Criminal Professionalism

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Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices

Tenth Edition

Chapter 6

Personnel Issues and Practices: Stress, Labor Relations, Higher Education, and Private Police

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The Silent Epidemic: Stress

Policing has been linked to high rates of depression, PTSD, substance abuse

Stress can lead to many problems on the job

Officer death by suicide outnumbers those who die in the line of duty

Nature and Types of Stress (1 of 2)

Stress: a force that is external in nature that causes both physical and emotional strain upon the body

Eustress

Positive stress

Distress

Negative stress

Nature and Types of Stress (2 of 2)

Traumatic stress

Results from a single stressful event

Chronic stress

The accumulation of the effects of many stressful events over time

Homeostasis

Normal state of body

Sources of Stress

Danger inherent in policing

Organizational and administrative practices

The criminal justice system

The public

Organizational/Administrative Practices

Police organization creates stress for individual officers

Departments follow strict rules and regulations

Rules dictate how officers perform duties and responsibilities

Female officers face additional problems

The Criminal Justice System

Each C J S component affects the others

Judges may display hostile attitudes towards police

Prosecutors may not display respect for police

Parole/probation officers may not supervise offenders adequately

Courts are probably the greatest source of stress from C J S

The Public

When resolving situations in the community, police make some people happy, others unhappy

Need to keep relationship with citizens in proper perspective

Open discussions of public attitudes and encounters with citizens

Managers must emphasize importance of good police-public relations

Employee Assistance and Health and Wellness Programs

Elements of comprehensive wellness program

Physical fitness

Stress management

Psychological/mental health

Nutrition/dietary-related behaviors

Alcohol/chemical dependency

EAP should also be available to help officers cope with problems

What Cities are Doing: Three Case Studies

Forth Worth: Alcohol Awareness

Las Vegas: Substance Abuse and Suicide Prevention

Sacramento Police: Focus on Health and Wellness

Labor Relations

Courts have established that public employees have a property interest in their employment

Labor relations

Broad term including officers’ employment rights and the related concepts of unionization and collective bargaining

Police Officers’ Rights (1 of 2)

Peace Officer Bill of Rights

Mandates due process rights for peace officers who are the subject of internal investigations

Key provisions include:

Written notice

Right to representation

Polygraph examination

Police Officers’ Rights (2 of 2)

Officers today are more likely to file a grievance when they believe their rights have been violated

Preferred method for settling grievance is through informal discussion

Unionization (1 of 2)

History of police unions

A F L charters issued to police unions after W W I

Boston police strike (Sept. 9, 1919)

Formation of police benevolent and fraternal organizations in early 1950s

Unionization (2 of 2)

Majority of officers today belong to unions

Represent police employees at different levels (management, supervisory, non-supervisory)

Two largest unions have combined membership of over 550,000

Fraternal Order of Police

National Association of Police Organizations

Collective Bargaining (1 of 2)

Collective bargaining: the process of negotiations between employer and employee

Three models

Binding arbitration

Meet and confer (rare)

Bargaining not required

Collective Bargaining (2 of 2)

Negotiations generally involve union and management bargaining teams

Impasse may result if parties cannot resolve differences

Three major forms of impasse resolution

Mediation

Fact-finding

Arbitration

The Contract

Union membership votes on contract as a whole

If approved, contract then goes to government officials for approval

Grievances

Complaints or expressions of dissatisfaction by an employee concerning some aspect of employment

Grievance procedure

Formal process that involves seeking of redress of complaints through progressively higher channels within organization

Spelled out in collective-bargaining agreement

Job Actions(3 of 3)

Job actions

Employee activities expressing dissatisfaction or attempting to influence outcome of pending issue

Four types of job actions

Vote of confidence

Work slowdown

Work speedup

Work stoppage

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

Labor law that brought major changes to American policing

Originally passed to protect private sector employees

Government employees brought under FLSA coverage by Supreme Court in 1985

Requires overtime pay for public-safety employees

Higher Education

Policing lags behind society in terms of emphasis on educational attainment

Only a relatively small proportion of police officers have or are required to have a college degree

Why Higher Education for Police? (1 of 3)

Numerous studies, courts, commissions have concluded higher education is essential for police officers

August Vollmer first attempted to involve college educated personnel in police work in 1917

L E E P provided tuition assistance for in-service officers and pre-service students

Why Higher Education for Police? (2 of 3)

From 1967–1986, every national commission on crime concluded college education could help officers do their jobs better

Advocates maintain it will improve quality of policing

Court upheld mandatory educational requirement for individuals applying for police officer positions

Why Higher Education for Police? (3 of 3)

Empirical evidence suggests college-educated officers are better officers

Fewer citizen complaints; better peer relationships; more flexible; take fewer sick days; more likely to take a leadership role

Degree programs train police to think more critically

Private Police: Extent, Nature and Types

Pinkerton National Detective Agency (1851)

First private security contract operation in U.S.

U.S. has become highly security-minded, especially since 9/11

Main types of private security

Proprietary/in-house security services

Contract services

Authority and Functions

Some duties similar to public police

Overall powers very different

Security officers not bound by Miranda decision

Generally have only those arrest powers granted to common citizens

Key concerns about field

Minimal education, training of recruits

Low pay creates recruitment concerns

Should private police be armed?

Public-Private Police Relations

Public/private police relationships have improved recently

Reasons for change

Gains in certification, standards, higher education programs for private security

Greater partnerships

Improved background screening for hiring security personnel

Mandated by Private Security Officer Employment Authorization Act (2004)

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