researchers on the topic. The results from the study are valid and statistically significant and can be generalized to the larger population.

The use of current and prevailing affairs makes information valid in making meaningful conclusions. In the COVID-19 epidemic, neuroticism has been found to be a significant risk factor for depression and generalized anxiety. As defined by the Five-Factor model, neuroticism encompasses the tendency to experience negative emotions, as well as the irrational ideas and behaviors that follow these feelings of distress. Millions of people have died because of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been veiled in fear and anxiety. Since this pandemic began, research has demonstrated that both mortality anxiety and coronavirus anxiety are associated with depressive symptoms and generalized anxiety. This explains some of the basic foundations of mental abnormality in human beings. There is a strong correlation between trait neuroticism and psychopathology symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis, as revealed by the results of this study. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there are various treatment options for persons suffering from depression, anxiety, or other neurotic symptoms. Telehealth has been demonstrated to be an effective way for treating people with mental health issues and high levels of neuroticism, while considering widespread spatial distancing strategies.

Schreuder, M. J., Wigman, J. T. W., Groen, R. N., Wichers, M., & Hartman, C. A. (2021). On

the transience or stability of subthreshold psychopathology. Scientific Reports, 11(1),

23306. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02711-3

The purpose of the research was to investigate how the stability of psychopathological symptoms change according to the severity symptoms and the findings show that stability is the same across different severity levels. The model for research that was used was generalized additive models which is a valid model and the data analysis for the data collected was done using a regression analysis. Regression analysis was a good choice because it is effective in showing the relationship between different variables.

A growing number of people are beginning to understand the complexities of mental illness and this study examined the changes in symptom severity and stability over time. The origin, structure, and treatment response of sub threshold symptoms and full-blown mental disorders have been shown to be very similar in other studies. Symptoms of psychopathology may be found on the range from mental health to psychiatric illnesses. For the most part, sub threshold symptoms do not progress to full-blown illnesses despite extensive research into their progression along this line. It was shown that home-based and attractor strengths had a direct correlation using regression analysis. The lack of symptoms and mental disorders have been suggested to represent extremes on a spectrum of psychopathology symptoms. For this research, the reliability psychopathological symptoms were tested in terms of their attraction strength. There was no link between the intensity of symptoms and the stability of symptoms throughout a six-month period. A dimensional perspective of psychopathology, which indicates that levels of psychopathological symptoms change between sub-threshold and full-threshold circumstances, is validated by this research study's findings. In the same way that some persons can maintain a state of mental health or psychopathology, others are unable to do so.

Terry, C., & Lecci, L. (2021). Examining cognitive performance and psychopathology in

individuals undergoing parental competency evaluations. Professional Psychology:

Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000436

The research address an important issue concerning parents and their children. Psychological exams are frequently used to determine a person's ability to care for a child. There is evidence to support the idea that child custody and parental competency judges have different psychopathologies and should be investigated separately. As such a sample of parents were used to tests for their parenting competency participated in the current study, which assessed how cognitive functioning compared to psychopathology. When it came to education and cognitive functioning, the parental competency sample had lower scores than the normative group. The research findings shows that there is a relationship between the cognitive functioning of the parents and their parenting competency. Reliability and validity of these findings are impliedly confirmed. Understanding the impact cognitive functioning plays in parental competency judgments, as well as influencing treatment recommendations for persons with coexisting psychopathology and cognitive deficiencies, is a major implication of this study.

Developmental Psychology

Bauger, L., & Bongaardt, R. (2018). Structural developmental psychology and health

promotion in the third age. Health Promotion International, 33(4), 686–694.

https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw104

Old age has been separated into two distinct periods, the third and fourth ages, in reaction to the growing lifespans of Westerners. The third age is categorized as retiring and are described as successfully ageing. Unlike the third ages, which focus on positive aspects of aging, the fourth age is characterized by functional deterioration and an increased risk of illness. There is a lot of discussion in this piece on the onset of middle age and what it means for health promotion efforts. A major consideration in health promotion for the elderly is their way of life, which this article considers as critical to their well-being. People's knowledge grows with time, according to Robert Kegan's structural development hypothesis. This idea provides a valuable perspective for third-age health programs that have yet to be explored. To promote health in a psychologically spacious manner, the author of this essay uses Kegan's concept as a starting point for further research. The reliability in this research can be confirmed in this research as the authors are credited development psychologist.

Bland, A. M., & DeRobertis, E. M. (2020). Maslow’s unacknowledged contributions to

developmental psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 60(6), 934–958.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817739732

Only a few individuals are familiar with Maslow's professional title of "developmental psychologist." When Maslow called for holistic/systemic, phenomenological, and interactive developmental methods in psychology, the area of developmental psychology and its sub-discipline emerged. Maslow talks about the hierarchy of needs in human beings highlighting some of the various needs of humans. This research talks about some of the contributions that Maslow made to developmental psychology that are not recognized and according to the research the dynamic systems approach to healthy human development developed by Maslow was a preliminary for the research that has been done on apparel constructs in developmental psychology.

Using Maslow as a starting point, the authors contend that conventional and contemporary theories and research in developmental psychology that support Maslow's beliefs were influenced by his dynamic systems approach to human health development. Therefore, the methods utilized produced consistent results, are legitimate and a valuable resource for future study in the field of developmental psychology.

Comas-Díaz, L. E., & Rivera, T. (2020). Liberation psychology: Theory, method, practice, and social justice (pp. xx-314). American Psychological Association.

The emancipatory approach to analyzing and overcoming oppression among individuals and groups offered by liberation psychology challenges standard Western-based psychology. For anyone interested in learning more about liberation psychology, this article provides an overview of its history, essential principles, and methods, such as participatory action research; how it manifests in therapeutic practice; and how it relates to activism and social justice movements. To better understand the psychology of oppressed and disadvantaged groups, liberation psychology seeks to confront the repressive social and political structures that these groups live under.

Traditional psychology is criticized by liberation psychology for failing to consider social, political, historical, and cultural factors when describing human behavior. To attribute to an individual trait seen in group interactions, as some scholars, such as Martn-Baró, have suggested, is a failure of mainstream psychology. It is a mistake to attribute social problems solely to the person, according to him, because to think otherwise ignores the important role those social institutions play. Individualism is replaced with social responsibility in liberation psychology. Instead of considering oppressed people's conduct in terms of internal processes, this model views it as a product of their surroundings. To fully grasp the social orientation, it is necessary to have a firm grasp on how history has shaped current situations and how oppression of certain groups has stemmed from that history. Critical analysis of social power and its institutions is essential in this approach. Understanding political and social power as a part of a society's institutional structure necessitates this perspective.

Cochet, H., & Guidetti, M. (2018). Contribution of developmental psychology to the study of

social interactions: Some factors in play, joint attention and joint action and implications

for robotics. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01992

Developmental psychology aims at looking at the development of human beings from birth in a range of areas such as social, emotional and their cognitive abilities. According to this study, there are various activities that accelerate the rate of development in children such as play which helps a child development, social, language and communication skills but giving the child a chance for them to interact well with the environment.

Determining the most appropriate treatment intervention is based on understanding the reasons for behavioral change over time. This is core in enhancing APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the Code of Conduct particularly on integrity and responsibility in developing mental interventions. Individuals' social, emotional, and cognitive capacities fluctuate with time, and developmental psychologists are interested in describing and comprehending these changes. To better understand numerous changes, particularly in terms of communication, we should focus on infants. Because of their experiences with caretakers, babies progressively learn to understand the common ground they share with others, and they begin participating in social interactions. The use of specific population in the study enhances reliability and validity of the study in developing effective interventions against mental disorders. Besides speaking, infants communicate using a variety of nonverbal cues including gestures and social gaze. They gradually develop the ability to organize their actions and work together effectively with others. Social play offers a multitude of opportunities for describing the kinds of interactions that might have mutually beneficial outcomes due to the development of coupled attention and action. The research is in line with the domain of developmental psychology as it focuses on the three dimensions of psychology which are anticipatory learning, motor precision and coordination.

Kline, M. A., Shamsudheen, R., & Broesch, T. (2018). Variation is the universal: making

cultural evolution work in developmental psychology. Philosophical Transactions of the

Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 373(1743).

https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0059

The study presented in this article aims to identify cultural differences in developmental psychology as a source of variance. Even though culture is a universal human trait, it is a source of variance in human psychology, behavior, and development. Researchers in the field of development are now broadening their studies to encompass people that are less well-off than those in the West. However, cultural, and contextual factors are typically overlooked in the theoretical foundations of developmental psychology research. Four prevalent misconceptions in psychology are highlighted in this study, which have a negative impact on both conventional and cross-cultural studies in the field of development. Cultural evolutionary theory is used to criticize and substitute the assumption with a philosophically oriented approach to culture in development by the researchers.

According to the study, psychology suffers from four widespread misconceptions that impair both traditional and cross-cultural development studies. Among these is the universality assumption, which holds that consistency in empirical results is evidence of universality, whereas any variation is evidence of cultural variation; the Western centrality assumption, which holds that Western populations reflect a normal and/or healthy standard against whom development in all societies can be evaluated; and the deficit assumption, which holds that discrepancies in developmental timing or outcomes at the population level are due to a lack of adequate resources. These ideas are backed up by research that cites successful instances from the field of development research. Their conclusion urges further research into how best to incorporate cultural and contextual factors into development studies by strategically broadening participant pools. As a result, a more accurate depiction of human growth will be possible. This article is relevant in that it illustrates the important factors of developmental psychology and can be used for further research. The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct were included in the article.

Koops, W., & Kessel, F. (2017). Developmental psychology without positivistic pretentions:

An introduction to the special issue on historical developmental psychology. European

Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14(6), 629–646.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1382344

The article focuses on understanding cultural development of children. The article mental health issues are examined using a variety of ideas and data sources. The field of developmental psychology in the twenty-first century is deeply rooted in historical and cultural studies of infancy and child development, as well as the study itself. Section 4 concludes with a variety of critical observations, including, for example, the predominantly Western orientation of historical study on child development and the importance of identifying the underlying normative, moral component in research on individual development. Section 4. Conclusion. Historical developmental psychology's concluding part gives a concise overview of the research. Peer-reviewed research ensures the validity of the results and the technique used.

Legare, C. H., Clegg, J. M., & Wen, N. J. (2018). Evolutionary developmental psychology:

2017 redux. Child Development, 89(6), 2282–2287.

https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13018

This research is appropriate as it significantly touches on evolutionary developmental psychology. Evolutionary theory has had a far greater impact on developmental psychology than Bjorklund claims. Cognitive and non-cognitive approaches to the ontogeny of cognition have influenced a significant number of contemporary studies in developmental psychology. Recent presentations at conferences in the field provide more proof of the influence of our work. Some of the most prominent child development organizations have recently included evolutionary research as a preconference topic or invited speaker. In fact, evolutionary psychology has been as effective as a theoretical approach within developmental psychology that many researchers do not identify themselves as belonging to this school by using this title. To truly comprehend the origins of human civilization, researchers believe it is necessary to take all these viewpoints into consideration at once. By merging cross-cultural, comparative, and developmental psychology studies, the paper calls for a triadic approach to the evolution and ontogeny of cultural learning by relying significantly on evolutionary theory. According to this article, understanding human social learning, requires individuals to look at how it changes over time and how it differs from one cultural setting to another along theoretically significant variables. The finding of this research has proved to be valid as well as reliable in that they can be applied to a larger population.

Cognitive Psychology

Corral, D., Healy, A. F., Rozbruch, E. V., & Jones, M. (2019). Building a testing-based

training paradigm from cognitive psychology principles. Scholarship of Teaching and

Learning in Psychology, 5(3), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000146.

The focus of this article is to find out how the principles of cognitive psychology may be used to the development of a trained software. In the first stage of this article, cognitive psychology approaches are utilized to educate participant realistic academic subjects. In this article, we offer an effective training method based on cognitive psychology concepts, such as retrieval practice, reward, and self-paced studying. This paradigm is often used in university science courses to teach fundamental research design concepts. For the benefit of the participants, a PowerPoint presentation was divided into three sections. At the end of each segment, participants took a test. A control condition was used to assess the effectiveness of the training strategy. Participants who embraced this paradigm fared better on both posttests than those who didn't. There was no difference in performance amongst participants who replied in a variety of ways. The results of this study are statistically significant and therefore reliable.

Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/piaget.html

This article aims at recognizing the impact of Piaget’s work in relation to cognitive development. Piaget. Piaget was a scientist who became fascinated with the way living things adapt to their environment over the course of their lives. It is common for individuals to use the term "schemata" (also referred to as schema or schemes) when referring to mental representations of the world or behaviors. Schemata have the power to shape our actions (adaptation to the environment). This adaptation was made feasible because of a biological necessity to maintain balance between the systems and the environment (equilibration). He believed that infants are born with "reflexes," or "schemas," which were programmed into their brains from the beginning. For the remainder of their lives, other animals' behavior is governed by these reflexes. Reflexes in humans are soon replaced by new schemata as the youngster adjusts to the environment. Adaptation and assimilation were two words used by Piaget to describe the ways in which people adjust to their surroundings.

Many pre-schools and primary programs employ Piaget's theory, which provided the framework for constructivist learning. Fostering a student's natural curiosity and following their developing interests are two of the most prevalent teaching strategies. Children need material and knowledge that is just beyond their level of understanding to keep them interested and engaged. Teachers should also employ a broad range of tangible experiences to help students learn. Piaget's approach to research was mostly based on the examination of specific examples.

However, not all his hypotheses have been supported by experimental and correlational research. He made the case that cognitive stages advance in lockstep with physical growth. Cross-sectional studies of children from a variety of western cultures tend to validate this assumption for the phases of sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete processes. Both approaches are used throughout a person's life as they get better at adjusting to their circumstances. Assimilation refers to the process of adapting the world to meet existing cognitive frameworks. To embrace a new reality, one must change one's thinking. In terms of validity, the article has result corresponding to the observations in real life.

Li, Y. (2020). Analysis on uncertainties in judicial decision based on cognitive psychology.

Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 29(1), 1016–1021.

This article focuses on the uncertainties in the decisions made by judges regarding cognitive psychology. The judicial decisions in most cases are made based on the cognitive abilities to understand whether an accused person is in their right mental state as at when they allegedly committed a crime. A judge's verdict is based on a combination of facts, law, and the logic behind the decision itself. When the above-described reasoning approach is used by judges with differing cognitive styles, it might lead to inconsistency in their conclusions. Several remedies are proposed in this study, which goes deeply into the cognitive psychology viewpoint on judicial decision instability. Another study undertaken by the author looked at how judges think about and communicate uncertainty in court judgments, along with how they think about and express the concept of uncertainty itself. Long-term integration of learning and work forms judges' cognitive psychology; judges are limited by their own cognitions in the processes of fact and legal reasoning and decision-making, which results in an unfair ruling against one party; the uncertainties of legal ruling should be reduced from elements of statutes, legal application procedures, personal feelings, and judicial reasoning. Because of the study's results, cognitive psychology may now be used in legal judgments.

Lloyd, M. E. (2020). Sometimes a demo is not just a demo: When demonstrating cognitive

psychology means confronting assumptions. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in

Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000192

Many papers, books, and demonstrations have been published recently targeted at enhancing the use of cognitive concepts in educational environments. In this article, an example of how these displays might lead to misinterpretations about students will be provided. The purpose of this article is to show that many assumptions made by previous researchers are incorrect. Using methods and models that have been published in a well-known journal ensures that the findings are accurate and trustworthy. In a remarkably successful demonstration on the deleterious implications of task switching, assumptions about linguistic automaticity and neurotypicality were also revealed. Examples like this might be used as a springboard for arguments regarding assumptions that could have repercussions for inclusion, as well as highlight cognitive processes.

Schmidt, H. G., & Mamede, S. (2020). How cognitive psychology changed the face of

medical education research. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 25(5), 1025–1043.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-020-10011-0

Cognitive psychology focuses on the mental processes in humans. Cognitive psychology's influence on medical education research and development is examined in this article. To help new information be stored in long-term memory, cognitive psychology relies on activating existing knowledge while processing new information. In this procedure, the amount of data that may be stored in working memory is limited. In this article, an overview of six cognitive-theory-based interventions that can help students learn and grow their expertise is provided, including encouraging self-explanation, elaborative discussion, and distributed practice, as well as strategies for lessening cognitive load, encouraging retrieval practice, and supporting interleaving practices. Problem-based learning, teamwork, worked examples, mixed practice, serial cue presentation, and thoughtful reflection all benefit from these interventions in different ways. The study concludes that there is a lack of comprehensive investigation into how these ideas may be applied to the practice of medical education. The validity of the results from this article can be assured and be generalized to explain cognitive psychology in detail. The resources and methodology also are reliable as it is peer reviewed and the APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct were included in the article.

Xie, D. (2020). Application of psychological preference and emotional guidance in the

performance of film and television art: An analysis based on based on cognitive

psychology. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 29(2), 854–859.

In terms of cognitive psychology, this article demonstrates the usage of psychological and emotional talents in the film and television industry. The tastes and connoisseurship of film and television art followers may be impacted by characteristics such as age, gender, location, and cultural origin. Using cognitive psychology, researchers can better understand how the internet has affected movie and television art and how audiences' psychological preferences influence these mediums' creation and presentation.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, film and television art is seen as an artistic accomplishment, with the audience's psychology and emotion affected by the plot, graphic rhythm, special effects, color, and animation; the audience's preference for film and television art is influenced by the expressive force, infectiousness, and theme of the film or television art. Film and television researchers now have a theoretical framework on which to construct their future work, as a consequence of this study. The results of this study may be generalized and applied to other television stars and film industry professionals.

Yao, N., & Wang, L. (2020). Application of game activities in mental health education of

kindergartens based on cognitive psychology. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica,

29(2), 871–877.

Mental health education is not only important to adults but also to children and young people. The primary focus of this research is on the development and implementation of cognitive psychology-based gaming activities in kindergarten mental health education. The researchers' rationale for doing the study is that games are the most effective way to teach kindergarteners about mental health.

In the first step, the cognitive psychology of young children was used to examine their psychological traits. Based on these qualities, we created gaming activities that were then tested in a real-world setting. Before and after the game activities, the children's behavior was analyzed in detail. The results show that cognitive psychology-based game activities are compatible with the psychological traits of kindergarten children of all ages, satisfying their psychological needs and mental wellbeing demands; in addition, the game activities designed can correct the inappropriate behavior of young kids and promote the cognition of behavior of the children. Children's mental health training in kindergarten can be based on the findings of this study. This article exemplifies the real life and can therefore be said to be valid and reliable because it explains the way game activities and play are significant in the assessment of children and can also be used in special education to explain the cognitive abnormalities in children.

Psychopharmacology

Baldessarini, R. J. (2014). The Impact of Psychopharmacology on Contemporary Psychiatry. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(8), 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900801

The article gives us a good picture of how the area of drug research has evolved through time. Since the debut of lithium carbonate or chlorpromazine as a synthetic drug in 1949 or the early 1950s, clinical psychopharmacology as we know it today has existed. Mood-enhancing and antidepressant qualities of imipramine and iproniazid, two monoamine oxidase inhibitors, were quickly discovered. These new drugs had a significant impact in the treatment of many serious mental diseases of unknown etiology, including mania, depression, acute and chronic psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia), as well as severe anxiety disorders. In and of itself, these alterations are revolutionary. Additionally, they have a significant influence on the way most mental diseases are understood, diagnosed, and categorized. Many of the most important aspects of the field of modern psychiatry have been shaped by their work, including training programs, experimental methodologies, and the way it is structured as an academic and clinical specialty.

Bilbul, M., Paparone, P., Kim, A. M., Mutalik, S., & Ernst, C. L. (2020). Psychopharmacology

of COVID-19. Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, 61(5),

411–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2020.05.006

The ongoing covid-19 pandemic came with a lot of psychological issues and according to this article, some of the issues include psychological disorders from stress and anxiety that is associated with the pandemic. The pandemic resulted into most people losing their employment and even others having their relationships broken. The article looks at how understanding the underlying issues can be used in the medication and the corrective interventions on the individuals that have cognitive problems.

This study focused in examining the issues that relates to treatment of individuals with cognitive problems during Covid era. Hospitals have been swamped with patients suffering from coronavirus illness 2019 because of the rapid global spread of SARS coronavirus 2. It is important for consultation-liaison psychiatrists to get informed with the potential effects of the virus and its recommended treatments on psychotropic medication management. The gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune, and hematological systems are all impacted by COVID-19. Because of this, psychotropic medication pharmacokinetics may vary, resulting in increased psychotropic-related side effects. Many of the therapeutic options for COVID-19 are associated with neuropsychiatric side effects or interactions with regularly prescribed psychotropic medications. Covid-19 pandemic and psychopharmacology associated to this pandemic have been thoroughly investigated in this research because it offers great insights, validity and in-depth analysis of the pandemic and the psychopharmacology related to the pandemic.

Brandl, E. J., Dietrich, N., Mell, N., Winkler, J. G., Gutwinski, S., Bretz, H. J., & Schouler-

Ocak, M. (2020). Attitudes towards psychopharmacology and psychotherapy in psychiatric

patients with and without migration background. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 176.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02585-1

There are psychological issues faced by the people who have a migration background, and this is because some of them have had to be separated from their homes and their loved ones. This article focuses on the attitude of the immigrants towards medical interventions. Immigrants' willingness to seek and continue mental health treatment may be influenced by a variety of sociodemographic, treatment-attitude, and acculturation factors. These individuals' treatment adherence and outcomes may be greatly improved if these aspects were better understood. Because of this, the factors that influence the attitudes of mental outpatients with and without migratory backgrounds to psychotherapy and medication were examined. There were no significant variations in attitudes about psychotherapy after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors to be found. Neither psychotherapy nor medication were influenced by acculturation. Researchers concluded that sociodemographic and clinical aspects may be more important than acculturation in influencing patients' attitudes about therapy, as stated in the findings. Treatment outcomes and adherence for people with migratory backgrounds may be improved by considering these characteristics. Additionally, there are myths which were associated with psychopharmacology psychological interventions that discourage people from seeking medications when they are faced with psychological issues. The article is very reliable in that the conclusion can be applied in treatment of migrants for psychological disorders.

Caixeta, L., & Caixeta, V. M. (2019). Therapeutic synergism: How can psychopharmacology

improve cognitive rehabilitation? Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 13(4), 422–426.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-040009

The article investigates cognitive rehabilitations which explains the procedures and processes that are used in corrective cognitive challenges in patients and restoring them to their normal lives. Despite recent advancements, there remain numerous important impediments to the optimal global application of cognitive rehabilitation for patients with cognitive problems. If a patient's brain systems have been impaired or if they are simply having difficulties performing daily chores due to apathy, hopelessness, or sadness, it may be difficult for them to stick with cognitive rehabilitation. These symptoms could be caused by the disease itself or by depression. There are three paradigmatic scenarios in this article that show how these two domains might be linked and how the psychopharmacological approach can maximize the deployment of cognitive rehabilitation procedures to improve real-world performance. In addition, the articles discuss a wide range of cognitive diseases. There were a wide range of cognitive diseases, including severe mental retardation and many cognitive difficulties. Cognitive inflexibility, insight absence, Theory of Mind deficit, impaired decision-making, expressive language difficulties, and significant attention deficit were the cognitive issues that most hampered his functional adaptability and social life. Multiple testing methodologies are used to ensure the study's validity. Three interrelationship models in psychopharmacology and rehabilitation are given in three distinct clinical situations.

This research is comprehensive and extensive and talks about how psychopharmacology can contribute to improvements in the rehabilitations. This is because psychopharmacology helps understand the way different people will respond to the different interventions based on the different cognitive disorders in individuals. This article contributes valid knowledge that can be used in improving rehabilitations using more effective medication in the patients

Lopez-Vergara, H. I., Zapolski, T. C. B., & Leventhal, A. M. (2021). Intersection of minority

health, health disparities, and social determinants of health with psychopharmacology and substance use. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(5), 427–428.

https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000522

Psychopharmacology involves the use of various interventions and medications towards the alleviation of the behavioral problems in individuals. There are various factors that determine the type of intervention used in a patient and this article investigates the way social factors and health disparities contribute towards the choice of intervention to address all symptoms and risk factors.

The relative divide between psychopharmacology and basic behavioral addiction science, together with research on minority health and health inequities, presents an opportunity for public health improvement in an increasingly diverse society. This special issue intends to stimulate research on the interaction of psychopharmacology and drug use with minority health, health inequities, and health determinants (MHDS). An extensive variety of topics pertinent to research on minority health and health inequalities are covered in this special issue, including the genesis and clinical applications of drug use disorders and the individual and society sociocultural components that impact substance use risk. In terms of quality and reliability, this is a good research study since it provides an in-depth look into psychopharmacology.

MARVASTI, J. A., & OLIVIER, C. C. (2020). Psychopharmacology for the Psycho-Historian:

The Evils of “Big Pharma,” Lobbying, Corruption and Serious Side Effects of Medications.

Journal of Psychohistory, 48(2), 100–115.

Some incidents were blamed on prescription side effects, such as psychotropic, for adding to the violence and hostility. War criminals have alleged that drugs they were taking caused them to kill civilians in some circumstances. One explanation offered by the gun industry for multiple high-profile shootings was psychiatric medication taken by the perpetrators, who then went on to commit the crimes. Several medication makers have been sued in civil cases, and several of them have agreed to settlements without admitting any wrongdoing. Some cases, on the other hand, resulted in millions of dollars in fines since they were found guilty of the crimes. Psychiatric medication side effects and their possible link to violence, suicide, and criminal activity are examined in scientific articles. In addition, the researchers look at the financial ties between pharmaceutical companies and government officials and prescribers.

The big pharma is a conspiracy theory that most of the big pharmaceuticals work against the good of the public. Issues such as the big pharma, lobbying, corruption and the adverse medications associated with some of the medical interventions in psychopharmacology are some of the reasons why most people will become very reluctant to seeking medical interventions when they have psychological issues. This article findings are very applicable to the general population, and this can be seen in how much people have a fear of getting medical attention when they have psychological issues and the myths that people have formed towards psychiatric hospitals.

Potter, D. R., Stockdale, S., & O’Mallon, M. (2020). A Case Study Approach:

Psychopharmacology for Atypical Antidepressants Snapshot. International Journal of

Caring Sciences, 13(1), 764–769.

Anti-depressants are very useful for people that have depression and want to lead a normal and healthy life because they help reduce the depressive symptoms in the patients. This article explores the psychopharmacology of antidepressants and how they work including how they act on stress and depression. It also acts as a psychopharmacological guideline for individuals that might need to use these drugs and have personal reservations about them. Depression disrupts daily life and life's pleasures, and it can lead to major medical issues that can lead to suicide. To rule out conditions like hypothyroidism, anemia, kidney disease, cancer, or a heart condition, the advanced practice mental nurse practitioner must undertake an evaluation and workup. If someone or their loved one suffered a severe setback in their life as a child, they are more likely to suffer from depression later in life. Analysis of diagnostic criteria and considerations, pseudonym case study, over-and-review of general indications for atypical antidepressant drugs, conclusions and consequences of the case method are the main goals of this study. This is an important and valid research article as it talks about a significant matter when it comes to the psychopharmacology of anti-depressants that are very common and highly consumed for mental health issues

Conclusion

As stated in the introduction, the articles given explain clearly how each domain is important. Each article has been subjected to a reliability, validity, and integrity examination to justify its applicability in various circumstances. For clarity, the sevn articles below each category discuss the four domains in detail: psychopathology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, and psychopharmacology.

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