Foot Printing
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Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Module 02
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Module 02
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures v8 M o dule 02: Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Exam 312-50
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Security News PRODUCTSABOUT US
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N E W S
Facebook a 'treasure trove' of April 1a 2012 Personally Identifiab le Inform ation Facebook contains a "treasure trove" of personally identifiable information that hackers manage to get their hands on. A report by Imperva revealed that users' "general personal information" can often include a date of birth, home address and sometimes mother's maiden name, allowing hackers to access this and other websites and applications and create targeted spearphishing campaigns. It detailed a concept I call "friend-mapping", where an attacker can get further knowledge of a user’s circle of friends; having accessed their account and posing as a trusted friend, they can cause mayhem. This can include requesting the transfer of funds and extortion. Asked why Facebook is so important to hackers, Imperva senior security strategist Noa Bar-Yosef said: "People also add work friends on Facebook so a team leader can be identified and this can lead to corporate data being accessed, project work being discussed openly, while geo-location data can be detailed for military intelligence." "Hacktivism made up 58 per cent of attacks in the Verizon Data Breach Intelligence Report, and they are going after information on Facebook that can be used to humiliate a person. All types of attackers have their own techniques." http://www.scmogazineuk.com
״ Security Newsamps ״־ uii Facebook a ,treasure trove״ of Personally Identifiable
Information Source: http://www.scmagazineuk.com
Facebook contains a "treasure trove" of personally identifiable information that hackers manage to get their hands on.
A report by Imperva revealed that users' "general personal information" can often include a date of birth, home address and sometimes mother's maiden name, allowing hackers to access this and other websites and applications and create targeted spearphishing campaigns.
It detailed a concept I call "friend-mapping", where an attacker can get further knowledge of a user's circle of friends; having accessed their account and posing as a trusted friend, they can cause mayhem. This can include requesting the transfer of funds and extortion.
Asked why Facebook is so important to hackers, Imperva senior security strategist Noa Bar- Yosef said: ״People also add work friends on Facebook so a team leader can be identified and this can lead to corporate data being accessed, project work being discussed openly, while geo- location data can be detailed for military intelligence."
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"Hacktivism made up 58 per cent of attacks in the Verizon Data Breach Intelligence Report, and they are going after information on Facebook that can be used to humiliate a person. All types of attackers have their own techniques."
On how attackers get a password in the first place, Imperva claimed that different keyloggers are used, while phishing kits that create a fake Facebook login page have been seen, and a more primitive method is a brute force attack, where the attacker repeatedly attempts to guess the user's password.
In more extreme cases, a Facebook administrators rights can be accessed. Although it said that this requires more effort on the hacker side and is not as prevalent, it is the "holy grail" of attacks as it provides the hacker with data on all users.
On protection, Bar-Yosef said the roll-out of SSL across the whole website, rather than just at the login page, was effective, but users still needed to opt into this.
By Dan Raywood
http://www.scmagazine.com.au/Feature/265065,digitial-investigations-have-matured.aspx
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C EHModule Objectives
J Footprinting Terminology J WHOIS Footprinting
J What Is Footprinting? J DNS Footprinting
J Objectives of Footprinting J Network Footprinting
J Footprinting Threats J Footprinting through Social Engineering
W J Footprinting through Social J Website Footprinting Networking Sites J Email Footprinting J Footprinting Tools J Competitive Intelligence J Footprinting Countermeasures J Footprinting Using Google J Footprinting Pen Testing
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M odule O bjectives This module will make you familiarize with the following:
e Footprinting Terminologies © WHOIS Footprinting
e What Is Footprinting? © DNS Footprinting
© Objectives of Footprinting © Network Footprinting
© Footprinting Threats © Footprinting through Social Engineering
e Footprinting through Search Engines Footprinting through Social©
© Website Footprinting Networking Sites
© Email Footprinting © Footprinting Tools
© Competitive Intelligence © Footprinting Countermeasures
© Footprinting Using Google © Footprinting Pen Testing
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t t
t f
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
M odule Flow Ethical hacking is legal hacking conducted by a penetration tester in order to evaluate
the security of an IT infrastructure with the permission of an organization. The concept of ethical hacking cannot be explained or cannot be performed in a single step; therefore, it has been divided into several steps. Footprinting is the first step in ethical hacking, where an attacker tries to gather information about a target. To help you better understand footprinting, it has been distributed into various sections:
Xj Footprinting Concepts [|EJ Footprinting Tools
Footprinting Threats FootPrint'ng Countermeasures
C J Footprinting Methodology Footprinting Penetration Testing
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The Footprinting Concepts section familiarizes you with footprinting, footprinting terminology, why footprinting is necessary, and the objectives of footprinting.
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Footprinting Terminology CEH
Active Information Gathering
Gather information through social engineering on-site visits, interviews, and questionnaires
Pseudonymous Footprinting
Collect information that might be published under a different name in an attempt to preserve privacy
Open Source or Passive Information Gathering
Collect information about a target from the publicly accessible sources
Anonymous Footprinting
Gather information from sources where the author of the information cannot
be identified or traced
Internet Footprinting
Collect information about a target from the Internet
Organizational or Private Footprinting
Collect information from an organization's web-based calendar and email services
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00 - ooo
—00־ Footprinting Term inology Before going deep into the concept, it is important to know the basic terminology
used in footprinting. These terms help you understand the concept of footprinting and its structures.
Open Source or Passive Information Gathering !,n'nVn'nVI
Open source or passive information gathering is the easiest way to collect information about the target organization. It refers to the process of gathering information from the open sources, i.e., publicly available sources. This requires no direct contact with the target organization. Open sources may include newspapers, television, social networking sites, blogs, etc.
Using these, you can gather information such as network boundaries, IP address reachable via the Internet, operating systems, web server software used by the target network, TCP and UDP services in each system, access control mechanisms, system architecture, intrusion detection systems, and so on.
Active Information Gathering In active information gathering, process attackers mainly focus on the employees of
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the target organization. Attackers try to extract information from the employees by conducting social engineering: on-site visits, interviews, questionnaires, etc.
This refers to the process of collecting information from sources anonymously so that your efforts cannot be traced back to you.
<— —i Pseudonym ous Footprinting Pseudonymous footprinting refers to the process of collecting information from the
sources that have been published on the Internet but is not directly linked to the author's name. The information may be published under a different name or the author may have a well-established pen name, or the author may be a corporate or government official and be prohibited from posting under his or her original name. Irrespective of the reason for hiding the
Private footprint""ing involves collecting information from an organization's web- based calendar and email services.
| | Internet Footprinting Internet footprinting refers to the process of collecting information of the target
organization's connections to the Internet.
Anonymous Footprinting
author's name, collecting information from such sources is called pseudonymous. r *s • V t 4 THI 4 • 4 •Organizational or Private Footprinting
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W hat I s F o o tp rin tin g ? | Footprinting is the process of collecting as much information as possible about a target network, for identifying various ways to intrude into an organization's network system
Process involved in Footprinting a Target
Determine the operating system used, platforms running, web server versions, etc.
© Find vulnerabilities and exploitsfor launching attacks
Collect basic information about the target and its network©
di i iH a a a י ,af
■
Perform techniques such as Whois, DNS, network and organizational queries
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What Is Footprinting? Footprinting, the first step in ethical hacking, refers to the process of collecting
information about a target network and its environment. Using footprinting you can find various ways to intrude into the target organization's network system. It is considered .methodological" because critical information is sought based on a previous discovery״
Once you begin the footprinting process in a methodological manner, you will obtain the blueprint of the security profile of the target organization. Here the term "blueprint" is used because the result that you get at the end of footprinting refers to the unique system profile of the target organization.
There is no single methodology for footprinting as you can trace information in several routes. However, this activity is important as all crucial information needs to be gathered before you begin hacking. Hence, you should carry out the footprinting precisely and in an organized manner.
You can collect information about the target organization through the means of footprinting in four steps:
1. Collect basic information about the target and its network
2. Determine the operating system used, platforms running, web server versions, etc.
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3. Perform techniques such as Whois, DNS, network and organizational queries
4. Find vulnerabilities and exploits for launching attacks
Furthermore, we will discuss how to collect basic information, determine operating system of target computer, platforms running, and web server versions, various methods of footprinting, and how to find and exploit vulnerabilities in detail.
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W hy F o o tp rin tin g ? CEH Urti*W itkM l lUckw
Why Footprinting? I'n'n'r'n'n'
For attackers to build a hacking strategy, they need to gather information about the target organization's network, so that they can find the easiest way to break into the organization's security perimeter. As mentioned previously, footprinting is the easiest way to gather information about the target organization; this plays a vital role in the hacking process.
Footprinting helps to:
• Know Security Posture
Performing footprinting on the target organization in a systematic and methodical manner gives the complete profile of the organization's security posture. You can analyze this report to figure out loopholes in the security posture of your target organization and then you can build your hacking plan accordingly.
• Reduce Attack Area
By using a combination of tools and techniques, attackers can take an unknown entity (for example XYZ Organization) and reduce it to a specific range of domain names, network blocks, and individual IP addresses of systems directly connected to the Internet, as well as many other details pertaining to its security posture.
Build Information Database
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A detailed footprint provides maximum information about the target organization. Attackers can build their own information database about security weakness of the target organization. This database can then be analyzed to find the easiest way to break into the organization's security perimeter.
• Draw Network Map
Combining footprinting techniques with tools such as Tracert allows the attacker to create network diagrams of the target organization's network presence. This network map represents their understanding of the targets Internet footprint. These network diagrams can guide the attack.
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O bjectives of Footprinting CEH
Networking protocols *-׳ 0 VPN Points 0 ACLs 0 IDSes running 0 Analog/digital telephone numbers 0 Authentication mechanisms tf System Enumeration
0 Domain name 0 Internal domain names 0 Network blocks 0 IP addresses of the reachable systems 0 Rogue websites/private websites 0 TCP and UDP services running 0 Access control Mechanisms and ACL's
0 Comments in HTML source code 0 Security policies implemented 0 Web server links relevant to the
organization 0 Background of the organization 0 News articles/press releases
User and group names ג * System banners
System architecture ־ * Remote system type
1 v/1 >־ • Routing tables : SNMP information
• System names : Passwords
0 Employee details 0 Organization's website 0 Company directory 0 Location details 0 Address and phone numbers
O Collect
O Network Information
Collect System
Information
Collect Organization’s
Information
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O bjectives of Footprinting The major objectives of footprinting include collecting the target's network
information, system information, and the organizational information. By carrying out footprinting at various network levels, you can gain information such as: network blocks, network services and applications, system architecture, intrusion detection systems, specific IP addresses, and access control mechanisms. With footprinting, information such as employee names, phone numbers, contact addresses, designation, and work experience, and so on can also be obtained.
Collect Network Information The network information can be gathered by performing a Whois database analysis,
trace routing, etc. includes:
Q Domain name
Q Internal domain names
Q Network blocks
© IP addresses of the reachable systems
Rogue websites/private websites י-
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Q TCP and UDP services running © Access control mechanisms and ACLs © Networking protocols © VPN points
Q ACLs 9 IDSes running © Analog/digital telephone numbers © Authentication mechanisms © System enumeration
Collect System Information
Q User and group names
© System banners Q Routing tables Q SNMP information © System architecture © Remote system type Q System names Q Passwords
Collect Organization’s Information
Q Employee details Q Organization's website
Q Company directory Q Location details Q Address and phone numbers Q Comments in HTML source code
Q Security policies implemented Q Web server links relevant to the organization © Background of the organization
U News articles/press releases
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M odule Flow So far, we discussed footprinting concepts, and now we will discuss the threats
associated with footprinting:
ף Footprinting Concepts Footprinting Tools
o Footprinting Threats ר Footprinting Countermeasures
C L ) Footprinting Methodology xi Footprinting Penetration Testing ר * ?
The Footprinting Threats section familiarizes you with the threats associated with footprinting such as social engineering, system and network attacks, corporate espionage, etc.
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Business
Footprinting Threats
J Attackers gather valuable system and network information such as account details, operating system and installed applications, network components, server names, database schema details, etc. from footprinting techniques
Types off Threats
Information Privacy Corporate Leakage Loss Espionage LossJ.J
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Footprinting Threats -ם0ם-
As discussed previously, attackers perform footprinting as the first step in an attempt to hack a target organization. In the footprinting phase, attackers try to collect valuable system- level information such as account details, operating system and other software versions, server names, and database schema details that will be useful in the hacking process.
The following are various threats due to footprinting:
Social Engineering Without using any intrusion methods, hackers directly and indirectly collect
information through persuasion and various other means. Here, crucial information is gathered by the hackers through employees without their consent.
System and Network Attacks © J
Footprinting helps an attacker to perform system and network attacks. Through footprinting, attackers can gather information related to the target organization's system configuration, operating system running on the machine, and so on. Using this information, attackers can find the vulnerabilities present in the target system and then can exploit those
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vulnerabilities. Thus, attackers can take control over a target system. Similarly, attackers can also take control over the entire network.
&pa», Information Leakage L 3 3 Information leakage can be a great threat to any organization and is often overlooked. If sensitive organizational information falls into the hands of attackers, then they can build an attack plan based on the information, or use it for monetary benefits.
G P Privacy L o s s יי—׳ With the help of footprinting, hackers are able to access the systems and networks of
the company and even escalate the privileges up to admin levels. Whatever privacy was maintained by the company is completely lost.
Corporate Espionage Corporate espionage is one of the major threats to companies as competitors can spy
and attempt to steal sensitive data through footprinting. Due to this type of espionage, competitors are able to launch similar products in the market, affecting the market position of a company.
Business Loss Footprinting has a major effect on businesses such as online businesses and other
ecommerce websites, banking and financial related businesses, etc. Billions of dollars are lost every year due to malicious attacks by hackers.
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M odule Flow Now that you are familiar with footprinting concepts and threats, we will discuss the
footprinting methodology.
The footprinting methodology section discusses various techniques used to collect information about the target organization from different sources.
x Footprinting Concepts Footprinting Tools ן־דיןן
Footprinting Threats Footprinting Countermeasures
G O Footprinting Methodology v! Footprinting Penetration Testing
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EHFootprinting Methodology
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
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I— ^ Footprinting M ethodology The footprinting methodology is a procedural way of collecting information about a
target organization from all available sources. It deals with gathering information about a target organization, determining URL, location, establishment details, number of employees, the specific range of domain names, and contact information. This information can be gathered from various sources such as search engines, Whois databases, etc.
Search engines are the main information sources where you can find valuable information about your target organization. Therefore, first we will discuss footprinting through search engines. Here we are going to discuss how and what information we can collect through search engines.
Examples of search engines include: www.google.com,www.yahoo.com,www.bing.com
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Footprinting through Search Engines
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Footprinting through Search Engines w , --
A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). In the present world, many search engines allow you to extract a target organization's information such as technology platforms, employee details, login pages, intranet portals, and so on. Using this information, an attacker may build a hacking strategy to break into the target organization's network and may carry out other types of advanced system attacks. A Google search could reveal submissions to forums by security personnel that reveal brands of firewalls or antivirus software in use at the target. Sometimes even network diagrams are found that can guide an attack.
If you want to footprint the target organization, for example XYZ pvt ltd, then type XYZ pvt ltd in the Search box of the search engine and press Enter. This will display all the search results containing the keywords "XYZ pvt ltd." You can even narrow down the results by adding a specific keyword while searching. Furthermore, we will discuss other footprinting techniques such as website footprinting and email Footprinting.
For example, consider an organization, perhaps Microsoft. Type Microsoft in the Search box of a search engine and press Enter; this will display all the results containing information about Microsoft. Browsing the results may provide critical information such as physical location,
Attackers use search engines to extract information about a target such as technology platforms, employee details, login pages, intranet portals, etc. which helps in performing social engineering and other types of advanced system attacks
J Search engine cache may provide sensitive information that has been removed from the World Wide Web (WWW)
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contact address, the services offered, number of employees, etc. that may prove to be a valuable source for hacking.
O © wcbcachc.googleusercontent.com scarch?q-cache:ARbFVg INvoJ:en. wikipcdia.org/wiki/Micn & ,ן|
This i3 Google's cache of http i / e n wikipedia 0rgAviki/Microsoft t is a snapshot of the page as it appeared on 17 Jul 2012 13:15:03 GMT The current page could have changed in the meantirre Learn more
Text-only /ersicn
Create account & Log in
Read View source View history
Microsoft W־N 122‘74242״55 22*38'47 -
M icrosort c o rp o ra tio n
Microsoft׳ Type Rjblc
Traded as NASDAQ: MSFT ̂ SEHK: 4333 (£> Cow Jones Industrial Average component NASDAQ-100 component S&P50D component
Induttry Computer tofiwar• Onlir• t#rvic♦• Video gorroo
Founded Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States (April 4,1975)
Founder(•) Bill Gates, Paul Alien
Headquarters Microsoft Redmond Campts,
From Wikipedia. the free encyclopedia
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFTt? ) is ar American multinational corporation headquartered n ReJrrond. Washington. United States that develops, manufactures licenses, and supports a wide range cf products and services rolatod to computing. Tho company was foundoc by Bill Gatos and Paul Allen on Apr J 4. 1975. Microsoft is the world's largest software corporation measured by revenues Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASC inteipieteis foi the Altai! 8800 It rose to dominate the home computer operating system market wth MS-OOS n the mid• 1980s followed by the Microsoft Wndows line of operating systems The company’s 1986 initial public oferng. and subsequent rise in the share price, created ar estimated three billionaires and 12.000 millionaires from Microsoft employees Since the 1990s. the company has increasingly d1\ersrf1ed from the operating system market. In May 2011 Microsoft acquired Skype for $8 5 billion in its largest acquisition to date PI
Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to vviKipeaia
Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia
► Print/export
▼ Languages
FIGURE 2.1: Screenshot showing information about Microsoft
As an ethical hacker, if you find any sensitive information of your company in the search engine result pages, you should remove that information. Although you remove the sensitive information, it may still be available in a search engine cache. Therefore, you should also check the search engine cache to ensure that the sensitive data is removed permanently.
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CEHFinding Company’s External and Internal URLs
Tools to Search Internal URLs
5 http://news.netcraft.com 6 http://www.webmaster-a.com/
link-extractor-internal.php
A
Internal URL’s of m icrosoft.com
f j ^ ,
t) support.microsoft.com e office.microsoft.com s search.microsoft.com 0 msdn.microsoft.com O update.microsoft.com 6 technet.microsoft.com 0 windows.microsoft.com
Search for the target company's external URL in a search engine such as Google or Bing
Internal URLs provide an insight into different departments and business units in an organization
You may find an internal company's URL by trial and error method
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Finding Com pany’s External and Internal URLs A company's external and internal URLs provide a lot of useful information to the
attacker. These URLs describe the company and provide details such as the company mission and vision, history, products or services offered, etc. The URL that is used outside the corporate network for accessing the company's vault server via a firewall is called an external URL. It links directly to the company's external web page. The target company's external URL can be determined with the help of search engines such as Google or Bing.
If you want to find the external URL of a company, follow these steps:
1. Open any of the search engines, such as Google or Bing.
2. Type the name of the target company in the Search box and press Enter.
The internal URL is used for accessing the company's vault server directly inside the corporate network. The internal URL helps to access the internal functions of a company. Most companies use common formats for internal URLs. Therefore, if you know the external URL of a company, you can predict an internal URL through trial and error. These internal URLs provide insight into different departments and business units in an organization. You can also find the internal URLs of an organization using tools such as netcraft.
Tools to Search Internal URLs
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Netcraft Source: http://news.netcraft.com
Netcraft deals with web server, web hosting market-share analysis, and operating system detection. It provides free anti-phishing toolbar (Net craft toolbar) for Firefox as well as Internet Explorer browsers. The netcraft toolbar avoids phishing attacks and protects the Internet users from fraudsters. It checks the risk rate as well as the hosting location of the websites we visit.
Link Extractor Source: http://www.webmaster-a.com/link-extractor-internal.php
Link Extractor is a link extraction utility that allows you to choose between external and internal URLs, and will return a plain list of URLs linked to or an html list. You can use this utility to competitor sites.
Examples of internal URLs of microsoft.com:
© support.microsoft.com
© office.microsoft.com
© search.microsoft.com
© msdn.microsoft.com
© update.microsoft.com
© technet.microsoft.com
© windows.microsoft.com
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CEH Urt1fw4 ilh iul lUtbM
Public and R estricted W ebsites
http://answers.microsoft.comhttp://offlce.microsoft.com
Restricted Website
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Public and Restricted W ebsites —___ , A public website is a website designed to show the presence of an organization on the
Internet. It is designed to attract customers and partners. It contains information such as company history, services and products, and contact information of the organization.
The following screenshot is an example of a public website:
Source: http://www.microsoft.com
h ttp ://w w w .m ic ro s o ft.c o m
Public Website
Welcome to Microsoft Irocua Dt+noaSz Sicuity Stifpcrt Su
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FIGURE 2.2: An example of public website
A restricted website is a website that is available to only a few people. The people may be employees of an organization, members of a department, etc. Restrictions can be applied based on the IP number, domain or subnet, username, and password. Restricted or private websites of microsoft.com include: http://technet.microsoft.com, http://windows.microsoft.com, http://office.microsoft.com, and http://answers.microsoft.com.
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C ־4 Hc*w*OT*<r©10״U0*n
Microsoft | TechNet
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FIGURE 2.3: Examples of Public and Restricted websites
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Collect Location Information CEH
Use Google Earth tool to get the location of the place
Collect Location Information Information such as physical location of the organization plays a vital role in the
hacking process. This information can be obtained using the footprinting technique. In addition to physical location, we can also collect information such as surrounding public Wi-Fi hotspots that may prove to be a way to break into the target organization's network.
Attackers with the knowledge of a target organization's location may attempt dumpster diving, surveillance, social engineering, and other non-technical attacks to gather much more information about the target organization. Once the location of the target is known, detailed satellite images of the location can be obtained using various sources available on the Internet such as http://www.google.com/earth and https://maps.google.com. Attackers can use this information to gain unauthorized access to buildings, wired and wireless networks, systems, and so on.
Example: earth.google.com
Google Earth is a valuable tool for hacking that allows you to find a location, point, and zoom into that location to explore. You can even access 3D images that depict most of the Earth in high-resolution detail.
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* Pldcwe * יג*י U, PI0C63
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FIGURE 2.4: Google Earth showing location
Example: maps.google.com
Google Maps provides a Street View feature that provides you with a series of images of building, as well as its surroundings, including WI-FI networks. Attackers may use Google Maps to find or locate entrances to buildings, security cameras, gates, places to hide, weak spots in perimeter fences, and utility resources like electricity connections, to measure distance between different objects, etc.
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FIGURE 2.5: Google Maps showing a Street View
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C EHP eo p le S ea rch
The people search returns the following information about a person:
“ Residential addresses and email addresses S Contact numbers and date of birth S Photos and social networking profiles £ Blog URLs S Satellite pictures of private residencies
http://www.spokeo.com
Information about an individual can be found at various people search websites
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People Search You can use the public record websites to find information about people's email
addresses, phone numbers, house addresses, and other information. Using this information you can try to obtain bank details, credit card details, mobile numbers, past history, etc. There are many people search online services available that help find people, http://pipl.com and http://www.spokeo.com are examples of people search services that allow you to search for the people with their name, email, username, phone, or address.
These people search services may provide information such as:
Q Residential addresses and email addresses
O Contact numbers and date of birth
Q Photos and social networking profiles
© Blog URLs
© Satellite pictures of private residences
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P eople Search O nline S erv ices CEH
123 People Search h ttp ://w w w . 12 3people, com
PeekYou http ://ww w.peekyou. comC
Intelius http ://ww w.inte lius.com
PeopleSmart http ://ww w.peoplesm art. com& WhitePages
m o • I P http://www.whitepages.comV/ >—J
M Zaba Searchhttp://www.zabasearch.com
M % Zoomlnfo http ://ww w.zoom info . com
Wink People Search http ://w ink.com
AnyWho http://www.anywho.com
People Lookup S® https://www.peoplelookup.com
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.3;► People Search Online Services — At present, many Internet users are using people search engines to find information ׳׳
about other people. Most often people search engines provide people's names, addresses, and contact details. Some people search engines may also reveal the type of work an individual does, businesses owned by a person, contact numbers, company email addresses, mobile numbers, fax numbers, dates of birth, personal -mail addresses, etc. This information proves to be highly beneficial for attackers to launch attacks.
Some of the people search engines are listed as follows:
Zaba Search Source: http://www.zabasearch.com
Zaba Search is a people search engine that provides information such as address, phone number, current location, etc. of people in the US. It allows you to search for people by their name.
Zoomlnfo Source: http://www.zoominfo.com
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Zoom Info is a business people directory using which you can find business contacts, people's professional profiles, biographies, work histories, affiliations, links to employee profiles with verified contact information, and more.
Wink People Search .E צ_ו
Source: http://wink.com
Wink People Search is a people search engine that provides information about people by name and location. It gives phone number, address, websites, photos, work, school, etc.
״ AnyWho Source: http://www.anywho.com
AnyWho is a website that helps you find information about people, their businesses, and their locations online. With the help of a phone number, you can get all the details of an individual.
People Lookup Source: https://www.peoplelookup.com
People Lookup is a people search engine that allows you to find, locate, and then connect with people. It also allows you to look up a phone number, search for cell numbers, find an address or phone number, and search for people in the US. This database uses information from public records.
123 People Search Source: http://www.123people.com
123 People Search is a people search tool that allows you to find information such as public records, phone numbers, addresses, images, videos, and email addresses.
PeekYou Source: http://www.peekyou.com
PeekYou is a people search engine that allows you to search for profiles and contact information of people in India and cities' top employers and schools. It allows you to search for the people with their names or usernames.
Intelius Source: http://www.intelius.com
Intelius is a public records business that provides information services. It allows you to search for the people in US with their name, address, phone number, or email address.
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PeopleSmart Source: http://www.peoplesmart.com
People Smart is a people search service that allows you to find people's work information with their name, city, and state. In addition, it allows you to perform reverse phone lookups, email searches, searches by address, and county searches.
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W hitePages Source: http://www.whitepages.com
WhitePages is a people search engine that provides information about people by name and location. Using the phone number, you can find the person's address.
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CEHPeople Search on Social Networking Services
h ttp ://w w w . I inked in. com
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h ttps ://p lus, google, com
http ://ww w.facebook. com
h ttp ://tw itte r.com
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People Search on Social Networking Services Searching for people on social networking websites is easy. Social networking services
are the online services, platforms, or sites that focus on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among people. These websites provide information that is provided by users. Here, people are directly or indirectly related to each other by common interest, work location, or educational communities, etc.
Social networking sites allow people to share information quickly and effectively as these sites are updated in real time. It allows updating facts about upcoming or current events, recent announcements and invitations, and so on. Therefore, social networking sites prove to be a great platform for searching people and their related information. Through people searching on social networking services, you can gather critical information that will be helpful in performing social engineering or other kinds of attacks.
Many social networking sites allow visitors to search for people without registration; this makes people searching on social networking sites an easy task for you. You can search a person using name, email, or address. Some sites allow you to check whether an account is currently in use or not. This allows you to check the status of the person you are looking for.
Some of social networking services are as follows:
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Facebook Source: http://www.facebook.com
Facebook allows you to search for people, their friends, colleagues, and people living around them and others with whom they are affiliated. In addition, you can also find their professional information such as their company or business, current location, phone number, email ID, photos, videos, etc. It allows you to search for people by username or email address.
Sear<* for people, places and tvig i□facebook Carmen f lectra About *
A na*<ra of «ha md-watt. Carman graw near C mamas, 900. and got hor •״ ! braak *htn a tcout for fwc* aponad har danang and a*ad har to cama and aud«on for
Carman *roto a bock. >to* toBaSaxv'wfvtftwat oubkihad by Random noma In +* book Carman convayi tm ascW irdifM ndngifontlnw M lfaN cor•
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aod1 י»י« moat baauHU facaa. Carman • par mm»10»1׳< .$•• . Mai factor *eahset her m Tv and pm
FIGURE 2.7: Facebook a social networking service to search for people across the world
Linkedln 1 J Source: http://www.linkedin.com
Linkedln is a social networking website for professional people. It allows you to find people by name, keyword, company, school, etc. Searching for people on Linkedln gives you information such as name, designation, name of company, current location, and education qualifications, but to use Linkedln you need to be registered with the site.
Twitter Source: http://twitter.com
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Twitter is a social networking service that allows people to send and read text messages (tweets). Even unregistered users can read tweets on this site.
FIGURE 2.9: Twitter screenshot
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Google+ Source: https://plus.google.com
Google+ is a social networking site that aims to make sharing on the web more like sharing in real life. You can grab a lot of useful information about users from this site and use it to hack their systems.
FIGURE 2.10: Google+ screenshot
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CEHGather Information from Financial Services
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Gather Information from Financial Services (>̂ j
Financial services such as Google Finance, Yahoo! Finance, and so on provide a lot of useful information such as the market value of a company's shares, company profile, competitor details, etc. The information offered varies from one service to the next. In order to avail themselves of services such as e-mail alerts and phone alerts, users need to register on the financial services. This gives an opportunity for an attacker to grab useful information for hacking.
Many financial firms rely on web access, performing transactions, and user access to their accounts. Attackers can obtain sensitive and private information of users using information theft, key loggers, etc. Attackers can even grab this information by implementing cybercrimes, and exploit it with the help of non-vulnerable threats (software design flaw example; breaking authentication mechanism).
The following are some of non-vulnerable threats:
Q Service flooding
Brute force attack
S Phishing
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FIGURE 2.11: Examples of financial services website for gathering information
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CEH Urtifwl ilhiul lUtbM
Footprinting through Job Sites
Look for these:
e Job requirements
6 Employee's profile A C © Hardware information £ H | © Software information
Exam ples of Job W ebsites » http://www.monster.com
« http://www.careerbuilder.com
« http://www.dice.com *
http://www.simplyhired.com ^
© http://www.indeed.com
© http://www.usajobs.gov
You can gather company's infrastructure details from job postings
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Wt eitaxi ths1aoe fe\el of service !0 our no* ■*witm* aisrt otr uivktuv V { otf« 0 inprttT. r taanrt and benefits, but out tbrtiztli it on timh iltuf We fosta• 1 cisual but h*d uoriar.fi mwcnrxctt. ottmizt fin
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Pj dc* C • aui Pov»c1 SbcB *.1 Iftiikj ■.!*» ladw■( mid Ndwuik iifiawaluc l>c>l co ״ ״. c'iocjcb. SQL etc xvl cr MCTS, MCSE ■a-Jido itgpcc ■1 Compute! Siiaicc u Network ttn—n; or <quvdcat«
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Footprinting through Job Sites Attackers can gather valuable information about the operating system, software
versions, company's infrastructure details, and database schema of an organization, through footprinting various job sites using different techniques. Depending upon the posted requirements for job openings, attackers may be able to study the hardware, network-related information, and technologies used by the company. Most of the company's websites have a key employees list with their email addresses. This information may prove to be beneficial for an attacker. For example, if a company wants to hire a person for a Network Administration job, it posts the requirements related to that position.
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Network Administrator. Active Directory CIW*. Euhange
Design and vnpiemort Ik Iv k iI ukAooi on N ,gitfgiT.te « g — >_____________ Support fusing VWndows tmtaitucljrf VM OrtctofY 2003. SMS. SUS. C1»« SOL Sew. SOL Clusters. Ewhange 55. Eahange 2003. vn war*, vertas backip i0*wir«. h court and M«n securty. Master Recwery wivkm. RMO technologies. and FOrt̂ AN <*s* KMlorU■__________________
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facebookE
FIGURE 2.12: Gathering information through Job websites
Usually attackers look for the following information:
• Job requirements
• Employee's profile
• Hardware information
• Software information
Examples of job websites include:
Q http //www. monster.com
Q http //www.careerbu ilder.com
S http //www.dice.com
a- ׳
4- ׳
4-CCD //www.simplvhired.com
S http //www.indeed.com
Q http //www. usajobs.gov
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Monitoring Target Using Alerts C EH
Examples of Alert ServicesAlerts are the content monitoring services that provide up-to-date information based
Monitoring Targets Using Alerts “ Alerts are the content monitoring services that provide automated up-to-date
information based on your preference, usually via email or SMS. In order to get alerts, you need to register on the website and you should submit either an email or phone number to the service. Attackers can gather this sensitive information from the alert services and use it for further processing of an attack.
I^jl Google Alerts Source: http://www.google.com/alerts
Google Alerts is a content monitoring service that automatically notifies users when new content from news, web, blogs, video, and/or discussion groups matches a set of search terms selected by the user and stored by the Google Alerts service.
Google Alerts aids in monitoring a developing news story and keeping current on a competitor or industry.
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Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical Hacker Footprinting and Reconnaissance
27 new results •j Security News
Co og i• Alert • Security New*
Tkta lu ilo n i bkokad HiMyc■.
New»
Sinae Ra a 11 a Land Dtaflli-Bteftla AjiadalantrCiiclg N#Vf Yoric Time* BEIRUT Lebanon — The hilling on Wednesday of President Bashat al-Assads key security aides וזי a brazen bombog attack close to Mr Assads own residonce. called Trei into question the ability of a government that depends on an insular group of loyalists to
S t t «! ?ft tea t r
San Jose Mercury Mews Turr.s out < Mas 3s easy as using a rug to scale a ra20r *ire topped security fence at a small Utah arport in the rroddie cf night slipping past security bearding an idle empty S0-passeog?r SkyWest Aifhnes and rewng up the engines. He Clashed the ...
?tpnts m th!? . Kti-Stan fltASMiantr amMiia jmutma aost mi Reuters BEIRUT'AMMAN (Reuters) - Mystery surrounded the whereabouts of Syr an President Basha* 31- Assad cn Thursday a day after a oomoer killed and wounded his security cnefs anc rebels closed in on the centre of Damascus vowing to *liberate" the capital. 5 1 9 ?tpnts ?ח ».h? >
ftista Sira Laamra Inrcr Cirflg W a l Street Journal BEIRUT—Syrian rebels pierced the innermost circle 01 President Bashar a -Assads w ii st^«! regime wKh a bomb blast that kiled thiee high-lewl officials and raised questions about a — < the aMity of the courftry's security forces to sustain the embattled government Syna
Alerts
@yahoo com
Manage your alertsCREA TE A LERT
Search query Security News
Result type Everything
How often Once a day
How many: Only the best results
Your email
FIGURE 2.13: Google Alert services screenshot
Yahoo! Alerts is available at http://alerts.yahoo.com and Giga Alert is available at http://www.gigaalert.com: these are two more examples of alert services.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting Methodology CEH
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
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Footprinting M ethodology So far, we have discussed the first step of footprinting methodology, i.e., footprinting
via search engines. Now we will discuss website footprinting. An organization's website is a first place where you can get sensitive information such as names and contact details of chief persons in the company, upcoming project details, and so on. This section covers the website footprinting concept, mirroring websites, the tools used for mirroring, and monitoring web updates.
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W ebsite F o o tp rin tin g C EH
Information obtained from target's website enables an attacker to build a detailed map of website's structure and architecture
Browsing the target website may provide: - Software used and its version t Operating system used t: Sub-directories and parameters t Filename, path, database field name, or query - Scripting platform
Contact details and CMS details
Use Zaproxy, Burp Suite, Firebug, etc. to view headers that provide: w Connection status and content-type ~ Accept-Ranges - Last-Modified information t; X-Powered-By information
Web server in use and its version
W ebsite Footprinting It is possible for an attacker to build a detailed map of a website's structure and
architecture without IDS being triggered or without raising any sys admin suspicions. It can be accomplished either with the help of sophisticated footprinting tools or just with the basic tools that come along with the operating system, such as telnet and a browser.
Using the Netcraft tool you can gather website information such as IP address, registered name and address of the domain owner, domain name, host of the site, OS details, etc. But this tool may not give all these details for every site. In such cases, you should browse the target website.
Browsing the target website will provide you with the following information:
Q Software used and its version: You can find not only the software in use but also the version easily on the off-the-shelf software-based website.
Q Operating system used: Usually the operating system can also be determined.
9 Sub-directories and parameters: You can reveal the sub-directories and parameters by making a note of all the URLs while browsing the target website.
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Filename, path, database field name, or query: You should analyze anything after a query that looks like a filename, path, database field name, or query carefully to check whether it offers opportunities for SQL injection.
,Scripting platform: With the help of the script filename extensions such as .php, .asp י- .jsp, etc. you can easily determine the scripting platform that the target website is using.
S Contact details and CMS details: The contact pages usually offer details such as names, phone numbers, email addresses, and locations of admin or support people. You can use these details to perform a social engineering attack.
CMS software allows URL rewriting in order to disguise the script filename extensions. In this case, you need to put little more effort to determine the scripting platform.
Use Paros Proxy, Burp Suite, Firebug, etc. to view headers that provide:
Q Connection status and content-type
Q Accept-ranges
© Last-Modified information
Q X-Powered-By information
© Web server in use and its version
Source: http://portswigger.net
The following is a screenshot of Burp Suite showing headers of packets in the information pane:
FIGURE 2.14: Burp Suite showing headers of packets in the information pane
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CEH Urt1fw4 ilh iul lUtbM
W ebsite F o o tp rin tin g (Cont’d)
Examining cookies may provide: 6 Software in use and its behavior © Scripting platforms used
Examining HTM L source provides:
© Comments in the source code
9 Contact details of web developer or admin
© File system structure
9 Script type
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
W ebsite Footprinting (Cont’d) Examine the HTML source code. Follow the comments that are either created by the
CMS system or inserted manually. These comments may provide clues to help you understand what's running in the background. This may even provide contact details of the web admin or developer.
Observe all the links and image tags, in order to map the file system structure. This allows you to reveal the existence of hidden directories and files. Enter fake data to determine how the script works.
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T T H V1ew « ju 1< ew w w jn 1<rc•. ץ
C ft © view sour״ , www.microsoft.com en-us/defaultaspx f t \ A I21 < 'DOCTYPC hriwi PUBLIC •—//W3C//DTD XHTML 1*0 Trtnsicififltl//CNa
s <html dir־"ltr" lang“״en• xml: lar.g“*er.■ xmlns“״http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml• xmlns :b1~'urn:schemas-m1crosoft-com:mscom:b1 *>
« <headxt1tle> Microsoft Corporation: Software, Smartphones, Online, Saxes, Cloud
Computing, IT Business Technology, Downloads 0 </tltlexmeta http-equiv'X-UA-Cospatlble■ content•“IE-10* /xmeta http- equ1v”"C0ntent-Type” content~*text/html: charset“utf-8" /xmeta http- eq1״v*"X-UA-IE9-TextLaycutMetries* content”"snap-vert1cal* />
o ־ e n p t type״"text^avascr1pt*> var QosInitTime ■ <new Date()) •getTime () ;
9 var QosLoadTim* • •י; var QosPageUn • encodeURI (window, location); var QosBaseSrc • window.location.protocol ♦ new)) + י•oft.com/tran^_plxel.a3px?route*64DE^ctrl-9C5A4tzצe.micro//י Date()) .getTimezoneOffset () / 60) ♦ •tcot-Stqos.un■• ♦ QosPagetJri; document.write("clink rel”"3tylesheet■ type“*text/css• href•"' ♦ QosSuildUrl(•lnit‘) ♦ •"/>'); function QosBuildUn (n) (
14 var time » (new Date ()).getTuse () ; var cd - window.cookieDisabled; if (typeof cd “ *undefined*)
cd • 1; // Default to 1 (cookies disabled) if the wedcs script has not set it yet
return QosBaseSrc ♦ *ted•' • cd ♦ •tqos.ti■' ♦ QosInitTme ♦ •4ts■' ♦ time + ,*qos.tl“• ♦ QosLoadTlme ♦ •iqos.n•1 ♦ n;t»l } v
FIGURE 2.15: Screenshot showing Microsoft script works
Examine cookies set by the server to determine the software running and its behavior. You can also identify the script in platforms by observing sessions and other supporting cookies.
Cook* * ar*d site data X
Sit• Locally stored data Remove $0 SeercH toofc*et
0d«yM<u11(y.«Kn J (oobn A 100bcttbuy.com 2 coobes
N«mc _utmx Content. 1928742&2.1342446822.1.1 utmcv a lOOmoney -*jtmccn־
(r«ferr*l)futmcmd=refen*l|utmcct־ 'lendmg/moneyde•!• >««■»*>
Dom#«n .100bettbuy.com y P*h / Send for Aity krnd of connection Accrv.4>teto script Yet Created Mondey. Ju»y 161 2012 &S3̂ 1 AM Expires: Mondey. Jjnu.ry U. 2013 *5341 PM
Remove
www.tOObestbuy.com 1 cookie
www.100nests.com 1 cootoe
125rf.com }co«bet
www.l23d.com 2 cootaes. local storage v
OK
FIGURE 2.16: Showing details about the software running in a system by examining cookies
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
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M irro r in g E n tire W ebsite C E H
Mirrored Website
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Original Website
1־ ך Mirroring an Entire W ebsite Website mirroring is the process of creating an exact replica of the original website.
This can be done with the help of web mirroring tools. These tools allow you to download a website to a local directory, recursively building all directories, HTML, images, flash, videos and other files from the server to your computer.
Website mirroring has the following benefits:
Q It is helpful for offline site browsing.
Website mirroring helps in creating a backup site for the original one.
Q A website clone can be created.
Q Website mirroring is useful to test the site at the time of website design and development.
Q It is possible to distribute to multiple servers instead of using only one server.
J Mirroring an entire website onto the local system enables an attacker to dissect and identify vulnerabilities; it also assists in finding directory structure and other valuable information without multiple requests to web server
J Web mirroring tools allow you to download a website to a local directory, building recursively all directories, HTML, images, flash, videos, and other files from the server to your computer
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Original Website Mirrored Website
FIGURE 2.17: JuggyBoy's Original and Mirrored website
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W ebsite M ir ro r in g Tools CEH
W ebsite Mirroring Tools
© HTTrack Web Site Copier Source: http://www.httrack.com
HTTrack is an offline browser utility. It allows you to download a World Wide Web site from the Internet to a local directory, building recursively all directories, getting HTML, images, and other files from the server to your computer. HTTrack arranges the original site's relative link- structure. Open a page of the "mirrored" website in your browser, browse the site from link to link, and you can view the site as if you were online. HTTrack can also update an existing mirrored site, and resume interrupted downloads.
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ד פ [Site mirroring in progress (2/2.10165 bytes) - [FR.wt1ttי
Wormetion BvletMvwj 992*6 lr*u •canred 2/2 Tim• 221 FiMwKUn ו Tmnrfer rat• oe/> (5e9&/») 0 Act** comeacr* 2 6*0n 0
W Actons
File Preference* Mirrcx Log Window Help S jy lo<«̂» Mi si. N
8) i. p I B i ■
*Wffltwircom " cont4»w«con <©
FIGURE 2.18: HTTrack Web Site Copier Screenshot
SurfOffline Source: http://www.surfoffline.com
SurfOffline is a website download software. The software allows you to download entire websites and download web pages to your local hard drive. After downloading the target website, you can use SurfOffline as an offline browser and view downloaded web pages in it. If you prefer to view downloaded webpages in another browser, you can use the Export Wizard. SurfOffline's Export Wizard also allows you to copy downloaded websites to other computers in order to view them later and prepares websites for burning them to a CD or DVD.
J SurfOffline Professional 2.1 Unregistered trial version. You have 30 day(s) left I ** 1 ° 1 x F.4e View Projects 8rowver HHp
iL £) Zi O Hi> O ^ OQjj $ JuggyboyQ uestion the Rules
+ +
O Promts <5 New Project
1m Pfoywi Set Loaded byt« Sutus1: http:.׳'/www.j1»ggyt>... 0 0 Connoting 2: http7/wwŵ u9gyb— 0 0 Connoting J: http--//www.;1>ggyb... 0 0 Connecting * http, // www /uggyb. 0 0 Connecting S: http://www.;u9g>-b... 0 0 Connecting v J
■ __________>*»*mg. 0 10*6*4 11 Queued S1 (1 <tem(*) rem**\1rKj) Downloading picture http־.//ww 1
FIGURE 2.19: SurfOffline screenshot
BlackWidow Source: http://softbvtelabs.com
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Module 02 Page 144
BlackWidow is a website scanner for both experts and beginners. It scans websites (it's a site ripper). It can download an entire website or part of a website. It will build a site structure first, and then downloads. It allows you to choose what to download from the website.
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical Hacker Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
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X l« W M 1» MaowACotporjBon Scftmn. V iw lcto n n O rtnr G m v Claud Co״ cw tn j It t«trw«og>OomHôt ״ י ^ »■ — [()»■ 0|V»» Q»>» 2J***'״ S ’**■ 'fj l« « tn g liw 1a• m U h jh
Welcome to Microsoft *o*ucta 00» « e *d1 S * o ^ » Support •wy
FIGURE 2.20: SurfOffline screenshot
Webripper Source: http://www.calluna-software.com
WebRipper is an Internet scanner and downloader. It downloads massive amount of images, videos, audio, and executable documents from any website. WebRipper uses spider-technology to follow the links in all directions from the start-address. It filters out the interesting files, and adds them to the download-queue for downloading.
You can restrict downloaded items by file type, minimum file, maximum file, and image size. All the downloaded links can also be restricted by keywords to avoid wasting your bandwidth.
Wrt>R»ppef 03 - Copyright (0 200S-2009 - StmsonSoft
0 SamsonSoft Ne M> T00H *dp
F<xsy3Mm fiwemgW•• SucceeAiMee fM ta Seemed page• F<*rdpagee Sotte.n □ H ■!►Ixl ^|%| ®
WebRipper The u ltim ate tool for wehsite ripping
Selected!*
^ Tarqolod [www !uqqyboy com)634782117892930200 Oowteed* | Sodtn | | Log \ St«je זמגצי Reojetfng header “Cp W • ccrr, *petixTctr png ReojeCng header ■Cp 1״wti pjyoy cot n. conrw.מי מי f Regjecng healer Ĉp WwfjgyK-y comvjxwwonShewe* e. Reaietfrg header tip /»w« pgsftcy car. ltd Re«je*rg header KJp/A״ww,jgg»boy ccmHee. arter>c*rtag»
001M8M4 0 12KES
FIGURE 2.21: Webripper screenshot
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W ebsite M ir ro r in g Tools (EH (Cont’d) Urt.fi•* | ttk.ul MmIm
PageNest http ://ww w.pagenest. com
Website Ripper Copiero hן ttp ://w w w . tensons.com
Backstreet Browser h ttp ://w w w . spadixbd. com
Teleport Pro h ttp ://w w w . tenmax.com
,__ Offline Explorer Enterprise http://www.metaproducts.com
GNU Wget http ://w w w .gnu.org
Portable Offline Browser h ttp ://w w w .metaproducts.com
Proxy Offline Browser http://www.proxy-offline-browser.com
« Hooeey Webprint I 2 A Z ־ J http://www.hooeeywebprint.com
iMiser http://internetresearchtool.com
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
W ebsite Mirroring Tools (Cont’d) In addition to the website mirroring tools mentioned previously, a few more well-
known tools are mentioned as follows:
9 Webiste Ripper Copier available at http://www.tensons.com
£ Teleport Pro available at http://www.tenmax.com
© Portable Offline Browser available at http://www.metaproducts.com
Q Proxy Offline Browser available at http://www.proxy-offline-browser.com
Q iMiser available at http://internetresearchtool.com
© PageNest available at http://www.pagenest.com
0 Backstreet Browser available at http://www.spadixbd.com
© Offline Explorer Enterprise available at http://www.metaproducts.com
9 GNU Wget available at http://www.gnu.org
Hooeey Webprint available at http://www.hooeeywebprint.com
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Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Extract W ebsite Information fromE I ------- http:7/www. archive. org Archive is an Internet Archive Wayback Machine that allows you to visit archived versions of websites. This allows you to gather information on a company's web pages since their creation. As the website www.archive.org keeps track of web pages from the time of their inception, you can retrieve even information that has been removed from the target website.
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~ כ ~ \ ii \
Go Waytoackl
rosottcon: ־ C '.) wayback.arch1vc.org »־־
J!" * http://microsoft.com! י ■י ' 'n i
13 14 15 16
20 21 22 23
27‘ 28 29 30
10 11 12 1נ 20 19 19 17
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ft 7 t 9 10 11 12
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26 25 24 23 22 21 20
51 •3 29 58 27
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9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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23 24 25 26 ׳7 28 29
30 31 MAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• 9 10 111 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 26 26 27 28
29 30 31
FIGURE 2.22: Internet Archive Wayback Machine screenshot
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Monitoring Web Updates Using Website Watcher
Website Watcher automatically checks web pages for updates and changes
WebSite-Watcher 2012 <12_2> .cockmartcwsw. 28 days available [ 11* goot/narks £h«ck Took Jcnpt Qptions Jftew tJelp Byy Now
change Statu* Last check Warning: whole content _ 13:14
2012-07-18 1&2&22 CK. mibafccril RecSrect.on 2012-07-18 16:2*33 200®-10-07 1fclS27 CK 2008-10-07 15:4*30 20CS-10-C7 15744:4s CK. pfcp6B2 Plugin proc... 2008-10-07 15:44:49
a| ם j 4|[b1̂ rs Sign In http:Vww1At.hotmail.com fAcrosoft Corporation: Software ... http://www.miuoicft com WebS4e-Watcher - Download http-7/www a^ne com'dowmloa— WebSrte-Watcher - Support Forum http:/׳'«wrw.a1gne1.com'fo»v»n'11-
e . S l a y I nWebSite- Watche
Hchpp r p j j u w Scfp^rwhot*; VWo< EowpIo.kI■, Buy Now Siionort
D ow nload W rb S ite -W a lc tw r
W ebSite Wrtt< h e r 4.4? 21-hit• 00ג•
ID ow loai | (4.3 MS) Im w cl (O MB)
»f̂ *«̂ r»*T4/2000̂00yXPA׳«• V»fc1an H.rfcyy
If yo*J insta■ • «*׳*»or. 40 ״ot unanata■ your •ju sting copy oI WebS«*-W*tch«r - just install 0
Page T«t Analysw
http://aignes.com
Copyright © by EG-Gllincil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Monitoring Web Updates Using W ebsite Watcher Source: http://www.aignes.com
Website Watcher is used to keep track of websites for updates and automatic changes. When an update or change occurs, Website Watcher automatically detects and saves the last two versions onto your disk, and highlights changes in the text. It is a useful tool for monitoring sites to gain competitive advantage.
Benefits:
Frequent manual checking of updates is not required. Website Watcher can automatically detect and notify users of updates:
Q It allows you to know what your competitors are doing by scanning your competitors׳ websites
© The site can keep track of new software versions or driver updates
© It stores images of the modified websites to a disk
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FIGURE 2.23: Website watcher monitoring web updates
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Footprinting Methodology CEH
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprinting M ethodology So far we have discussed Footprinting through search engines and website footprinting,
the two initial phases of footprinting methodology. Now we will discuss email footprinting.
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
This section describes how to track email communications, how to collect information from email headers, and email tracking tools.
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Tracking Email Communications c(•ttifwtf 1 Ellt»K4l Nm\hat
J Attacker tracks email to gather information about the physical location of an individual to perform social engineering that in turn may help in mapping target organization's network
J Email tracking is a method to monitor and spy on the delivered emails to the intended recipient
When the email was received and read
GPS location and map of the recipient
Time spent on reading the emails
it to them
Set messages to expire after a specified time
Track PDF and other types of attachments
Whether or not the recipient
visited any links sent
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Tracking Email Com munications Email tracking is a method that helps you to monitor as well as to track the emails of a
particular user. This kind of tracking is possible through digitally time stamped records to reveal the time and date a particular email was received or opened by the target. A lot of email tracking tools are readily available in the market, using which you can collect information such as IP addresses, mail servers, and service provider from which the mail was sent. Attackers can use this information to build the hacking strategy. Examples of email tracking tools include: eMailTrackerPro and Paraben E-mail Examiner.
By using email tracking tools you can gather the following information about the victim:
Geolocation: Estimates and displays the location of the recipient on the map and may even calculate distance from your location.
Read duration: The duration of time spent by the recipient on reading the mail sent by -׳ the sender.
.Proxy detection: Provides information about the type of server used by the recipient -׳
Q Links: Allows you to check whether the links sent to the recipient through email have been checked or not.
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' ' Operating system: This reveals information about the type of operating system used by the recipient. The attacker can use this information to launch an attack by finding loopholes in that particular operating system.
Q Forward email: Whether or not the email sent to you is forwarded to another person can be determined easily by using this tool.
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CEHC ollecting Information from Email Header
designates 10.224.205.137 as permitted־
fcm; dkim=pass
The address from which the message was sent
number assigned .google.com to
itify theme:
Date and time received by the originator's
email servers
Delivored-To: - _ 0gmc1il.com Received: by 10.112.39.167 with SMTP id q7cj
Fri, 1 Jun 2012 21:24:01 - O T O O i f ^ Return-Path: < ״*• - [email protected]> Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of sender) client־ip=10.224.205.1 377 Authentication-Results: |m^goog^^^om^ 10.224.205.137 as p e r m i ^ ? ? ^ header. i«;_ •»«-*.. * [email protected] Received: frommr.google.com ([10.224.205.137])
!hY wir.h SMTP Iri fr»^..n^8570qab.39.131 I Fri, 01 Jun 2Q12 21;24:QQ -0700 (PDT)I —
Sender's mail serverrrwl SmtpTml^H
ect:from:to
75MxDR8־t2־P!
Authentication system used by sender's
mail server
d=gma11.com; 3=20120113; h-mime-version:in-reply-to: :content-type;
bh=TGEIPb4ti7gfQG+ghh70kPj kx+Tt/iAClfl b־KyuZLTLfg2-»-QZX;cZKexlNnvRcnD/ + P4+Nkl
A unique l.com> j b m
bl PK3p J3Uf/CsaB7.Wr>TTOXI״aKOAGrP3BOt 92MCZFxeUUQ9uwL/xHAI״SnkoUTF.F.*»KGqOC 0a9hD59D30Xl8KAC7ZmkblGzXmV4DlWf fCL894RaMBOU1*MzRwOWWIib95al I38cqt If P ZhrWFKh5xSnZXsE73xZPEYzp7yeeCeQuYHZNGslKxc07xQjeZuw+HWK/vR6xChDJapZ4 K5ZAfYZmkIkFX+VdLZqu7YGFzy60HcuP16y3/C2fXHVd3uY<״nMT/yecvhCV080y7FKt6 /Kzw-■
MIME-Veraion: 1.0 Received; by 10.224.205.137 with SMTP id fq9; Fri, 01 Jun 2012 21:24:00 -0700 (PDT)
Received: by 10.229.230.79 with HTTP; Fri In-Reply-To: <CAOYWATTlzdDXE308D2rhiE4Ber Referaaa Date
1040318;
nO’-EMJcgfgX+mUf jB tt2sy2dXA0mail. gmail .com> 1LUTIONS : : :
■erma6gmail.com> ץ r0yahoo.com>Sender's full name
»f aranrai • ( f anYMftTT 1 rrinytr Infi n? rh i F df ■
ubj ן——ן o;
\ I . com. > LUTIONS( ־
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
C ollecting Information from Email Headers An email header is the information that travels with every email. It contains the
details of the sender, routing information, date, subject, and recipient. The process of viewing the email header varies with different mail programs.
Commonly used email programs:
© SmarterMail Webmail
© Outlook Express 4-6
e Outlook 2000-2003
e Outlook 2007
© Eudora 4.3/5.0
© Entourage
© Netscape Messenger 4.7
© MacMail
The following is a screenshot of a sample email header.
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Delivered-To: 8 .-»-»» ■«» !»«׳gmail.com Received: by 10.112. 39". 167 with SMTP id q7csp4894121bk;
Fri, 1 Jun 2012 21:24:01 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: < »•-— [email protected]> Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of ■ 1enna0gmail.com designates 10.224.205.137 as permitted sender) client-ip=10. 2 2 Authentication-Results: pnr7googl^^om»J 3pf-pa33 (google.com: domain of erma8gmail.com designates 10.224.205.137 as permitted senaerj smtp.mail3 - ׳־־rmaggmail.com; dkim=pass header. i=; ?rma8gmail.com Received: frommr.google.com ([10.224.205.137])
hv in.??<!■?05-137 win, s m t p in ^,0^<;78»;70^- ו(וו*»ררו.><ר4(177ר (numhops = 1); |Fn, 01 Jun 2012 21:24:00 -0700 (PDT)!
DKIM-Signature: v=l/l^^rsa-sha^^o/J c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gma i 1. com; ? 01 2011 h=mime-version:in-reply-to:references:date:message-id:subject:from:to :content-type;
bh=TGEIPb4ti7gfQG+ghh70kPjkx4Tt/iAClPPyWmNgYHc=; b־KguZLTLfg2+QZXzZKexlNnvRcnD/+P4+Nk5NKSPtG7uHXDsfv/hGH46e2P+75MxDR8 blPK3eJ3Uf/CsaBZWDITOXLaKOAGrP3BOt92MCZFxeUUQ9uwL/xHALSnkeUIEEeKGqOC oa9hD59D3oXI8KAC7ZmkblGzXmV4DlWffCL894RaMB0UoMzRw0WWIib95alI38cqtlfP ZhrWFKh5xSnZXsE73xZPEYzp7yecCeQuYHZNGslKxc07xQjeZuw+HWK/vR6xChDJapZ4 K5 ZAf YZmkI kFX4־VdLZqu7YGFzy60HcuPl6yS/C2 fXHVdsuYamMT/yecvhCVo80g7FKt 6 /Kzw-
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Received: by 10.229.230.79 with HTTP; Fri, 1 Jun 2012 21:23:59 -0700 (PDT) In-Reply-To: <[email protected]•com> Referoflfiga^^£^2iiJ^2Xlidfi2£ia2fiiiJi^4^er2MtVOuhro6r+7Mu7c8ubp8Eg0mail. gmail. com> Date:|Sat, 7 Jun 201? 09:53:59 40530 1 Message-it: <(!:AMivoX'fl!1cf£1־n£'w!iW<i5zihNnO-EMJcgfgX+mUfjB_tt2sy2dXA0mail.gmail.com> S u b j e j ^ ^ i i ״ _ _ _ji*,_0LUTI0NS ::: From:| ■ ■ ~ Mirza|< ״- • -ermapgmail.com> To: iftsamaii.com,
• 1LUTI0NS < • • -* - - ־ •tions8gmail.com>, — ... ■ ■ e ,<aAk_er8yahoo.com■׳ tm> ־1
FIGURE 2.24: Email header screenshot
This email header contains the following information:
e Sender's mail server e Data and time received by the originator's email servers e Authentication system used by sender's mail server e Data and time of message sent e A unique number assigned by mr.google.com to identify the message e Sender's full name e Senders IP address e The address from which the message was sent
The attacker can trace and collect all of this information by performing a detailed analysis of the complete email header.
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C EHE m a il T ra c k in g Tools Email Lookup - Free Email Tracker Trace Email - Track Email
Email Header Analysis
IP Address: 72.52.192 147 (ho8t.marhsttanrrediagro1jp.con) IP Address Country: Unred States i p continent north America IP Address City Location: Lansing IP Address Region: Michigan IP Address Latitude: *2.7257. IP Address longtitude: -84.636 Organ i rat on: So jrcoDNS
tmaii Lookup wap (snownide)
Map Satellite
Bath Charter Township
W,Oard w * י ־ - ( f t E03tLansing Lansing
/
IVac dfcta 82012 Gooole - Terms of Use Report a map eI־
Email M etrics
!5MH • (105* » UOt 1«M>
!!!!!!!! 11 j!.!!! 1 m ! 111! Email Lookup - Free Email Tracker (http://www.ipaddresslocation.org)
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PoliteM ail (h ttp :/ /w w w .p o lite m a il.c o m )
Email Tracking Tools Email tracking tools allow you to track an email and extract information such as
sender identity, mail server, sender's IP address, etc. You can use the extracted information to attack the target organization's systems by sending malicious emails. Numerous email tracking tools are readily available in the market.
The following are a few commonly used email tracking tools:
eMailTrackerPro Source: http://www.emailtrackerpro.com
eMailTrackerPro is an email tracking tool that analyzes email headers and reveals information such as sender's geographical location, IP address, etc. It allows you to review the traces later by saving all past traces.
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«M*fTrKtfT*o v9Qh Advanced {(Woiv Trul a»y 3 of M
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FIGURE 2.25: eMailTrackerPro showing geographical location of sender
PoliteM ail Source: http://www.politemail.com
PoliteMail is an email tracking tool for Outlook. It tracks and provides complete details about who opened your mail and which document has been opened, as well as which links are being clicked and read. It offers mail merging, split testing, and full list management including segmenting. You can compose an email containing malicious links and send it to the employees of the target organization and keep track of your email. If the employee clicks on the link, he or she is infected and you will be notified. Thus, you can gain control over the system with the help of this tool.
FIGURE 2.26: Politemail screenshot
Email Lookup - Free Email Tracker W W W
Source: http://www.ipaddresslocation.org
NIC
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Module 02 Page 158
Email Lookup is an email tracking tool that determines the IP address of the sender by analyzing the email header. You can copy and paste the email header into this email tracking tool and start tracing email.
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical Hacker Footprinting and Reconnaissance
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Email Lookup - Free Email Tracker Trace Email • Track Email
Em ail H eader A n a lys is
IP Address: 72.52.192.147 (host manhattanmed1agroup.com) IP Address Country: United States f e i IP Continent: North America IP Address City Location: Lansng IP Address Region: Michigan IP Address Latitude: 42 7257, IP Address Longtitude: -84 636 Organization: SourceDNS
Email Lookup Map (show/hide)
FIGURE 2.27: Email Lookup Screenshot
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CEHE m a il T ra c k in g Tools (Cont’d)
Pointofmail http ://w w w .p o in to fm ail. com
Read Notify h ttp :/ /w w w . re ad notify, com
Super Email Marketing Software http://w w w .bulk-em ail-m arketing-softw are.net
© DidTheyReadlt h ttp :/ /w w w . didtheyreadit. com
' — ■
WhoReadMe http ://w hore adm e . com
GetNotify httn■ //iajiaj\aj nt>\http ://w w w .ge tn otify .co m
Trace Email http ://w hatism yipaddress. com
MSGTAG h ttp ://w w w .m sgta g .co m
Zendio G-Lock Analytics S '/ http ://w w w .zen dio .com ' m http://glockanalytics.com
JJS> a —
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Email Tracking Tools (Cont’d)
M Read Notify --- Source: http://www.readnotify.com
Read Notify provides an email tracking service. It notifies you when a tracked email is opened, re-opened, or forwarded. Read Notify tracking reports contain information such as complete delivery details, date and time of opening, geographic location of recipient, visualized map of location, IP address of the recipients, referrer details (i.e., if accessed via web email account etc.), etc.
^ DidTheyReadlt Source: http://www.didtheyreadit.com
DidTheyReadlt is an email tracking utility. In order to use this utility you need to sign up for an account. Then you need to add ".DidTheyReadlt.com" to the end of the recipient's e-mail address. For example, if you were sending an e-mail to [email protected], you'd just send it to [email protected] instead, and your email would be tracked, [email protected] would not see that you added .DidTheyReadlt.com to her email address. This utility tracks every email that you send invisibly, without alerting the recipient. If the user opens your mail, then it
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informs you when your mail was opened, how long your email remained open, and the geographic location where your email was viewed.
TraceEmail Source: http://whatismyipaddress.com
The TraceEmail tool attempts to locate the source IP address of an email based on the email headers. You just need to copy and paste the full headers of the target email into the Headers box and then click the Get Source button. It shows the email header analysis and results.
This Email header analysis tool does not have the ability to detect forged emails headers. These forged email headers are common in malicious email and spam. This tool assumes all mail servers and email clients in the transmission path are trustworthy.
MSGTAG Source: http://www.msgtag.com
MSGTAG is Windows email tracking software that uses a read receipt technology to tell you when your emails are opened and when your emails are actually read. This software adds a small track and trace tag that is unique to each email you need delivery confirmation for. When the email is opened an email tracking code is sent to the MSGTAG email tracking system and an email read confirmation is delivered to you. MSGTAG will notify you when the message is read
via an emailed confirmation, a pop-up message, or an SMS text message.
vSW, Zendio Source: http://www.zendio.com
Zendio, the email tracking software add-in for Outlook, notifies you once your recipient reads the email, so you can follow up, knowing when they read it and if they clicked on any links included in the email.
Pointofmail Source: http://www.pointofmail.com
Pointofmail.com is a proof of receipt and reading service for email. It ensures read receipts, tracks attachments, and lets you modify or delete sent messages. It provides detailed information about the recipient, full history of email reads and forwards, links and attachments tracking, email, and web and SMS text notifications.
3 Super Email M יו arketing Software Source: http://www.bulk-email-marketing-software.net
Super Email Marketing Software is a professional and standalone bulk mailer program. It has the ability to send mails to a list of addresses. It supports both text as well as HTML formatted emails. All duplicate email addresses are removed automatically by using this application. Each mail is sent individually to the recipient so that the recipient can only see his or her email in the
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email header. It saves the email addresses of the successful sent mails as well as the failed mails to a text, CSV, TSV or Microsoft Excel file.
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WhoReadMe "5 ©׳ ource: http://whoreadme.com
WhoReadMe is an email tracking tool. It is completely invisible to recipients. The recipients will have no idea that the emails sent to them are being tracked. The sender is notified every time the recipient opens the mail sent by the sender. It tracks information such as type of operating system and browser used, Active X Controls, CSS version, duration between the mails sent and read time, etc.
GetNotify Source: http://www.getnotify.com
GetNotify is an email tracking tool that sends notifications when the recipient opens and reads the mail. It sends notifications without the knowledge of recipient.
I r G־Lock Analytics * י—׳ *י—׳ Source: http://glockanalytics.com
G-Lock Analytics is an email tracking service. This allows you to know what happens to your emails after they are sent. This tool reports to you how many times the email was printed and forwarded.
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Footprinting Methodology CEH
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
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Footprinting M ethodology The next phase in footprinting methodology after email footprinting is competitive
intelligence.
Competitive intelligence is a process that gathers, analyzes, and distributes intelligence about products, customers, competitors, and technologies using the Internet. The information that is gathered can help managers and executives of a company make strategic decisions. This section is about competitive intelligence gathering and sources where you can get valuable information.
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Competitive Intelligence Gathering
0
0
ר
J Competitive intelligence is the process of identifying, gathering, analyzing, verifying, and using information about your competitors from resources such as the Internet
J Competitive intelligence is non-interfering and subtle in nature
Sources of Competitive Intelligence ♦
1 Company websites and employment ads 6 Social engineering employees ׳
7 Product catalogues and retail outlets
Analyst and regulatory reports
Customer and vendor interviews
1 0 Agents, distributors, and suppliers
2 Search engines, Internet, and online databases
3 Press releases and annual reports
- Trade journals, conferences, and newspaper
5 Patent and trademarks
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Com petitive Intelligence Gathering Various tools are readily available in the market for the purpose of competitive
intelligence gathering.
Acquisition of information about products, competitors, and technologies of a company using the Internet is defined as competitive intelligence. Competitive intelligence is not just about analyzing competitors but also analyzing their products, customers, suppliers, etc. that impact the organization. It is non-interfering and subtle in nature compared to the direct intellectual property theft carried out through hacking or industrial espionage. It mainly concentrates on the external business environment. It gathers information ethically and legally instead of gathering it secretly. According to Cl professionals, if the intelligence information gathered is not useful, then it is not called intelligence. Competitive intelligence is performed for determining:
Q What the competitors are doing
Q How competitors are positioning their products and services
Sources of Competitive Intelligence:
Company websites and employment ads
S Search engines, Internet, and online databases
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e Press releases and annual reports
e Trade journals, conferences, and newspapers
e Patents and trademarks
e Social engineering employees
e Product catalogs and retail outlets
e Analyst and regulatory reports
e Customer and vendor interviews
e Agents, distributors, and suppliers
Competitive intelligence can be carried out by either employing people to search for the information or by utilizing a commercial database service, which incurs a lower cost than employing personnel to do the same thing.
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C EHC om petitive In te lligen ce - W hen Did th is Com pany B egin? How Did it D evelop?
V is it T h e s e S ite s ♦------------------------------------------------
01. EDGAR Database
http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml ♦---------------------------------
02. Hoovers
How did it http://www.hoovers.com develop? «______________________________________
03. LexisNexis M ■ 2 ) http://www.lexisnexis.com
♦--------------------------------- 04. Business Wire
^ K > http://www.businesswire.com
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When did it begin?
Competitive Intelligence ־ When Did this Company Begin? How Did it Develop?
Gathering competitor documents and records helps improve productivity and profitability and stimulate the growth. It helps determine the answers to the following:
When did it begin?
Through competitive intelligence, the history of a company can be collected, such as when a particular company was established. Sometimes, crucial information that isn't usually available for others can also be collected.
How did it develop?
It is very beneficial to know about how exactly a particular company has developed. What are the various strategies used by the company? Their advertisement policy, customer relationship management, etc. can be learned.
Who leads it?
This information helps a company learn details of the leading person (decision maker) of the company.
Where is it located?
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The location of the company and information related to various branches and their operations can be collected through competitive intelligence.
You can use this information gathered through competitive intelligence to build a hacking strategy.
The following are information resource sites that help users gain competitive intelligence.
EDGAR 01 c—3 Source: http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml
ע
All companies, foreign and domestic, are required to file registration statements, periodic reports, and other forms electronically through EDGAR. Anyone can view the EDGAR database freely through the Internet (web or FTP). All the documents that are filed with the commission by public companies may not be available on EDGAR.
Hoovers M = I = ־־ i Source: http://www.hoovers.com
Hoovers is a business research company that provides complete details about companies and industries all over the world. Hoovers provides patented business-related information through Internet, data feeds, wireless devices, and co-branding agreements with other online services. It gives complete information about the organizations, industries, and people that drive the economy and also provide the tools for connecting to the right people, in order for getting business done.
LexisNexis Source: http://www.lexisnexis.com
LexisNexis is a global provider of content-enabled workflow solutions designed specifically for professionals in the legal, risk management, corporate, government, law enforcement, accounting, and academic markets. It maintains an electronic database through which you can get legal and public-records related information. Documents and records of legal, news, and business sources are made accessible to customers.
Business Wire Source: http://www.businesswire.com
Business Wire is a company that focuses on press release distribution and regulatory disclosure. Full text news releases, photos, and other multimedia content from thousands of companies and organizations are distributed by this company across the globe to journalists, news media, financial markets, investors, information website, databases, and general audiences. This company has its own patented electronic network through which it releases its news.
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Competitive Intelligence - What Are the Company's Plans? cfertMM
^^^P^^^^^^^ompetitiv^ntelligenc^Site^^™ ך
I tUROMONMOR
M a r k e t ^Market Watch (http://www.marketwatch.com)
The Wall Street Transcript (http://www.twst.com) J t w s t . c o m
^ Lipper Marketplace (http://www.lippermarketplace.com) upper marketplace
\ / Euromonitor (http://www.euromonitor.com)
sy'' Fagan Finder (http://www.faganfinder.com)
SEC Info (http://www.secinfo.com)
^Fagan-^ FinderJ
S E C In fo
The Search Monitor (http://www.thesearchmonitor.com) S e a r c h M p m I t o r
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited
Com petitive Intelligence ־ What Are the Company's M M to Plans? The following are a few more examples of websites that are useful to gather valuable information about various companies and their plans through competitive intelligence:
MarketWatch Source: http://www.marketwatch.com
MarketWatch tracks the pulse of markets. The site provides business news, personal finance information, real-time commentary, and investment tools and data, with dedicated journalists generating hundreds of headlines, stories, videos, and market briefs a day.
The Wall Street Transcript Source: http://www.twst.com
SfliPi The Wall Street Transcript is a website as well as paid subscription publication that publishes industry reports. It expresses the views of money managers and equity analysts of different industry sectors. Interviews with CEOs of companies are published.
Lipper M arketplace
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Source: http://www.lippermarketplace.com
Lipper Marketplace offers web-based solutions that are helpful for identifying the market of a company. Marketplace helps in qualifying prospects and provides the competitive intelligence needed for transforming these prospects into clients. Its solutions allow users to identify net flows and track institutional trends.
Euromonitor Source: http://www.euromonitor.com
■ Ill'll■
Euromonitor provides strategy research for consumer markets. It publishes reports on industries, consumers, and demographics. It provides market research and surveys focused on your organization's needs.
Fagan Finder R
1 Source: http://www.faganfinder.com
Fagan Finder is a collection of internet tools. It is a directory of blog sites, news sites, search engines, photo sharing sites, science and education sites, etc. Specialized tools such as Translation Wizard and URL info are available for finding information about various actions with a web page.
M SEC Info ^ Source: http://www.secinfo.com ׳—<
SEC Info offers the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) EDGAR database service on the web, with billions of links added to the SEC documents. It allows you to search by Name, Industry, and Business, SIC Code, Area Code, Accession Number, File Number, ClK, Topic, ZIP Code, etc.
The Search Monitor Source: http://www.thesearchmonitor.com
The Search Monitor provides real-time competitive intelligence to monitor a number of things. It allows you to monitor market share, page rank, ad copy, landing pages, and the budget of your competitors. With the trademark monitor, you can monitor the buzz about yours as well as your competitor's brand and with the affiliate monitor; you can watch monitor ad and landing page copy.
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CEHCompetitive Intelligence - What Expert Opinions Say About the Company
Copernic Tracker http://www.copernic.com
Compete PRO™ http://www.compete.com
SEMRush http://www.semrush.com
as! http://www.jobitorial.comJobltorlal
ABI/INFORM Global http://www.proquest.com
Attention Meter http://www.attentionmeter.com
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction Is Strictly Prohibited.
Com petitive Intelligence ־ What Expert Opinions Say About the Company
Copernic Tracker Source: http://www.copernic.com
Copernic is website tracking software. It monitors a competitor's website continuously and acknowledges you content changes via an email, if any. The updated pages as well as the changes made in the site are highlighted for your convenience. You can even watch for specific keywords, to see the changes made on your competitor's sites.
SEMRush Source: http://www.semrush.com
SEMRush is a competitive keyword research tool. For any site, you can get a list of Google keywords and AdWords, as well as a competitors list in the organic and paid Google search results. Necessary means for gaining in-depth knowledge about what competitors are advertising and their budget allocation to specific Internet marketing tactics are provided by SEMRush
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Jokitorial Source: http://www.iobitorial.com
Jobitorial provides anonymous employee reviews posted for jobs at thousands of companies and allows you to review a company.
AttentionMeter Source: http://www.attentionmeter.com
AttentionMeter is a tool used for comparing any website you want (traffic) by using Alexa, Compete, and Quancast. It gives you a snapshot of traffic data as well as graphs from Alexa, Compete, and QuantCast.
ABI/INFORM Global Source: http://www.proauest.com
ABI/INFORM Global is a business database. ABI/INFORM Global offers the latest business and financial information for researchers at all levels. With ABI/INFORM Global, users can determine business conditions, management techniques, business trends, management practice and theory, corporate strategy and tactics, and the competitive landscape.
Compete PRO Source: http://www.compete.comIB
Compete PRO provides an online competitive intelligence service. It combines all the site, search, and referral analytics in a single product.
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Footprinting Methodology C E H
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search \ Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
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Footprinting M ethodology
Footprinting using Google Though Google is a search engine, the process of footprinting using Google is not
similar to the process of footprinting through search engines. Footprinting using Google deals with gathering information by Google hacking. Google hacking is a hacking technique to locate specific strings of text within search results using an advanced operator in Google search engine. Google will filter for excessive use of advanced search operators and will drop the requests with the help of an Intrusion Prevention System
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Footprint Using Google Hacking Techniques
- - י י
r~j Footprinting using Google Hacking Techniques J_
Google hacking refers to the art of creating complex search engine queries. If you can construct proper queries, you can retrieve valuable data about a target company from the Google search results. Through Google hacking, an attacker tries to find websites that are vulnerable to numerous exploits and vulnerabilities. This can be accomplished with the help of Google hacking database (GHDB), a database of queries to identify sensitive data. Google operators help in finding required text and avoiding irrelevant data. Using advanced Google operators, attackers locate specific strings of text such as specific versions of vulnerable web applications.
Some of the popular Google operators include:
Q .Site: The .Site operator in Google helps to find only pages that belong to a specific URL.
Q allinurl: This operator finds the required pages or websites by restricting the results containing all query terms.
Q Inurl: This will restrict the results to only websites or pages that contain the query terms that you have specified in the URL of the website.
© allintitle: It restricts results to only web pages that contain all the query terms that you have specified.
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intitle: It restricts results to only the web pages that contain the query term that you have specified. It will show only websites that mention the query term that you have used.
Q Inanchor: It restricts results to pages containing the query term that you have specified in the anchor text on links to the page.
Q Allinanchor: It restricts results to pages containing all query terms you specify in the anchor text on links to the page.
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EHWhat a Hacker can do with Google Hacking?
Error messages that contain sensitive information
Files containing passwords
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Attacker gathers:
Advisories and server vulnerabilities
Pages containing network or vulnerability data
Pages containing logon portals
What Can a Hacker Do with Google Hacking? — If the target website is vulnerable to Google hacking, then the attacker can find the
following with the help of queries in Google hacking database:
Q Error messages that contain sensitive information
Files containing passwords י-
Q Sensitive directories
Q Pages containing logon portals
Pages containing network or vulnerability data
Q Advisories and server vulnerabilities
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CEH
V ׳
Google Advance Search Operators
Google supports several advanced operators that help in m odifying the search
Displays the web pages stored in the Google cache
Lists web pages that have links to the specified web page
Lists web pages that are similar to a specified web page
Presents some information that Google has about a particular web page
Restricts the results to those websites in the given domain
i t Restricts the results to those websites with all of the search keywords in the title
Restricts the results to documents containing the search keyword in the title
Restricts the results to those with all of the search keywords in the URL
Restricts the results to documents containing the search keyword in the URL
[cache:]
[link:]
[related:]
[info:]
[site:]
[allintitle:]
[intitle:]
[allinurl:]
[inurl:]
Copyright © by EG-GtailCil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
G oogle Advance Search Operators Source: http://www.googleguide.com
Cache: The CACHE query displays Google's cached version of a web page, instead of the current version of the page.
Example:
cache: www.eff.org will show Google's cached version of the Electronic Frontier Foundation home page.
Note: Do not put a space between cache: and the URL (web address).
link: Link lists web pages that have links to the specified web page. For example, to find pages that point to Google Guide's home page, enter:
link: www.googleguide.com
Note: According to Google's documentation, "you cannot combine a link: search with a regular keyword search."
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Also note that when you combine link: with another advanced operator, Google may not return all the pages that match. The following queries should return lots of results, as you can see if you remove the -site: term in each of these queries. related: If you start your query with "related:", then Google displays websites similar to the site mentioned in the search query. Example: related:www.microsoft.com will provide the Google search engine results page with websites similar to microsoft.com. info: Info will present some information the corresponding web page. For instance, info:gothotel.com will show information about the national hotel directory GotHotel.com home page. Note: There must be no space between the info: and the web page URL. This functionality can also be obtained by typing the web page URL directly into a Google search box. site: If you include site: in your query, Google will restrict your search results to the site or domain you specify. For example, admissions site:www.Ise.ac.uk will show admissions information from London School of Economics' site and [peace site:gov ] will find pages about peace within the .gov domain. You can specify a domain with or without a period, e.g., either as .gov or gov. Note: Do not include a space between the "site:" and the domain. allintitle: If you start your query with allintitle:, Google restricts results to those containing all the query terms you specify in the title. For example, allintitle: detect plagiarism will return only documents that contain the words "detect" and "plagiarism" in the title. This functionality can also be obtained through the Advanced Web Search page, under Occurrences. intitle: The query intitle: term restricts results to documents containing term in the title. For instance, flu shot intitle:help will return documents that mention the word "help" in their titles, and mention the words "flu" and "shot" anywhere in the document (title or not). Note: There must be no space between the intitle: and the following word. allinurl: If you start your query with allinurl:, Google restricts results to those containing all the query terms you specify in the URL. For example, allinurl: google faq will return only documents that contain the words "google" and "faq" in the URL, such as "www.google.com/help/faq.html." This functionality can also be obtained through the Advanced Web Search page, under Occurrences. In URLs, words are often run together. They need not be run together when you're using allinurl. inurl: If you include inurl: in your query, Google will restrict the results to documents containing that word in the URL. For instance, inurkprint site:www.googleguide.com searches for pages on Google Guide in which the URL contains the word "print." It finds PDF files that are in the directory or folder named "print" on the Google Guide website. The query [ inurkhealthy eating ] will return
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documents that mention the words "healthy" in their URL, and mention the word "eating" anywhere in the document.
Note: There must be no space between the inurl: and the following word.
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Finding Resources Using Google f ״ _ Advance Operator 1z . E 5!
Copyright © by EG-G(ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Finding Resources using Google Advance Operator By using the Google Advance Operator syntax [ i n t i t l e : i n t r a n e t i n u r l : i n t r a n e t
+ i n t e x t ״ : human r e s o u r c e s ״ ] : the attacker can find private information of a target company as well as sensitive information about the employees of that particular company. The information gathered by the attackers can be used to perform social engineering attacks. Google will filter for excessive use of advanced search operators and will drop the requests with the help of an Intrusion Prevention System.
The following screenshot shows a Google search engine results page displaying the results of the previously mentioned query:
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Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical Hacker Footprinting and Reconnaissance
♦You Search Images Mail Documents Calendar Sites Contacts Maps More ־
(inCitke intranet inurt intranet ♦intext 'human resource^
About ?3 800 rest*s (0 16 secondSearch
Humaj3LS«Purc»» Human Resource* Intranet > Department 01 Human Resources
14 Jun 2012- Human Resources — Hom« > Department of Human Resources > Human Resources Intranet Human Resources Intranet...
Web
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intranet*/ 6 Jun 2012 Human Resources 201112׳ DeaAnes m Faculty and Human Resources
—- *Personnel Specials! assignments by Ur* (OOC)...
• ■mmmm •— orgr Error Cookies are not enabled You must enable cookies before you can log n Please log in This section of the Human Resources *ebsite IS for UNC Health ...
Intr»n»t Benefits (or Human Resource Management v - *״•־■ /krtrantt benefesforJwmin-resource-manage
3 Nov 2010 - Tags enterpnse 2 0 enterprise coiaboratwn human resources intranet 2 0 intranets social crm Intranet Benefit for Human Resowce...
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Human Reiourcet I . . Intranet. Ju au/hi>♦ י־ -
Tht Faculty Human Resources Taam aims to work wih acad*rr»c haads managers and staff to •nsur• that human resources a*«c• and actMties translat# into...
Intranet Human Retourcet. intranet personnel/perps him
Human Resources Employee Benefts and Resources Ag Leam provides education serwees for — • • contractors.״.
> • - _ds php^_id«41 The Human Resources oftce is responsible tor proa&nq vanous support services to all
FIGURE 2.28: Search engine showing results for given Google Advance Operator syntax
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CEHGoogle Hacking Tool: Google Hacking Database (GHDB)
Pages Containing Login PortalsAdvisories andVulnerabilrt.es
Google Hacking Tool: Google Hacking Database (GHDB)
Source: http://www.hackersforcharity.org
The Google Hacking database (GHDB) is a database of queries that identify sensitive data. GHDB is an HTML/JavaScript wrapper application that uses advanced JavaScript techniques to scrape information from Johnny's Google Hacking Database without the need for hosted server-side scripts. The Google Hacking Database exposes known issues with software that run websites. There are some bugs that expose information that might not warrant public reading.
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- * r ■ 6HM • Hadun far Our׳ • «- C rtv׳wnadtmforchanty.org,0 r̂tr)/׳ lunrt1on־tumm,vy&ca! 1/
OHOO - rU c ld i fo r Charity
onoe C*€>9 s: P1g« cO'tOnng lopr porta*
According a. Miaosoft ־Miuosoft (R) Outlook (TK) VJ*t! a rre4s * ג M*<׳־osofr Ftrharo* Artwe Servrr C Application that t>veo you prvitc access to Ttus 1» U1* 10(1*1 p»e« fa CokJfuson adrnr1«mon. Although m»01 «׳ m•** are uirurM. t C1« s an Irdicator of a dtfau't into lito־> »nd Th* is die default tofin pa$e for ColdFojron. Aimoucft rraiv ot tnese are secured, rm is an • ncicatcf of a d *fault insQllaton, and iray bo
webmn is ג hen acrnrn irtar'ace fee Unix Coxes it propriataiy web co'vcv isterirg on tho C ג .run or ־ !5
CdajX port of 10090. 1t*4 t* a typical login page. It h» 1e1«rflr Oetoaie * txg* for SQL ln}*ctJO׳v Comsac-f artld* at C hOp:/'ww>v.govcrrrrKrvsc<ur1ty.or5/art)Clca/S n»s » a cypical login page, itfus ■ecentir becotn* a taro* for SQL injection. Con*«c'«1 artjd* at C j MJp://vrww.goveromtr«5e«unty.©re/artjde5/S . VNC U a f«nwte-cc»W01ied Cwlttpp produa.
’ r<T>*nd1no or rh(* conttcuraBon. rn׳ro» u«« nay . rot be pre*4nt«d with 3 password. Cven when CHWPtltifWt.■. ־ [_ TH» 11 the ftort page entry potnt to e "Miuo 71 k" .
I lhsts the loan page for Microsoft's Renote Deslax? W«b Cor«nocQon, which a'lows r«r־x>tn ucart to ׳ | connect to (and optionally corttol) a user
ITwm! ais Otim Metafiaine login ptxt̂ s. AU״Kkw» ran 11(0 (txxa tn prr.fl• ג ti'e jnd nn 1*• ncarur• < setup! of thi* application to acce*• the »t»
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' •nttteftqjo
C I www.rucicersforchar1ty.org/ndo. ׳fiincton M1rrmaryfiK.it> 19
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Advanced Guestbook v7.7 has an SQl !rjecnor >oblcm which al 0*5 unauthomod acces*. Aaaourfiom thee, hit ־Admn־ then 00 wefollowing
2004 V*-ASP Shopetng Cart VP-AS* (Virtual Progra׳ming ASP) has won awarifo both in Vte US anti France. X is now m um
FIGURE 2.29: Screenshots showing Advisories and Vulnerabilities & pages containing login portals
Module 02 Page 184 Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-COUIlCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
CEHG oog le H ack in g Tools
SearchDiggity h ttp :/ /w w w . s tachliu. com&
?& Google HACK DBhttp://w w w .secpoint.com
Gooscan h ttp ://w w w .d a rk n e t. org. uk
MetaGoofil h ttp :/ /w w w . edge-security, com
SiteDigger h ttp :/ /w w w . mcafee.com
Goolink Scanner h ttp :/ /w w w . ghacks. net
Google Hacks http://code.google.com
BiLE Suite http://w w w .sensepost.com
Copyright © by EG-G(HIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Google Hacking Tools Besides the Google Hacking Database (GHDB) tool featured previously, there are
some other tools that can help you with Google hacking. There are a few more Google hacking tools mentioned as follows. Using these tools, attackers can gather advisories and server vulnerabilities, error message information that may reveal attack paths, sensitive files, directories, logon portals, etc.
M etagoofil Source: http://www.edge-securitv.com
ג Metagoofil is an information-gathering tool designed for extracting metadata of public documents (pdf, doc, xls, ppt, docx, pptx, xlsx) belonging to a target company.
Metagoofil performs a search in Google to identify and download the documents to a local disk and then extracts the metadata with different libraries such as Hachoir, PdfMiner?, and others. With the results, it generates a report with usernames, software versions, and servers or machine names that may help penetration testers in the information gathering phase.
Goolink Scanner
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Source: http://www.ghacks.net
The Goolink Scanner removes the cache from your searches, and collects and displays only vulnerable site's links. Thus, it allows you to find vulnerable sites wide open to Google and googlebots.
SiteDigger י̂־ Source: http://www.mcafee.com
SiteDigger searches Google's cache to look for vulnerabilities, errors, configuration issues, proprietary information, and interesting security nuggets on websites.
Google Hacks £ * 4 )
Source: http://code.google.com
Google Hacks is a compilation of carefully crafted Google searches that expose novel functionality from Google's search and map services. It allows you to view a timeline of your search results, view a map, search for music, search for books, and perform many other specific kinds of searches.
\ \ BiLE Suite Source: http://www.sensepost.com
BiLE stands for Bi-directional Link Extractor. The BiLE suite includes a couple of Perl scripts used in enumeration processes. Each Perl script has its own functionality. BiLE.pl is the first tool or Perl script in the collection. BiLE leans on Google and HTTrack to automate the collections to and from the target site, and then applies a simple statistical weighing algorithm to deduce which websites have the strongest relationships with the target site.
Google Hack Honeypot Source: http://ghh.sourceforge.net
Google Hack Honeypot is the reaction to a new type of malicious web traffic: search engine hackers. It is designed to provide reconnaissance against attackers that use search engines as a hacking tool against your resources. GHH implements the honeypot theory to provide additional security to your web presence.
GMapCatcher& Source: http://code.google.com GMapCatcher is an offline maps viewer. It displays maps from many providers such as: CloudMade, OpenStreetMap, Yahoo Maps, Bing Maps, Nokia Maps, and SkyVector. maps.py is a GUI program used to browse Google map. With the offline toggle button unchecked, it can download Google map tiles automatically. Once the file downloads, it resides on your hard disk. Thus, you don't need to download it again.
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SearchDiggity Source: http://www.stachliu.com נ -
a
SearchDiggity is the primary attack tool of the Google Hacking Diggity Project. It is Stach & Liu's MS Windows GUI application that serves as a front-end to the most recent versions of Diggity tools such as GoogleDiggity, BingDiggity, Bing LinkFromDomainDiggity, CodeSearchDiggity, DLPDiggity, MalwareDiggity, PortScanDiggity, SHODANDiggity, BingBinaryMalwareSearch, and NotlnMyBackYard Diggity.
Google HACK DB Source: http://www.secpoint.comPHP
The attacker can also use the SecPoint Google HACK DB tool to determine sensitive information from the target site. This tool helps an attacker to extract files containing passwords, database files, clear text files, customer database files, etc.
Gooscan Source: http://www.darknet.org.uk
Gooscan is a tool that automates queries against Google search appliances. These queries are designed to find potential vulnerabilities on web pages.
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Footprinting Methodology C E H
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
Copyright © by EG-G(IIIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprinting M ethodology Gathering network-related information such as whois information of the target
organization is very important when hacking a system. So, now we will discuss whois footprinting.
Whois footprinting focuses on how to perform a whois lookup, analyzing the whois lookup results, and the tools to gather whois information.
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W HOIS L ookup CEH Urtifi•! Ittiu l lUckw
WHOIS databases are maintained by Regional Internet Registries and contain the personal information of domain owners
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
a f r i A R T N
RIPEa
j
£ )APNIC
Inform ation obtained from W H O IS d atab ase a ssists an a tta c k e r to:
« Create detailed map of organizational network
tt Gather personal information that assists to perform social engineering
6 Gather other internal network details, etc.
WHOIS query returns: e Domain name details e Contact details of domain
owner Domain name servers
9 NetRange When a domain has been created
e Expiry records 6 Records last updated
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
WHOIS Lookup WHOIS is a query and response protocol used for querying databases that stores the
registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system. WHOIS databases are maintained by Regional Internet Registries and contain the personal information of domain owners. They maintain a record called a LOOKUP table that contains all the information associated with a particular network, domain, and host. Anyone can connect and query to this server to get information about particular networks, domains, and hosts.
An attacker can send a query to the appropriate WHOIS server to obtain the information about the target domain name, contact details of its owner, expiry date, creation date, etc. The WHOIS sever will respond to the query with respective information. Then, the attacker can use this information to create a map of the organization network, trick domain owners with social engineering once he or she gets contact details, and then get internal details of the network.
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WHOIS Lookup Result Analysis c(citifwd EHttkKJl NMhw
Domain Dossier investioate domain3 and IP addresses domain or IP address [juggyboy.com
0 domain whois record 0 DNS records □ traceroute network whois record □ service scan J U
30]gncitymous [ log in | acccun
1 juggyfaoy.c
Address lookup canonical name j 1»00vhoy.com.
aliases addresses —• t
Domain Whois record Queried wt10ivintt>rnk:.nt*t with "doi
Doaaia Noses JUGGYBOY.COM Registrar: NETWORK 30LOTTOUS, LLC. *h: -.1 server: vnon.ftetwor *solutions, cox Retercal URL: ftttp ://w *.netw sfcJ01u t10ns.ccr,/enJJS/ N’a!a# 3*rv*r: NS1#.WCRLONTC.COM NAM S*rv»r: NS20.WCRLON1C.COM sucua: ciicntiransrcrProni&Lted Opdated Date: 03-feb-2009 Creation Data: 1«-Jul-200J Expiration Date: :6-01-2014ר
»> last update of whola database: Thu, 1• Ju i 2012 0 49 : 3 OTC 4 >ל:
Quened wt10is.network50lutions.rnm with juggyboy.rom ...
Registrant:
«M« RMNK m mm
1 Stats My Who.WHoia Record
Doza.n JLdmnistrator M icrossft Corporation One M ic r03a2 t Way Rarinonri Hr. 93052
cs +1.4250826060 Fex; +1.4259267229domainsgjmlcrosoff.ci
lex״ in Kane: n ic rcso ft. com
Ee3i3*rar Sane: Marl3cnicor.com Registrar Wiols: wtiols.narttxmlcor.con Registrar Kcnepage: http://vwV.r13rircnLtcr.rcn
&dxdr.13trative Contact: Dorain Administrator Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Kay Reancna WA 9BOS2
US tiorwa1nsfimicro90ft.c0m +1.42S8828080 Fox: 4L.42S9367329
Technical Contact. Zone Contact: msm H09tn*9t#r Microsoft Corporation on• M icroiott Hay Rednond WA 98052
US m3nhstQmittoSOfl.com *1.4258828080 Tax: 11. •12S93€"32S
Createa on........................ : 1991-05-01. Expires on........................ : 2021-03-02. Reccrd la s t upaatea on ..: 2011-03-14.
Dosain servers in lis te d order:
ns3.1Ksrt.net ns4.tuft.net nsl.ttsrt.net
net 03 rt
ns3
h ttp://cen tralops. net/co
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction Is Strictly Prohibited.
http://whois.domaintools.com
WHOIS Lookup Result Analysis A whois lookup can be performed using Whois services such as
http://whois.domaintools.com or http://centralops.net/co. Here you can see the result analysis of a Whois lookup obtained with the two mentioned Whois services. Both these services allow you to perform w whois lookup by entering the target's domain or IP address. The domaintools.com service provides whois information such as registrant information, email, administrative contact information, created and expiry date, a list of domain servers, etc. The Domain Dossier available at http://centralops.net/co/ gives the address lookup, domain Whois record, network whois record, and DNS records information.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Domain Dossier Investigate domains and IP addresses domain or !P address ]ug9yCoy.com |
2 domain whois record 0 DNS records □ traceroute network whois record D service scan 9° J •׳
30] PfJ11tr.fi ,!,Lit
u ser anonymous [ balance: 47 units
lof in | account info
Address lookup canonical name juooyboy.com.
aliases
addresses 6
Domain Whois record Queried whois.internic.net with "dom juggyboy.com״...
Dcxein Name: JUGGYBOY.COM Registrar: NETWORK SOLUTIONS, LLC. ¥hois Server: whois.netvforlfsolutions.cojn R e fe r ra l URL: http://www.networkaclutions.coin/en US/ Vane Server: HS19.WORLDNIC.COM !7*2* S e rv a r : HS20.WORLDNIC.COM S ta tu s : c licn tT ra n s fe rF ro h ib ite d Updated Date: 03-feb-2009 Creation Data: 16-JU1-2002 Ex p ira t io n Date: 16-j j׳ 1-2014
»> Last update of whois database: Thu, 19 Jul 2012 07:49:36 UTC <« Queried whoib.networkbolutionb.coiii with ,juggyboy.com'‘... Registrant:
W h i m R e c o rd Sit• Profile R e g istra tio n S e rver S tats My W hois
Registrant: Domain Administrator Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redirond WA 98052 US dpnainscXmcrosoflcom +1.4258828080 Fax: +1.425936329ל
Dosain !iar.e: nicroaoft.com
Registrar Mane: Martenonitor.com Registrar Whois: whois. !narlatoni tor. can Registrar Honepage: http://www.marJancn1tor.co1t
Adsriaistrative Contact: Domain Adnlnistrator Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmoad WA 98052 US d0mains@m1cf0 s0ft.c0m +1.4258828080 Fax: 4-1.425936329ל
Technical Contact, Zone Contact: MSN Hoatmaster Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redirond KA 98052 US m5nf1stQmitrosofl.com ♦1*4258828080 Fax: +1.4259367329
Created on : 1991-05-01. Expires on t 2021-05-02. Record :ast updated on..: 2011-08-14.
Doaain servers i& listed order:
ns5.nsft.net ns4.nsft.net nsl.nsft.net ns3.nsft.net ns2.nsft.net
http://centralops.net/cohttp://whois.domaintools.com
FIGURE 2.30: Whois services screenshots
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
WHOIS Lookup Tool: SmartWhois CEH Urtffi•* IthKjl lUckM
SmartWhois - Evaluation Version Fie Query Edit Y!r/» Settings Help
P. host crdcrran: -J nncr050ft.c<
tt Free SAS i ProXad 8, fuc de la ville T'Eveque 75006 Paris
phone -33 1 73 50 20 00 fax *■33 1 73 50 25 01 hostmastcfCPptoxad.nct
Q free SAS i ProXad ruedel4v>llel"Evec|ue
75006 Pari*
phone-33 173 50 20 00 fax: *33 1 73 502501 r.ojtmcitcri’cfo.od.nct
( | frmti1-q?0.ftM>.f1 [212.27.60.19] ( ® J ''**n:2-q2C.fr««.ff [212.27.60.20]
r*at*d: 29/12/2006 Updated: 17/02/2004 Source: whois.nic.fr
I J c"up Completed at 19-07-2012 12:4*01 PM
Processing ם me 1.6$ seconds V1r«VM> Liter
14 miacsoft.com ^ rwcney.de
» E 5 3
http://www. tamos, com
Copyright © by EG-GaullCil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
BC WHOIS Lookup Tool: SmartWhois Source: http://www.tarnos.com
SmartWhois is a useful network information utility that allows you to look up all the available information about an IP address, hostname, or domain, including country, state or province, city, name of the network provider, administrator, and technical support contact information. It also assists you in finding the owner of the domain, the owner's contact information, the owner of the IP address block, registered date of the domain, etc.
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
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V « Query <£־׳
SmaitWhois ־ Evaluation Version File Query Edit View Settings Help
IP, host or domain: Q micro soft com m
Qnjgjfcfr
88.1902S4.12
Free SAS/ ProXad I 8, rue de 10 ville I 'Evcquc
75008 Paris
phene: ♦33 I 73 50 20 00 fax: ♦33 1 73 50 25 01 h0stmastergpf0xid.net
Free SAS / ProXad I 8. rue de la ville I 'Eveque
75008 Paris
phene ♦ 33 1 73 50 20 00 fax: ♦33 1 73 50 25 01
freensl-g20Jree.fr [212.27.60.19] 1 freens2-g20Jree.fr[212.27.60.20]
Google Page Rank: 7 1 Alexa Traffic Rank: 11,330
Created: 29/12/2008 Updated: 17/02/2004 Source: whois.nic.fr
Completed at 19*07-2012 12:44:01 PM Processing time: 1.63 seconds
View source
at microsoft.com money.de
FIGURE 2.31: SmartWhois screenshot
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WHOIS Lookup Online Tools C E H
Whois http ://to ols. whois.net
Network Solutions Whois http://w w w .netw orksolutions.com
WebToolHub h ttp :/ /w w w . webtooll 1 • whois-lookup. aspx
Ultra Tools https://w w w .ultratools.com /w hois/hom e
% DNSstuff mimr h ttp :/ /w w w . dnss tuff, com
־ ■ = ־
S '
Network-Tools.com http ://netw ork-tools. com
SmartWhois http://sm a rtw hois. com
ה־ז Better Whois1 1 n http ://w w w . betterwhois. com
m Whois Sourcepyy h ttp :/ /w w w . whois.sc
Web Wiz h ttp :/ /w w w . webwiz.co. uk/dom ain־ tools/whois-lookup.htm
§fc]
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
WHOIS Lookup Tools Similar to SmartWhois, there are numerous tools available in the market to retrieve
Whois information. A few are mentioned as follows:
pp CountryWhois ----Source: http://www.tamos.com
CountryWhois is a utility for identifying the geographic location of an IP address. CountryWhois can be used to analyze server logs, check email address headers, identify online credit card fraud, or in any other instance where you need to quickly and accurately determine the country of origin by IP address.
Lan Whois Source: http://lantricks.com
LanWhols provides information about domains and addresses on the Internet. This program helps you determine who, where, and when the domain or site you are interested in was registered, and the information about those who support it now. This tool allows you to save your search result in the form of an archive to view it later. You can print and save the search result in HTML format.
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P t Batch IP Converter ■j î t *
Source: http://www.networkmost.com
Batch IP Converter is a network tool to work with IP addresses. It combines Domain-to-IP Converter, Batch Ping, Tracert, Whois, Website Scanner, and Connection Monitor into a single interface as well as an IP-to-Country Converter. It allows you to look up the IP address for a single or list of domain names and vice versa.
I r1־ CallerIP Source: http://www.callerippro.com
CallerIP is basically IP and port monitoring software that displays the incoming and outgoing connection made to your computer. It also allows you to find the origin of all connecting IP addresses on the world map. The Whois reporting feature provides key information such as who an IP is registered to along with contact email addresses and phone numbers.
®1— Whois Lookup M ׳ ultiple Addresses Source: http://www.sobolsoft.com
This software offers a solution for users who want to look up ownership details for one or more IP addresses. Users can simply enter IP addresses or load them from a file. There are three options for lookup sites: whois.domaintools.com, whois-search.com, and whois.arin.net. The user can set a delay period between lookups, to avoid lockouts from these websites. The resulting list shows the IP addresses and details of each. It also allows you to save results to a text file.
W hois Analyzer Pro Source: http://www.whoisanalvzer.com
This tool allows you to access information about a registered domain worldwide; you can view the domain owner name, domain name, and contact details of domain owner. It also helps in finding the location of a specific domain. You can also submit multiple queries with this tool simultaneously. This tool gives you the ability to print or save the result of the query in HTML format.
HotWhois Source: http://www.tialsoft.com
HotWhois is an IP tracking tool that can reveal valuable information, such as country, state, city, address, contact phone numbers, and email addresses of an IP provider. The query mechanism resorts to a variety of Regional Internet Registries, to obtain IP Whois information about IP address. With HotWhois you can make whois queries even if the registrar, supporting a particular domain, doesn't have the whois server itself.
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Whois 2010 Pro Source: http://lapshins.com
Whois 2010 PRO is network information software that allows you to look up all the available information about a domain name, including country, state or province, city, administrator, and technical support contact information.
(W) Active Who is Source: http://www.johnru.com
ActiveWhois is a network tool to find information about the owners of IP addresses or Internet domains. You can determine the country, personal and postal addresses of the owner, and/or users of IP addresses and domains.
W hoisThisDomain Source: http://www.nirsoft.net
WhoisThisDomain is a domain registration lookup utility that allows you to get information about a registered domain. It automatically connects to the right WHOIS server and retrieves the WHOIS record of the domain. It supports both generic domains and country code domains.
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WHOIS Lookup Online Tools C E H
Whois http ://to ols. whois.net
SmartWhois http://sm a rtw hois. com
% DNSstuff mimr h ttp :/ /w w w . dnss tuff, com
־ ■ = ־
ה־ז Better Whois1 1 n http ://w w w . betterwhois. com
Network Solutions Whois http://w w w .netw orksolutions.comc
m Whois Source p y y h ttp :/ /w w w . whois.se
WebToolHub h ttp :/ /w w w . webtooll 1 • whois-lookup. aspx
Web Wiz h ttp :/ /w w w . webwiz.co. uk/dom ain־ tools/whois-lookup.htm
§fc]
Ultra Tools https://w w w .ultratools.com /w hois/hom e
Network-Tools.com http ://netw ork-tools. com
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
WHOIS Lookup Online Tools In addition to the Whois lookup tools mentioned so far, a few online Whois lookup tools
are listed as follows:
Q SmartWhois available at http://smartwhois.com
Q Better Whois available at http://www.betterwhois.com
O Whois Source available at http://www.whois.se
Q Web Wiz available at http://www.webwiz.co.uk/domain-tools/whois-lookup.htm
Q Network-Tools.com available at http://network-tools.com
Q Whois available at http://tools.whois.net
© DNSstuff available at http://www.dnsstuff.com
Q Network Solutions Whois available at http://www.networksolutions.com
S WebToolHub available at http://www.webtoolhub.com/tn561381-whois-lookup.aspx
Q Ultra Tools available at https://www.ultratools.com/whois/home
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Footprinting Methodology CEH
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
Footprinting M ethodology --- The next phase in footprinting methodology is DNS footprinting.
This section describes how to extract DNS information and the DNS interrogation tools.
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Extracting DNS Inform ation CEH (•rtifwd ithiul •UtkM
0 0 Attacker can gather DNS information to determine key hosts in
3 2the network and can perform social engineering attacks 0 0
DNS Interrogation Tools
© http://www.dnsstuff.com
© http://network-tools.com
DNS records provide important information about location and type of servers
R e co rd T yp e D e s c r ip tio n
A Points to a host's IP address
MX Points to domain's mail server
NS Points to host's name server
CNAME Canonical naming allows aliases to a host
SOA Indicate authority for domain
SRV Service records
PTR Maps IP address to a hostname
RP Responsible person
HINFO Host information record includes CPU type and OS
TXT Unstructured text records
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Extracting DNS Information DNS footprinting allows you to obtain information about DNS zone data. This DNS
zone data includes DNS domain names, computer names, IP addresses, and much more about a particular network. The attacker performs DNS footprinting on the target network in order to obtain the information about DNS. He or she then uses the gathered DNS information to determine key hosts in the network and then performs social engineering attacks to gather more information.
DNS footprinting can be performed using DNS interrogation tools such as www.DNSstuff.com. By using www.DNSstuff.com, it is possible to extract DNS information about IP addresses, mail server extensions, DNS lookups, Whois lookups, etc. If you want information about a target company, it is possible to extract its range of IP addresses utilizing the IP routing lookup of DNS stuff. If the target network allows unknown, unauthorized users to transfer DNS zone data, then it is easy for you to obtain the information about DNS with the help of the DNS interrogation tool.
Once you send the query using the DNS interrogation tool to the DNS server, the server will respond to you with a record structure that contains information about the target DNS. DNS records provide important information about location and type of servers.
Q A - Points to a host's IP address
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Q MX ־ Points to domain's mail server
Q NS - Points to host's name server
© CNAME - Canonical naming allows aliases to a host
© SOA - Indicate authority for domain
Q SRV - Service records
Q PTR - Maps IP address to a hostname
© RP - Responsible person
© HINFO - Host information record includes CPU type and OS
A few more examples of DNS interrogation tools to send a DNS query include:
© http://www.dnsstuff.com
© http://network-tools.com
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Extracting DNS Inform ation CEH (Cont’d) (•rtifwtf | EthKJi ■UckM
^ Perform DNS query
microsoft.com
This tool is very useful to perform a DNS query on any host. Each domain name (Example: dnsqueries.com) is structured in hosts (ex:
Q ueries, com) and the DNS (Domain Name System) allow to translate the domain name or the hostname in an IP Address 10 contact via the 1 (3 *1 IP protocol. There are serveral types of queries, corresponding to all the Implemen table types of DNS records such as A record, MX. AAAA, CNAME and SOA.
Results for checks on microsoft.com Host TTL Class lype Details
microsoft.com !J 3381 IN TXT FbUF6DbkE*Aw1 /v/i9xgDi3KVrllZus5v8L6tblQZkGrQ׳rVQKJi8CjQbBtWt£64ey4NJJv/j5J65PlggVYNabdQ—
microsoft.com 3381 IN TXT v-spf1 Include: spf-a.mlcrosoft.com Include :_spf-b.mfcrosoft.com 1nclude:_spf־c.mlcrosoft.com 1nclude:_spf-ssg• a.microsoft.com ip4:l31.107.115.215 Ip4:131.107.115.214 ip4:205.248.106.64 ip4:205.248.106.30 ip4:205.248.106.32 *all
mlcrosoft.com ^ 3381 IN MX 10 (nall.messaglng.mlcrosort.com !J 111ic1ubuft.com J 3381 IN SOA ns1.msft.net mbnhbt.n1iaosoft.com 2012071602 3C0 600 2419200 3600 microsoft.com 3381 IN A 64.4.11.37 microsoft.com 3381 IN A 65.55.58.701 $ microsoft.com 'J 141531 IN NS ns5.msft.net microsoft.com 141531 IN NS ns2.msft.net microsoft.com ^ 141531 IN NS ns1.msft.net $ microsoft.com $ 141531 IN NS ns3.msft.net $ microsoft.com $ 141531 IN NS ns4.msft.net yj}
http://www.dnsqueries. com
Copyright © by EG-GtailCil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Extracting DNS Information (Cont’d) Source: http://www.dnsqueries.com
Perform DNS query available at http://www.dnsqueries.com is a tool that allows you to perform a DNS query on any host. Each domain name (example: dnsqueries.com) is structured in hosts (ex: www.dnsqueries.com) and the DNS (Domain Name System) allows anyone to translate the domain name or the hostname in an IP address to contact via the TCP/IP protocol. There are several types of queries, corresponding to all the implementable types of DNS records such as a record, MX, AAAA, CNAME, and SOA.
Now let's see how the DNS interrogation tool retrieves information about the DNS. Go to the browser and type http://www.dnsqueries.com and press Enter. The DNS query's homesite will be displayed in the browser.
Enter the domain name of your interest in the Perform DNS query's HostName field (here we are entering Microsoft.com) and click the Run tool button; the DNS information for Microsoft.com will be displayed as shown in the following figure.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Q Perform DNS query
Hostflame: [mcrosoftcom
Type: ANY 0 | Run toohT
This tool is very useful to perform a DNS query on any host. Each domain name (Fxample: dnsqueries.com) is structured in hosts (ex: www.dnsqu0n0s.com) and the DNS (Domain Name System) allow ovorybody to translato tho domain namo or tho hostname in an IP Addross to contact via the TCP/IP protocol. There are server^ types of queries, corresponding to dll the implemen table types of DNS records such as A record, MX, AAAA, CNAME and SO A.
Results for checks on m1crosoft.com Host TTL Class Type Details
microsoft.com 3381 IN TXT FbUF6DbkE*Avvl/wi9xgDi8KVrllZus5v8L6tblQZkGrQ/׳VQKJi8CjQbBtWtE64ey4NJJvvj5J65PlggVYNabdQ-־
micr030ft.c0m 3381 IN TXT b.mfcrosoft.com lnclude:_spf-c.mlcrosoft.com lndude:_spf-ssg־ -v=spf1 lnclude:_spf-a.mfcrosofLcom lndude:_spf
a.microsoft.com ip4:l3l.107.115.215 ip4:l31 .107.115.214 ip4:2G5.248.100.64 ip4:205.243.106.30 ip4:2D5.248.106.32 'all
microsoft.com 3381 IN MX 10 mail.mes5aging.micro50ft.c0m microsoft.com ^ 3381 IN SOA nsl.msft.netmsnhst.microsoft.com 2012071602 300 600 2419200 3600 microsoft.com 3381 IN A 64.4.11.37 s J microsoft.com 3381 IN A 65.55.58.701 microsoft.com ^ 141531 IN NS ns5.msft.net microsott.com ^ 141531 IN NS ns2.mstt.net $ microsoft.com CJ 141531 IN NS ns1.msft.net !£} microsoft.com Q 141531 IN NS ns3.msft.net n1icr050ft.c0m ^ 141531 IN NS r154.t1tsft.r1et
FIGURE 2.32: Screenshot showing DNS information for Microsoft.com
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DNS In te r ro g a tio n Tools CEH
DNSWatch ____ נ h ttp ://w w w .d n s watch, info
DIG h ttp ://w w w .k lo th .n e tA
DomainTools http ://w w w .dom ain too ls.com
myDNSTools h ttp ://w w w .m yd n s tools.info
ffjp Professional Toolset 1rv '- , DNS s l l i h ttp :/ /w w w . dnsstuff. com (0m http://e-dns.org
DNS Lookup Tool h ttp :/ /w w w . webwiz. co. uk
DNS Records http ://n et w ork- tools.com
DNS Query Utility h ttp :/ /w w w . webmas ter- toolki t. comח DNSData Viewh ttp ://w w w .n irso ft.ne t
Copyright © by EG-G(HIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
DNS Interrogation Tools A few more well-known DNS interrogation tools are listed as follows:
DIG available at http://www.kloth.net
myDNSTools available at http://www.mydnstools.info
Professional Toolset available at http://www.dnsstuff.com
DNS Records available at http://network-tools.com
DNSData View available athttp://www.nirsoft.net
DNSWatch available at http://www.dnswatch.info
DomainTools Pro available at http://www.domaintools.com
DNS available at http://e-dns.org
DNS Lookup Tool available at http://www.webwiz.co.uk
DNS Query Utility available at http://www.webmaster-toolkit.com
©
©
©
©
©
©
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Footprinting Methodology CEH
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting *ך
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Copyright © by EG-G(HIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprinting M ethodology The next step after retrieving the DNS information is to gather network-related
information. So, now we will discuss network footprinting, a method of gathering network- related information.
This section describes how to locate network range, determine the operating system, Traceroute, and the Traceroute tools.
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Locate the N etw ork R ange C (citifwd
EH IthKJI lUckM
Network Whois Record Queried whois.arin.net with "n 207.46.232.182"...
207.46.255.255. 0 . 0 .0/16
207.46 207.46
NetRange: CIDR: OriginAS: NetName: NetHandle: Parent: NetType: NameServer: NameServer: NameServer: NameServer: NameServer: RegDate: Updated: Ref: 207-46-0-0-1 OrgName: Orgld: Address: City: StateProv: PostalCode: Country: RegDate: Updated: Ref: OrgAbuseHandle OrgAkuseName: OrgAbusePhone: OrgAbuseEmail: OrgAbuseRef: http://whois.arin.net/rest/poc/ABUSE231-ARIN
M IC R O SO FT-G LO B A L-N ET NET-207-46-0-0-1 NET-207-0-0-0-0 Direct Assignment NS2.MSFT.NET NS4.MSFT.NET NS1.MSFT.NET NS5.MSFT.NET NS3.MSFT.NET 1997-03-31 2004-12-09 http://whois.arin.net/rest/net/NET-
Microsoft Corp MS FT One Microsoft Way Redmond WA 98052 US 1998-07-10 2009-11-10 http://whois.arin.net/rest/org/MSFT ABUSE231-ARIN Abuse +1-425-882-8080 [email protected]
J Network range information obtained assists an attacker to create a map of the target's network
J Find the range of IP addresses using ARIN whois database search tool
J You can find the range of IP addresses and the subnet mask used by the target organization from Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
Attacker
Network
Copyright © by EG-Gtancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
־« Locate the Network Rangeנ-ז To perform network footprinting, you need to gather basic and important
information about the target organization such as what the organization does, who they work for, and what type of work they perform. The answers to these questions give you an idea about the internal structure of the target network.
After gathering the aforementioned information, an attacker can proceed to find the network range of a target system. He or she can get more detailed information from the appropriate regional registry database regarding IP allocation and the nature of the allocation. An attacker can also determine the subnet mask of the domain. He or she can also trace the route between the system and the target system. Two popular traceroute tools are NeoTrace and Visual Route.
Obtaining private IP addresses can be useful for an attacker. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private Internets: 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix), 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix), and 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix).
The network range gives you an idea about how the network is, which machines in the networks are alive, and it helps to identify the network topology, access control device, and OS
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used in the target network. To find the network range of the target network, enter the server IP address (that was gathered in WHOIS footprinting) in the ARIN whois database search tool or you can go to the ARIN website (https://www.arin.net/knowledge/rirs.html) and enter the server IP in the SEARCH Whois text box. You will get the network range of the target network. If the DNS servers are not set up correctly, the attacker has a good chance of obtaining a list of internal machines on the server. Also, sometimes if an attacker traces a route to a machine, he or she can get the internal IP address of the gateway, which might be useful.
N e tw o rk W hois Record
Queried whois.arin.net with "n 207.46.232.182", 207.46.0.0 - 207.46.255.255 207.46.0.0/16
MICROSOFT-GLOBAL-NET NET-207-46-0-0-1 NET-207-0-0-0-0 Direct Assignment NS2.MSFT.NET NS4.MSFT.NET NS1.MSFT.NET NS5.MSFT.NET NS3.MSFT.NET 1997-03-31 2004-12-09 http://whois.arin.net/rest/net/NET-
Microsoft Corp MS FT One Microsoft Way Redmond WA 98052 US 1998-07-10 2009-11-10 http://whois.arin.net/rest/org/MSFT
OrgAbuseHandle: ABUSE231-ARIN OrgAbuseName: Abuse OrgAbusePhone: +1-425-882-8080 OrgAbuseEmail: [email protected] OrgAbuseRef: http://whois.arin.net/rest/poc/ABUSE231-ARIN
NetRange: CIDR: OriginAS: NetName: NetHandle: Parent: NetType: NameServer: NameServer: NameServer: NameServer: NameServer: RegDate: Updated: Ref: 207-46-0-0-1 OrgName: Orgld: Address: City: StateProv: PostalCode: Country: RegDate: Updated: Ref:
You need to use more than one tool to obtain network information as sometimes a single tool is not capable of delivering the information you want.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Determine the Operating System c (•itifwd
EH tUMJl NMhM
Use the Netcraft tool to determine the OSes in use by the target organization
Copyright © by EC-CaHCil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
\ Determ ine the Operating System Source: http://news.netcraft.com
So far we have collected information about IP addresses, network ranges, server names, etc. of the target network. Now it's time to find out the OS running on the target network. The technique of obtaining information about the target network OS is called OS fingerprinting. The Netcraft tool will help you to find out the OS running on the target network.
Let's see how Netcraft helps you deter,ome the OS of the target network.
Open the http://news.netcraft.com site in your browser and type the domain name of your target network in the What's that site running? field (here we are considering the domain name "Microsoft.com"). It displays all the sites associated with that domain along with the operating system running on each site.
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OS, W»b Server asd Mosang Mi כ lory for wlnOovvs./ricrosoft.coa(
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1. w .xn:f5J0f:.:«r1 a august 1995 microsoft corp otrix netscaler 1 2. :u»p ertm t050 ׳ ft.t0״׳ e octobar 1997 microsoft corp unicnown 1 3. f'ecs'tfO T a august 1999 mieroseft corp otrix n■tacit— 1 4. «*nd9M.Tkf*f«ft.tem a juo• 1998 microsoft corp w rioon * * 2 0 0 8 ־♦%־ 1 5. m*d־».microsoft com a sootennbar 1998 microsoft con> otrix netscaler 1 6- ce-m1:ro*oftxom £1 november 1998 microsoft corp unoow n
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11■ } • a nevember 2001 m» hatma•! ctrix nstscal•' 12. *»«d0»<«upd»ta.׳nKr©«©#t.<0m a fabuary 1999 microsoft carp - r S o *״ S*'v«r 2009 13. nffdit• c#׳r1 a fsbuary 3003 microsoft carp wr«<M1 ■••var ?90S 14. a november ?008 alcama! technologies Inn* IS. soarch.mKroscft.ccm a January 1997 K im i! international ה v Unux 16. ***(.mKroioftstor• co'T a november 2008 d«ltal river Ireland ltd. f3 b io-c 17. og«r.־rteroicHoo mo.com a december 2010 microsoft corp w rcov• so ZJOJ ־♦.״ IB. Mer.mKr0B0ft.c0m a october ג00כ microsoft corp w rcova s« \־ e •־־ 200
FIGURE 2.33: Netcraft showing the operating system that is in use by Microsoft
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Module 02 Page 208
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Determ ine the Operating System (Cont’d)
((IL* SHODAN Search Engine Source: http://www.shodanha.com *“׳׳'־״'
Use SHODAN search engine that lets you find specific computers (routers, servers, etc.) using a variety of filters.
Ex p o s e O nline D evices . W eb c a m s . Ro u ters. POWER PLANTS. IPHONES. W IND TURBINES. REFRIGERATORS. VOIP PHONES.
Take a To u r Fr ee S io n U p
Papular Search Querios: RuggotiConi oyposod via lolnot Wired: http:Mww.w1rcc.c0fn1l1rcaccvcy2u12;tM׳ruggodcom-IncMooti (-ull Oiscloctrc: http:/soc,.-
Fo l l o w M eLe a r n M o r e Gel rnorc oat cf ycur 5cj־cf־c3 and find •*־ mfnmaton >**1 rww)©U D evelo per API2 ■ Ond out how 10 accc33 the Qhodan ilHtalMSH with P/lhon. Pw1 ot Ruby
FIGURE 2.34: SHODAN Search Engine screenshot
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
* SHODAN Search
HTTP 1.0 403 Forbidden Content-Length 218 Content •Type: texthtml Server Microsoft-IIS 6.0 IISExport: This web site was exported usmg US Export v4J X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Date: Tue? 25 Sep 2012 01:53:00 GMT
Error 66.77.20.147 W in d o w s XP B1znews24.com Added on 25 09 2012 S § Arington
clients2.bn24.com
www.net.cn) HTTP 1.0 200 OK Content-Type: texthtml Last-Modified Wed. 22 Jun 2011 10:28:46 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes ETag: "083b42ac730ccl:0" Server. Microsoft-IIS 7.5 X-Powered-By ASP NET X-UA-Compatible E-EmulateIE7 Date: Tue, 25 Sep 2012 01:53:02 GMT Content •Length: 5304
112.127.180.133 HiChina W e b Solutions (B e rin g ) L im ited Added on 25 092012 H Chaoyang
The page must be viewed over a secure channel HTTP 1.0403 Forbidden Content-Length: 1409 Content-Type: texthtml Server Microsoft-IIS 6.0 X-Powered-By ASP NET Date: Tue, 25 Sep 2012 01:59:20 GMT
HTTP 1.0 200 OK Content-Type: texthtml Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2010 03:13:31 GMT Accept-Ranges: bytes ETag: “3a24cbe860S8cbl:0״ Server Microsoft-IIS 7.5 X-Powered-By: ASP NET Date: Tue, 25 Sep 2012 01:52:50 GMT
41.216.174.82 W in d o w s XP V D T Co m m u n ic a tio n s Lim ited Added on 25 092012 I I
IIS7 110.142.89.161 T e ls tra In te rn e t Added on 25 09 2012 efl Wentworth Fals
Services HTTP 6,692.080 HTTP Alternate 164,711 FTP 13.543 SNMP 9,022 UPnP 6.392
Top Countries United States 3,352,389 China 506,298 United Kingdom 362,793 Germany 247,985 Canada 246,968
Top Cities Englewood 170,677 Beijing 111,663 Columbus 107,163 Dallas 90.899 Seoul 86,213
Top Organizations Verio Web Hosting 97,784 HiChina Web Solutions ... 52,629 Ecommerce Corporation 43,967 GoDaddy.com, LLC 33,234 Comcast Business Commu...
32,203
FIGURE 2.35: SHODAN screenshot
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
CEHTraceroute Traceroute programs work on the concept of ICMP protocol and use the TTL field in the header of ICMP packets to discover the routers on the path to a target host
IP Source Router Hop Router Hop Router Hop Destination Host
ICMP Echo request TTL = 1
Traceroute Finding the route of the target host is necessary to test against man-in־the־middle
attacks and other relative attacks. Therefore, you need to find the route of the target host in the network. This can be accomplished with the help of the Traceroute utility provided with most operating systems. It allows you to trace the path or route through which the target host packets travel in the network.
Traceroute uses the ICMP protocol concept and TTL (Time to Live) field of IP header to find the path of the target host in the network.
The Traceroute utility can detail the path IP packets travel between two systems. It can trace the number of routers the packets travel through, the round trip time duration in transiting between two routers, and, if the routers have DNS entries, the names of the routers and their network affiliation, as well as the geographic location. It works by exploiting a feature of the Internet Protocol called Time To Live (TTL). The TTL field is interpreted to indicate the maximum number of routers a packet may transit. Each router that handles a packet will decrement the TTL count field in the ICMP header by one. When the count reaches zero, the packet will be discarded and an error message will be transmitted to the originator of the packet.
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It sends out a packet destined for the destination specified. It sets the TTL field in the packet to one. The first router in the path receives the packet, decrements the TTL value by one, and if the resulting TTL value is 0, it discards the packet and sends a message back to the originating host to inform it that the packet has been discarded. It records the IP address and DNS name of that router, and sends out another packet with a TTL value of two. This packet makes it through the first router, then times-out at the next router in the path. This second router also sends an error message back to the originating host. Traceroute continues to do this, and records the IP address and name of each router until a packet finally reaches the target host or until it decides that the host is unreachable. In the process, it records the time it took for each packet to travel round trip to each router. Finally, when it reaches the destination, the normal ICMP ping response will be send to the sender. Thus, this utility helps to reveal the IP addresses of the intermediate hops in the route of the target host from the source.
IP Source Router Hop Router Hop Router Hop Destination Host
ICMP Echo request TTl = 1 .............................. « ...................................................................................................................... '
a a a a H T S T S W S A A A A
••א-
ICMP error message
ICMP Echo request
A A A A A" — 1 ־ Mi A A .............................י■■■■■■■■■■■
ICMP error message
ICMP Echo request
A A A A | I
ICMP error message
ICMP Echo request
H I : : : : A ICMP Echo Reply
FIGURE 2.36: Working of Traceroute program
How to use the tracert command
Go to the command prompt and type the t r a c e r t command along with destination IP address or domain name as follows: C:\>tracert 216.239.36.10 Tracing route to ns3.google.com [216.239.36.10] over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 1262 ms 186 ms 124 ms 195.229.252.10 2 2796 ms 3061 ms 3436 ms 195.229.252.130 3 155 ms 217 ms 155 ms 195.229.252.114 4 2171 ms 1405 ms 1530 ms 194.170.2.57 5 2685 ms 1280 ms 655 ms dxb-emix-ra.ge6303.emix.ae [195.229.31.99] 6 202 ms 530 ms 999 ms dxb-emix-rb.solOO.emix.ae [195.229.0.230] 7 609 ms 1124 ms 1748 ms iarl-so-3-2-0.Thamesside.cw.net [166.63.214.65]
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8 1622 ms 2377 ms 2061 ms eqixva-google-gige.google.com [206.223.115.21] 9 2498 ms 968 ms 593 ms 216.239.48.193 10 3546 ms 3686 ms 3030 ms 216.239.48.89 11 1806 ms 1529 ms 812 ms 216.33.98.154 12 1108 ms 1683 ms 2062 ms ns3.google.com [216.239.36.10]
Trace complete.
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T ra c e ro u te A n a ly s is
Attackers conduct traceroute to extract information about: network topology, trusted routers, and firewall locations For example: after running several traceroutes, an attacker might obtain the following information: » traceroute 1.10.10.20, second to last hop is 1.10.10.1
EDno
10.20.10, third to last hop is 1.10.10.1 10.20.10, second to last hop is 1.10.10.50 10.20.15, third to last hop is 1.10.10.1 10.20.15, second to last hop is 1.10.10.50
» traceroute 1 & traceroute 1 » traceroute 1 a traceroute 1
J By putting this information together, attackers can draw the network diagram
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1.10.20.10 Web Server
1.10.10.20 Bastion Host
1.10.20.50 Firewall
1.10.20. Mail Server
Hacker
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Traceroute Analysis s־־־ We have seen how the Traceroute utility helps you to find out the IP addresses of intermediate devices such as routers, firewalls, etc. present between source and destination. You can draw the network topology diagram by analyzing the Traceroute results. After running several traceroutes, you will be able to find out the location of a particular hop in the target network. Let's consider the following traceroute results obtained:
9 traceroute 1.10.10.20, second to last hop is 1.10.10.1 9 traceroute 1.10.20.10. third to last hop is 1.10.10.1
second to last hop is 1.10.10.50 third to last hop is 1.10.10.1 second to last hop is 1.10.10.50
traceroute 1.10.20.10 traceroute 1.10.20.10 traceroute 1.10.20.15 traceroute 1.10.20.15
By analyzing these results, an attacker can draw the network diagram of the target network as follows:
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
1.10.20.10 W e b S erve r
DMZ ZONE
1.10.20.50 F ire w a ll1.10.20.15
M a il S e rve r
1.10.10.50 F ire w a ll
1.10.10.1 Router
§ ........ Internet
FIGURE 2.37: Diagrammatical representation of the target network
Hacker
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Path Analyzer Pro and VisualRoute 2010 are the two tools similar to Traceroute intended to traceroute the target host in a network.
Path Analyzer Pro Source: http://www.pathanalyzer.com<
Path Analyzer Pro is a graphical-user-interface-based trace routing tool that shows you the route from source to destination graphically. It also provides information such as the hop number, its IP address, hostname, ASN, network name, % loss, latency, avg. latency, and std. dev. about each hop in the path. You can also map the location of the IP address in the network with this tool. It allows you to detect filters, stateful firewalls, and other anomalies automatically in the network.
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VisualRoute 2010 Source: http://www.visualroute.com
This is another graphical-user-based tracing tool that displays hop-by-hop analysis. It enables you to identify the geographical location of the routers, servers, and other IP devices. It is able to provide the tracing information in three forms: as an overall analysis, in a data table, and as a geographical view of the routing. The data table contains information such as hop number, IP address, node name, geographical location, etc. about each hop in the route.
Features:
9 Hop-by-hop traceroutes
9 Reverse tracing
^ Historical analysis
9 Packet loss reporting
9 Reverse DNS
9 Ping plotting
9 Port probing
9 Firefox and IE plugin
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Business Edition • Tnal day 1 of IS ־ s-VisualRoute 2010־ •0 v I1« c t PM ״ ? f More loolv . y swvw 1\ stoppedv».n-KT0«0ftaH
Frfe Ed* Options View M*p1 Tools H*4p v ►ttp :11thorn MyCompute*
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Ana• ttformftori ן ĥ<k and 61»q Kgre to movt this vkwf /V Analysis in goneral thr* rout• is reasonably quick, with hop* !♦*ponding ^
on arerage within 122ms However, all hops after hop 10 in network ]Network for 207 46 47 18)* respond particularly *lowly
RTT 116 3m*/296m* ■ ״1־*״ ■
Packet Loss 36 l%/100%
Route length At least 17 hops Alternate 4 hop(*) hare alternate route* (Hop{*) 12.13.14 & 15)
?routes ״
^ WWW m*cf0*0« com (65 55 57 80)£ f|_
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@ T ik « o u I • to w w w j1iK10to n .c o m ״ז9י
To www microsoft com (65 55 57 80) Location Redmond. WA. USA Network Microsoft Corp RTT • /•/•
Firewall Not responding to pings Open to http requests on port 80
Port Probe Running *enter Micro*o(WIS/7 5 Responded in 9543ms
Packet loss AH
OTitteioale to wwwmkio%oHxon\
You are on day l of a 15 day trial. For purchase information dick hare or enter a license key.
Your database is 338 days out of date dick here to update.
Ikst time use Spe<»»l Offer ? flkfc hflt IgMtMlglfliBBt Ofl VbmBglite'l 1 tttiflflil * Hours Only!
FIGURE 2.39: VisualRoute 2010 screenshot
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Module 02 Page 218
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
CEH
3D Traceroute http ://w w w .d3 tr.de
AnalogX HyperTrace h ttp ://w w w . analogx. com
Ping Plotter http ://w w w .p ing plotter, com
T ra c e ro u te Tools (Cont’d)
Magic NetTrace h ttp ://w w w . tialsoft.com
0!
Network Systems Traceroute http://www.net.princeton.edu
imot V4V
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Network Pinger h ttp ://w w w . networkpinger. com
vTrace http ://v trace.p l
Roadkil's Trace Route h ttp ://w w w . roadkil. net
p^j
GEOSpider 1̂ 1 |rl h ttp ://w w w . ore ware, com
S i
Traceroute Tools (Cont’d) A few more traceroute tools similar to Path Analyzer Pro and VisualRoute 2010 are
listed as follows:
© Network Pinger available at http://www.networkpinger.com
© GEOSpider available at http://www.oreware.com
© vTrace available at http://vtrace.pl
Q Trout available at http://www.mcafee.com
Q Roadkil's Trace Route available at http://www.roadkil.net
© Magic NetTrace available at http://www.tialsoft.com
0 3D Traceroute available at http://www.d3tr.de
Q AnalogX HyperTrace available at http://www.analogx.com
© Network Systems Traceroute available at http://www.net.princeton.edu
Q Ping Plotter available at http://www.pingplotter.com
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Module 02 Page 219
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting M ethodology CEH
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Copyright © by EG-Gouid. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction isStrictly Prohibited.
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
s Footprinting M ethodology So far we have discussed various techniques of gathering information either with the
help of online resources or tools. Now we will discuss footprinting through social engineering, the art of grabbing information from people by manipulating them.
This section covers the social engineering concept and techniques used to gather information.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting through Social r E ll Engineering ! z E
0 J Social engineering is the art of convincing people to reveal confidential n 0 information
r \ 4 1 r* J Social engineers depend on the fact that people are unaware of their
valuable information and are careless about protecting it 0
00 Social engineers use these techniques: S Eavesdropping S Shoulder surfing S Dumpster diving S Impersonation on social networking
sites a
m 00
00 Social engineers attempt to gather: Credit card details and social security ה
number & User names and passwords S Other personal information - Security products in use S Operating systems and software
versions S Network layout information S IP addresses and names of servers
00
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Footprinting through Social Engineering Social engineering is a totally non-technical process in which an attacker tricks a
person and obtains confidential information about the target in such a way that the target is unaware of the fact that someone is stealing his or her confidential information. The attacker actually plays a cunning game with the target to obtain confidential information. The attacker takes advantage of the helping nature of people and their weakness to provide confidential information.
To perform social engineering, you first need to gain the confidence of an authorized user and then trick him or her into revealing confidential information. The basic goal of social engineering is to obtain required confidential information and then use that information for hacking attempts such as gaining unauthorized access to the system, identity theft, industrial espionage, network intrusion, commit frauds, etc. The information obtained through social engineering may include credit card details, social security numbers, usernames and passwords, other personal information, operating systems and software versions, IP addresses, names of servers, network layout information, and much more. Social engineers use this information to hack a system or to commit fraud.
Social engineering can be performed in many ways such as eavesdropping, shoulder surfing, dumpster diving, impersonation on social networking sites, and so on.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Collect Information Using Eavesdropping, f C U Shoulder Surfing, and Dumpster Diving ™ [j
Dum pster Diving
6 Dumpster diving is looking for treasure in someone else's trash
« It involves collection of phone bills, contact information, financial information, operations related information, etc. from the target company's trash bins, printer trash bins, user desk for sticky notes, etc.
A
Shoulder Surfing
& Shoulder surfing is the procedure where the attackers look over the user's shoulder to gain critical information
» Attackers gather information such as passwords, personal identification number, account numbers, credit card information, etc.
©
Eavesdropping
Eavesdropping is unauthorized listening of conversations or reading of messages It is interception of any form of communication such as audio, video, or written
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Collect Information using Eavesdropping, Shoulder Surfing, and Dumpster Diving
As mentioned previously eavesdropping, shoulder surfing, and dumpster driving are the three techniques used to collect information from people using social engineering. Let's discuss these social engineering techniques to understand how they can be performed to obtain confidential information.
Eavesdropping Eavesdropping is the act of secretly listening to the conversations of people over a
phone or videoconference without their consent. It also includes reading secret messages from communication media such as instant messaging or fax transmissions. Thus, it is basically the act of intercepting communication without the consent of the communicating parties. The attacker gains confidential information by tapping the phone conversation, and intercepting audio, video, or written communication.
י Shoulder Surfing
—«—- With this technique, an attacker stands behind the victim and secretly observes the victim's activities on the computer such keystrokes while entering usernames, passwords, etc.
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This technique is commonly used to gain passwords, PINs, security codes, account numbers, credit card information, and similar data. It can be performed in a crowded place as it is relatively easy to stand behind the victim without his or her knowledge.
Dumpster Diving This technique is also known as trashing, where the attacker looks for information in
the target company's dumpster. The attacker may gain vital information such as phone bills, contact information, financial information, operations-related information, printouts of source codes, printouts of sensitive information, etc. from the target company's trash bins, printer trash bins, and sticky notes at users' desks, etc. The obtained information can be helpful for the attacker to commit attacks.
Module 02 Page 223 Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting Methodology
WHOIS Footprinting
DNS Footprinting
Network Footprinting
Footprinting through Social Engineering
Footprinting through Social Networking Sites
Footprinting through Search Engines
Website Footprinting
Email Footprinting
Competitive Intelligence
Footprinting using Google
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Footprin ting M ethodology Though footprinting through social networking sites sounds similar to footprinting
through social engineering, there are some differences between the two methods. In footprinting through social engineering, the attacker tricks people into revealing information whereas in footprinting through social networking sites, the attacker gathers information available on social networking sites. Attackers can even use social networking sites as a medium to perform social engineering attacks.
This section explains how and what information can be collected from social networking sites by means of social engineering.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Collect Inform ation through Social Engineering on Social Networking Sites
Attackers gather sensitive information through social engineering on social networking websites such as Facebook, MySpace, Linkedln, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+, etc.
Attackers create a fake profile on social networking sites and then use the false identity to lure the employees to give up their sensitive information
I V
Employees may post personal information such as date of birth, educational and employment backgrounds, spouses names, etc. and information about their company such as potential clients and business partners, trade secrets of business, websites, company's upcoming news, mergers, acquisitions, etc.
Using the details of an employee of the target organization, an attacker can compromise a secured facility§
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C ollect In form ation th rough Social E ng ineering on Social N etw orking Sites
Social networking sites are the online services, platforms, or sites that allow people to connect with each other and to build social relations among people. The use of social networking sites is increasing rapidly. Examples of social networking sites include Facebook, MySpace, Linkedln, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+, and so on. Each social networking site has its own purpose and features. One site may be intended to connect friends, family, etc. and another may be intended to share professional profiles, etc. These social networking sites are open to everyone. Attackers may take advantage of these to grab sensitive information from users either by browsing through users' public profiles or by creating a fake profile and tricking user to believe him or her as a genuine user. These sites allow people to stay connected with others, to maintain professional profiles, and to share the information with others. On social networking sites, people may post information such as date of birth, educational information, employment backgrounds, spouse's names, etc. and companies may post information such as potential partners, websites, and upcoming news about the company.
For an attacker, these social networking sites can be great sources to find information about the target person or the company. These sites help an attacker to collect only the information uploaded by the person or the company. Attackers can easily access public pages of these
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accounts on the sites. To obtain more information about the target, attackers may create a fake account and use social engineering to lure the victim to reveal more information. For example, the attacker can send a friend request to the target person from the fake account; if the victim accepts the request, then the attacker can access even the restricted pages of the target person on that website. Thus, social networking sites prove to be a valuable information resource for attackers.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
CEHInformation Available on Social Networking Sites
Attacker GetsOrganizations Do
User surveys .* Business strategies J I
Promote products * Product profile ....
Business strategies
Social engineering ........................
i Platform/technology '־: information
Type of business
User support
Recruitment
Background check to hire employees
What Users Do
Maintain profile
Connect to friends, chatting
Share photos and videos
i n
Play games, join groups
Creates events
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What Attacker Gets
Contact info, location, etc.
Friends list, jk friends info, etc. A.
Identity of a family members
In form ation A vailable on Social N etw orking Sites So far, we have discussed how an attacker can grab information from social
networking sites; now we will discuss what information an attacker can get from social networking sites.
People usually maintain profiles on social networking sites in order to provide basic information about them and to get connected with others. The profile generally contains information such as name, contact information (mobile number, email ID), friends' information, information about family members, their interests, activities, etc. People usually connect to friends and chat with them. Attackers can gather sensitive information through their chats. Social networking sites also allow people to share photos and videos with their friends. If the people don't set their privacy settings for their albums, then attackers can see the pictures and videos shared by the victim. Users may join groups to plays games or to share their views and interests. Attackers can grab information about a victim's interests by tracking their groups and then can trap the victim to reveal more information. Users may create events to notify other users of group about upcoming occasions. With these events, attackers can reveal the victim's activities. Like individuals, organizations also use social networking sites to connect with people, promote their products, and to gather feedback about their products or services, etc. The
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activities of an organization on the social networking sites and the respective information that an attacker can grab are as follows:
What Organizations Do What Attacker Gets
User surveys Business strategies
Promote products Product profile
User support Social engineering
Background check to hire employees
Type of business
TABLE 2.1: What organizations Do and What Attacker Gets
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Collecting Facebook Information C EH Facebook is a Treasure-trove for Attackers
Europe 223,376,640 _
V 174,586,680-'■׳ STk ׳־%', » 1 Middle East 18,241,080N. A m e ric i^ J^ 174,586,680 V/
Latin America 141,612,220
using Facebook all over the worldNumber of user
minutes time spent per visit
1 of every 5 of all page views
845 , 100 r\ *ייo O & M 250 W
million monthly billion million photos active users connections uploaded daily
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C ollecting Facebook Inform ation Facebook is one of the world's largest social networking sites, having more than 845
million monthly active users all over the world. It allows people to create their personal profile, add friends, exchange instant messages, create or join various groups or communities, and much more. An attacker can grab all the information provided by the victim on Facebook. To grab information from Facebook, the attacker should have an active account. The attacker should login to his/her account, and search for either the target person or organization profile. Browsing the target person's profile may reveal a lot of useful information such as phone number, email ID, friend information, educational details, professional details, his interests, photos, and much more. The attacker can use this information for further hacking planning, such as social engineering, to reveal more information about the target.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
About Basic Info The Otooal John legend Facebook Page. John legend new song *Tonght’ now on !Tires hQpe/£flh7&Ton0tf facrbook
O U H flM
Biography
Recordng artist, concert performer and tNantfropst John legend hat won nne Grammy *ward* and wa* named one ofTwemagaane * 100mo*trAjenftal
C m t u a / M
John legend CALL »€ (713) 502-8008
מג -lurched ha career as a sesson player and vocabt, corrbutrg to best ו sekng reardngi by lairyn H i, Ak>a Key*. Jay ■2 and •Canye West before recordng hs own irfcrofcen chan of Top 10 aborts •• Get lifted (2004), Once Agai ...Sea Mo*
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Estde, vaughn Anthony, Kanye West. Good M\j k Manager
י * ״ ״ Steve Wonder, Ne-Yo, AJ Green, Jeff Buddey
Carre•( location
New York
Contact Info
Webute http://www johrtegend com http://www.d10wmecanpegn.org
http:/,*www ״״yspace cow'jyyrtegend http://www. y0u%i)eccm/)0hr*egend
Crcabve Artets Agency
Facebook C 2012 • Engtah (US) About CreMe an Ad Cette a Page Developer* Careers ־ Privacy Cootoes - Term! Hefc>
FIGURE 2.40: Facebook screenshot
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
CEH Urtifwd ilhiul lUtbM
C ollecting Twitter Inform ation
Wayne Rooney C» wayneR00ney׳~
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cant tele.e aTheReaKC3 fifKrtoano'a* c*f*n®njr *H0R88p#ct he don* *0 mjc'i « the couWy >־ ct4־o1C01r •oympcs
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Wayne Rooney 3wsyr<־»J4»v,,־ I Great riotory of Brrt»r aiiesiy. Dtl'eient 11 r lib.o ooon UfC'B
Japan 29.9 million
r'es with largest^ 9
350 W million tweets a day
465 million accounts
Q55%#76% Twitter users access the platform via their mobile
Twitter users now post status updates
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— C ollecting Tw itter In form ation Twitter is another popular social networking site used by people to send and read
text-based messages. It allows you to follow your friends, experts, favorite celebrities, etc. This site also can be a great source for an attacker to get information about the target person. This is helpful in extracting information such as personal information, friend information, activities of the target posted as tweets, whom the target is following, the followers of the user, photos uploaded, etc. The attacker may get meaningful information from the target user's tweets.
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Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical Hacker Footprinting and Reconnaissance
* Follow A -
940 ,. ' f f !
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1V / e e t S M No repliH Paul McCartney i . i :: י ■:-*y Nearly tome ptc twtter coaVSOCTlllW 0 D tM M d by W iyfl• Rooney
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P m ills vtrStacAV s cant befteve . TheReaUVC3 a not part of this ceremony London20l2= ״NoResped he done so much 4 the country Imao־ *Olympics ש Rtfwwwd ty Wayna Rooney Expand Wayne Rooney .», -•R::׳ «,
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Wayne Rooney vaynaRooeey , Great history of brtar already Different to any other ceremony i
have seen before
FIGURE 2.41: Twitter showing user's tweets
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Collecting Linkedin Information
lintedE).
• Go tack la S«t>c*
Chris Stone Pn.jr hi ■״יי׳:■ U ׳.׳1׳ .j.׳ itv י־•■ B-. 1• FWi; urn
B P “ ״־ C*rwl Progmmtn• Mnnnj>f M frclacfc* Bank 0■.Ijium
(S«H.*mpt0y*d) • •#•יי ״ •S Pwl ׳*MdotOp!!**"• PtyKt$ * Sv&oc K *XA BankEtra*•
Pre9tsm׳r10 Manigw a MA Bjn* tu׳:c< 0.1 »«(•>! ̂ i P>««r»1>wn ti *XA
tPxx!r *cnttVtX tnttto* & C w lfi tni *!*?•nt'ilo׳*
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Conpjny W«6tM
0 » isi a ^ ■4 , in* FT
Y - ■ s - ־ • - - 2 million companies have Linkedin company pages
$522 million revenue for 2 0 1 1
2,447 employees located around the world
2 new members join every second
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C ollecting L inked in Inform ation Similar to Facebook and Twitter, Linkedin is another social networking site for
professionals. It allows people to create and manage their professional profile and identity. It allows its users to build and engage with their professional network. Hence, this can be a great information resource for the attacker. The attacker may get information such as current employment details, past employment details, education details, contact details, and much more about the target person. The attacker can collect all this information with the footprinting process.
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Linked 03• Account bmc m**1׳ Horn* ProM• Contacts Group• Job■ inbox CoflipanM Non Mon
€ Go back 10 Soarch Results
See expanded
Connect Send InMari Save Chns's F
Chris Stone Programme Manager at Deutsche Bank Belgium Brussels Area Be*yum Management Consu»mg
Current Programme Manager at Deutsche Bank Belgium Direct or and Consultant * Program Management Solutions sp»l (Se It em ployed)
Past Head of Operations Projects & Support Investment Omsk*! at AXA Bank Europe Programme Manage* at AXA Bank Europe Outsourcing Programme & Procurement Manager at AXA BekpumO Mil••
Education Henot-Watt Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Adnw*st/ators
Recommendations 3 people have recommended Chns Connections 500• connections
Websites Company Webs4e Public Protoe http //be knkedn comWcsstone
FIGURE 2.42: Linkedln showing user's professional profile and identity
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Collecting Youtube Information I CEH
3 rd Most visited website tm « 900 Average time users spend according to Alexa Sec on YouTube every day
8 2 9 ,4 4 0 I Videos uploaded ,G E E
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Q) 1] C ollecting YouTube Inform ation YouTube is a website that allows you to upload, view, and share videos all over the
world. The attacker can search for the videos related to the target and may collect information from them.
FIGURE 2.43: Youtube showing videos related to target
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C EHTracking Users on Social Networking Sites J Users may use fake identities on social networking sites. Attackers use tools such as Get
Someones IP or IP-GRABBER to track users' real identity
J Steps to get someone's IP address through chat on Facebook using Get Someones IP tool:
© Go to h t t p : / / w w w .m yiptest. co m /sta ticp a g e s / in d e x.p h p /h o w -a b o u t-yo u
© Three fields exist:
Link for you
Open the URL in this field and keep checking for target's IP
Redirect URL
Enter any URL you want the target to redirect to
Link for Person
Copy the generated link of this field and send it to the target via chat to get IP address
Link ID IP Proxy Refer Dateffime
Ideujbg1f2 85.93.218.204 NO NO 2012-08-06 1 3:04 44
kKp«rs4«1: http Ifwmi nyiptesi corr/img ph3̂ d=z«uibg1f?8.'dr=viww gruil con&rd־=yatoc c>rr&
toe you: מזי >N*ww myiptest corvstatKpages/ndex prp«'׳to<«f-aboutyou'*d=zc»Mbj1G&shw* ip
http://www.myiptest.com
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T rack ing Users on Social N etw orking Sites ̂ In order to protect themselves from Internet fraud and attacks, people with little
knowledge about Internet crimes may use fake identities on social networking sites. In such cases, you will not get exact information about the target user. So to determine the real identity of the target user, you can use tools such as Get Someone's IP or IP-GRABBER to track users' real identities.
If you want to trace the identity of particular user, then do the following:
• Open your web browser, paste the URL, and press Enter: http://www.myiptest.com/staticpages/index.php/how-about-you
• Notice the three fields at the bottom of the web page, namely Link for person, Redirect URL: http://, and Link for you.
• To get real IP address of the target, copy the generated link of the Link for person field and send it to the target via chat.
• Enter any URL you want the target to redirect to in the Redirect link: http:// field.
• Open the URL present in the Link for you field in another window, to monitor the target's IP address details and additional details.
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Link for person: http //www myiptest com/1 mg php7id=zdeujbq1f2&rdr=www gmail com&rdr=yahoo com&
Redirect URL: http# www gmail com
Link (or you: http //www myiptest com/staticpages/index php/how-about-you?id=zdeujbg1f2&showjp:
Link ID IP Proxy Refer Dateffime
zdeujbglf2 85.93.218.204 NO NO 2012-08-06 13:04:44
FIGURE 2.44: Tracing identity of user's
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting Methodology
Footprinting Concepts
Footprinting Threats
Footprinting Counter- measures
Footprinting Penetration
Testing
Footprinting Tools
־ 1 M odule Flow Footprinting can be f:
that make information gathering an easy job. These tools ensure the maximum Footprinting can be performed with the help of tools. Many organizations offer tools
ף Footprinting Concepts |w־| Footprinting Tools
Footprinting Threats Footprinting Countermeasures
CD Footprinting Methodology vtv Footprinting Penetration Testing
This section describes tools intended for grabbing information from various sources.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting Tool: Maltego
Footprin ting Tool: M altego Source: http://paterva.com
Maltego is an open source intelligence and forensics application. It can be used for the information gathering phase of all security-related work. Maltego is a platform developed to deliver a clear threat picture to the environment that an organization owns and operates. It can be used to determine the relationships and real-world links between people, social networks, companies, organizations, websites, Internet infrastructure (domains, DNS names, Netblocks, IP addresses), phrases, affiliations, documents, and files.
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--------| | |
w m Personal InformationInternet Domain
FIGURE 2.45: Maltego showing Internet Domain and personal information
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting Tool: Dom ain Nam e Analyzer Pro CEH
Setting Window
http ://www. domoinpunch.1
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Footprin ting Tool: D om ain N am e A nalyzer Pro Source: http://www.domainpunch.com
Domain Name Analyzer Professional is Windows software for finding, managing, and maintaining multiple domain names. It supports the display of additional data (expiry and creation dates, name server information), tagging domains, secondary whois lookups (for thin model whois TLDs like COM, NET, TV).
The following is a screenshot of the Domain Name Analyzer Pro tool showing domain name information:
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T Z 0''Testdpng • Domain Name Analyze׳ Pro Output׳־*»C־
A1 ! נ נ ■C)ו Doium מ it»tu1 ׳ loolu* 0o«u VWw
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/ Bar Domaaicert1fiedtwckef.com
me dflman certfô artec.com resot.es to an ip Address [202.7S.S4.101].
So t is most Hcely not avaiafeie for reparation unless your ISP, -j Unknowil networt admmrt&atof or you lux setic the local netmoA to resohe al host names.
You may use the iop Seangs and toaMe the ־Mranae Wtms loota**‘ option I you war* the •hois data nstead ths guck ONS based check.
ft i)ph»t«S< . t Hyph«n*te
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Dom ain N a m e Information
FIGURE 2.46: Domain Name Analyzer Pro software showing Domain Name Information
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
CEHFootprinting Tool :Web Data Extractor J Extract targeted company contact data (email, phone, fax) from web for responsible b2b communication
J Extract URL, meta tag (title, description, keyword) for website promotion, search directory creation, web research
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Footprin ting Tool: W eb D ata Extractor Source: http://www.webextractor.com
Web Data Extractor is a data extractor tool. It extracts targeted company contact data (email, phone, and fax) from the web, extracts the URL and meta tag (title, desc, keyword) for website promotion, searches directory creation, etc. The following is a screenshot of the Web Data Extractor showing meta tags:
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Web Data Extractor 83
1 e e 1 Job• 0 1 16 | Cur tpeed 1 bp. I £t«t SlO£ I Avjj stm6 11111,11
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FIGURE 2.47: Web Data Extractor showing meta tags
Module 02 Page 243 Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0l1nCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Additional Footprinting Tools CEH
Netmask http://www.phenoelit-us.org
Binging http ://w w w .b lue in fy . com
Spiderzilla http://spiderzilla .m o/dev. org
» Sam Spade http://www.majorgeeks.com
Robtex n < ^ K P j http ://ww w.robtex.com
Copyright © by EG-Gtancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Prefix Whols cc L U h ttp ://pwhois.org
NetScanTools Pro http://www.netscantools.com
Tctrace http://www.phenoelit-us.org
Autonomous System Scanner(ASS) http://www.phenoelit-us.org
DNS DIGGER http://www.dnsdigger.comi f i
A dditional Footprin ting Tools In addition to the footprinting tools mentioned previously, a few more tools are listed
as follows:
Prefix Whols available at http://pwhois.org י-
S NetScanTools Pro available at http://www.netscantools.com
Q Tctrace available at http://www.phenoelit-us.org
Q Autonomous System Scanner (ASS) available at http://www.phenoelit-us.org
£ DNS DIGGER available at http://www.dnsdigger.com
O Netmask available at http://www.phenoelit-us.org
S Binging available at http://www.blueinfy.com
Q Spiderzilla available at http://spiderzilla.mozdev.org
S Sam Spade available at http://www.majorgeeks.com
S Robtex available at http://www.robtex.com
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Module 02 Page 244
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Additional Footprinting Tools (EH (C ont’d)
§ Dig Web Interface http://www.digwebinterface.com
ץ ■ SpiderFoot http://www.binarypool.com
Domain Research Tool http://www.domainresearchtool.com
CallerIP http://www.callerippro.com
ActiveWhois http ://ww w.johnru.com
Zaba Search http://www.zabasearch. com
m yoName Ww http://yoname.com
GeoTrace j http ://ww w.nabber.org
( ? W Ping-Probe http://www.ping-probe.com
DomainHostingView http ://w w w .n irsoft.ne t
Copyright © by EG-CtllllCil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
A dditional Footprin ting Tools (C ont’d) Additional footprinting tools that are helpful in gathering information about the target
person or organization are listed as follows:
© Dig Web Interface available at http://www.digwebinterface.com
Q Domain Research Tool available at http://www.domainresearchtool.com
Q ActiveWhois available at http://www.johnru.com
Q yoName available at http://yoname.com
6 Ping-Probe available at http://www.ping-probe.com
© SpiderFoot available at http://www.binarypool.com
0 CallerIP available at http://www.callerippro.com
Q Zaba Search available at http://www.zabasearch.com
Q GeoTrace available at http://www.nabber.org
DomainHostingView available at http://www.nirsoft.net
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Module 02 Page 245
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
M odule Flow So far we have discussed the importance of footprinting, various ways in which
footprinting can be performed, and the tools that can be used for footprinting. Now we will discuss the countermeasures to be applied in order to avoid sensitive information disclosure.
x Footprinting Concepts IHJ■ Footprinting Tools
Footprinting Threats footprinting Countermeasures
C L ) Footprinting Methodology %(( Footprinting Penetration Testing
This section lists various footprinting countermeasures to be applied at various levels.
Module 02 Page 246 Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UllCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting C ounterm easures C UrttfM
EH itfciui IUck«
Configure web servers to avoid information leakage and disable unwanted protocols
Use an IDS that can be configured to refuse suspicious traffic and pick up footprinting patterns
Perform footprinting techniques and remove any sensitive information found
&
Enforce security policies to regulate the information that employees can reveal to third parties
& Configure routers to restrict the responses to footprinting requests
Lock the ports with the suitable firewall configuration
Evaluate and limit the amount of information available before publishing it on the website/ Internet and disable the unnecessary services
Prevent search engines from caching a web page and use anonymous registration services
Copyright © by EG-G(U(ICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction Is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprin ting C oun term easu res Footprinting countermeasures are the measures or actions taken to counter or offset
information disclosure. A few footprinting countermeasures are listed as follows:
y Configure routers to restrict the responses to footprinting requests.
9 Lock the ports with suitable firewall configuration.
Q Evaluate and limit the amount of information available before publishing it on the website/Internet and disable the unnecessary services.
Prevent search engines from caching a webpage and use anonymous registration services.
© Configure web servers to avoid information leakage and disable unwanted protocols.
Q Use an IDS that can be configured to refuse suspicious traffic and pick up footprinting patterns.
Q Perform footprinting techniques and remove any sensitive information found.
Q Enforce security policies to regulate the information that employees can reveal to third parties.
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Module 02 Page 247
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting C ounterm easures CEH (C ont’d)
Set apart internal DNS and external DNS
Disable directory listings and use split-DNS
Educate employees about various social engineering tricks and risks
Restrict unexpected input such as |; < >
Avoid domain-level cross-linking for the critical assets
Encrypt and password protect the sensitive information
Copyright © by EG-G(ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprin ting C oun term easu res (C ont’d) In addition to the countermeasures mentioned previously, you can apply the following
countermeasures as well:
Q Set apart the internal DNS and external DNS.
£ Disable directory listings and use split-DNS.
Q Educate employees about various social engineering tricks and risks.
S Restrict unexpected input such as |; < >.
9 Avoid domain-level cross-linking for critical assets.
Q Encrypt and password protect sensitive information.
© Do not enable protocols that are not required.
Q Always use TCP/IP and IPSec filters.
Configure IIS against banner grabbing.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
So far we discussed all the necessary techniques and tools to test the security of a system or network. Now it is the time to put all those techniques into practice. Testing the security of a system or network using similar techniques as that of an attacker with adequate permissions is known as penetration testing. The penetration test should be conducted to check whether an attacker is able to reveal sensitive information in response to footprinting attempts.
*j Footprinting Concepts | !!J! Footprinting Tools
Footprinting Threats FootPrint'ng Countermeasures
Q O Footprinting Methodology ) Footprinting Penetration Testing
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Module 02 Page 249
Penetration testing is an evaluation method of system or network security. In this evaluation method, the pen tester acts as a malicious outsider and simulates an attack to find the security loopholes.
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical Hacker Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
F o o tp rin tin g P en T estin g CEH
0
0
J Footprinting pen test is used to determine organization's publicly available information on the Internet such as network architecture, operating systems, applications, and users
J The tester attempts to gather as much information as possible about the target organization from the Internet and other publicly accessible sources
Prevent information ^ leakage
Footprinting pen testing helps
administrator to:
Prevent social engineering attempts
Copyright © by EG-G(HIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Prevent DNS record retrieval from publically
available servers
Footprin ting Pen T esting A footprinting pen test is used to determine an organization's publicly available
information on the Internet such as network architecture, operating systems, applications, and users. In this method, the pen tester tries to gather publicly available sensitive information of the target by pretending to be an attacker. The target may be a specific host or a network.
The pen tester can perform any attack that an attacker could perform. The pen tester should try all possible ways to gather as much information as possible in order to ensure maximum scope of footprinting pen testing. If the pen tester finds any sensitive information on any publicly available information resource, then he or she should enter the information and the respective source in the report.
The major advantages of conducting penetration testing include:
Q It gives you the chance to prevent DNS record retrieval from publically available servers.
© It helps you to avoid information leakage.
Q It prevents social engineering attempts.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
F o o tp rin tin g P en T estin g (C ont’d)
C EH
J Get proper authorization and define the scope of the assessment
J Footprint search engines such as Google, Yahoo! Search, Ask, Bing, Dogpile, etc. to gather target organization's information such as employee details, login pages, intranet portals, etc. that helps in performing social engineering and other types of advanced system attacks
J Perform website footprinting using tools such as HTTrack Web Site Copier, BlackWidow, Webripper, etc. to build a detailed map of website's structure and architecture
Use search engines !such as Google, Yahoo <״
Search, Bing, etc.
!■1 — n
Use tools such as y״' HTTrack Web Site Copier,
BlackWidow, etc.
START+
w
Define the scope of the assessment
Perform footprinting through search engines
Perform website footprinting
Copyright © by EG-G(HIICil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprin ting Pen T esting (C ont’d) Penetration testing is a procedural way of testing the security in various steps. Steps
should be followed one after the other in order to ensure maximum scope of testing. Here are the steps involved in footprinting pen testing:
Step 1: Get proper authorization
Pen testing should be performed with permission. Therefore, the very first step in a footprinting pen test is to get proper authorization from the concerned people, such as administrators.
Step 2: Define the scope of the assessment
Defining the scope of the security assessment is the prerequisite for penetration testing. Defining the scope of assessment determines the range of systems in the network to be tested and the resources that can be used to test, etc. It also determines the pen tester's limitations. Once you define the scope, you should plan and gather sensitive information using various footprinting techniques.
Step 3: Perform footprinting through search engines
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprint search engines such as Google, Yahoo! Search, Ask, Bing, Dogpile, etc. to gather the target organization's information such as employee details, login pages, intranet portals, etc. that can help in performing social engineering and other types of advanced system attacks.
Step 4: Perform website footprinting
Perform website footprinting using tools such as HTTrack Web Site Copier, BlackWidow, Webripper, etc. to build a detailed map of the website's structure and architecture.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
F o o tp rin tin g P en T estin g ^ ןן (C ont’d) Urt.fi•* | ttk.ul Nm Im
j Perform email footprinting using tools such as eMailTrackerPro, PoliteMail, Email Lookup - Free Email Tracker, etc. to gather information about the physical location of an individual to perform social engineering that in turn may help in mapping target organization's network
J Gather competitive intelligence using tools such as Hoovers, LexisNexis, Business Wire, etc.
J Perform Google hacking using tools such as GHDB, MetaGoofil, SiteDigger, etc.
J Perform WHOIS footprinting using tools such as WHOIS Lookup, SmartWhois, etc. to create detailed map of organizational network, to gather personal information that assists to perform social engineering, and to gather other internal network details, etc.
Perform email Use tools such as eMailTrackerPro, PoliteMail, etc.footprinting
V
Gather competitive intelligence
;.... Use tools such as
Hoovers, LexisNexis, Business Wire, etc.
y
Perform Google I.... Use tools such as GHDB, hacking MetaGoofil, SiteDigger, etc.
V Perform WHOIS I.... Use tools such as WHOIS
footprinting Lookup, SmartWhois, etc.
Copyright © by EG-C*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
* Footprin ting Pen T esting (C ont’d) Step 5: Perform email footprinting
Perform email footprinting using tools such as eMailTrackerPro, PoliteMail, Email Lookup - Free Email Tracker, etc. to gather information about the physical location of an individual to perform social engineering that in turn may help in mapping the target organization's network.
Step 6: Gather competitive intelligence
Gather competitive intelligence using tools such as Hoovers, SEC Info, Business Wire, etc. These tools help you to extract a competitor's information such as its establishment, location of the company, progress analysis, higher authorities, product analysis, marketing details, and much more.
Step 7: Perform Google hacking
Perform Google hacking using tools such as GHDB, MetaGoofil, SiteDigger, etc. It determines the security loopholes in the code and configuration of the websites. Google hacking is usually done with the help of advanced Google operators that locate specific strings of text such as versions of vulnerable web applications.
Step 8: Perform WHOIS footprinting
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Perform the WHOIS footprinting technique to extract information about particular domains. You can get information such as domain name, IP address, domain owner name, registrant name, and their contact details including phone numbers, email IDs, etc. Tools such as SmartWhois, CountryWhois, Whois Pro, and ActiveWhois will help you to extract this information. You can use this information to perform social engineering to obtain more information.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
F o o tp rin tin g P en T e s tin g ן g (Cont’d)
Pe־forrr DNS f ODtp-'rt'ng Ls’ng tio s ;s DIG, NsLcon.jp, DHS Records, etc. to sete'Tne hey h osts 'n the ret־*w< and pe־form socia erj'ree-'rj attacks
Pe־form r.etwo־<footpr'rt'ns using too such as Path Ana yzer Pro. VisualRoute 2010, NetwoA Pinger, etc. to c־eate a >־rap of the ta'get's netwo׳
n־pe׳rertsa>c'a engmeering techniques such as eavesdropping dodder surf ng and dumpster diving that fray help to gathe ־ ׳ ro e critka nfonration aboLtthe־ ta־get otganaibon
Gathe־ ta־get organ 2at on en־p oyees info׳־rat or. fron־ the'־ pe־sara p*0F es on social netwo-icng stes stchas Facebook, Linkedln, Tvitter, Google*, Pinterest, etc.thatisssttope־far׳r s3cia eng'rvee'ing
J At the end of per testrg doc ument e the findings
toos S J — SS DIG, MSLookup etc.
se toos s״ j ? i as Path Analyzer Pro, VisualRoute
20m . etc.
~X/ e^ient team q jes sjffi as esvesdrappmj, jnnuiaer surfing, ! id dumpster drwng
C־eate a 5̂ se aent ty on soca re tw o - t rg s te s s ja i as FsiebMfc, L'fceain, etc.
Perform DN5 footprinting
Perform network footprinting
Perform Social Engineering
j Perform footprinting
through social networking sites
V
C c c • fey *Jl Hcuarvae 0-יג«בחש=יי-«- aShctfy *rr*fe1־taS
Footprin ting Pen T esting (C ont’d) o
r *— Step 9: Perform DNS footprinting
Perform DNS footprinting using tools such as DIG, NsLookup, DNS Records, etc. to determine key hosts in the network and perform social engineering attacks. Resolve the domain name to learn about its IP address, DNS records, etc.
Step 11: Perform network footprinting
Perform network footprinting using tools such as Path Analyzer Pro, VisualRoute 2010, Network Pinger, etc. to create a map of the target's network. Network footprinting allows you to reveal the network range and other network information of the target network. Using all this information, you can draw the network diagram of the target network.
Step 12: Perform social engineering
Implement social engineering techniques such as eavesdropping, shoulder surfing, and dumpster diving that may help to gather more critical information about the target organization. Through social engineering you can gather target organization's employee details, phone numbers, contact address, email address, etc. You can use this information to reveal even more information.
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Step 13: Perform footprinting through social networking sites
Perform footprinting through social networking sites on the employees of the target organization obtained in footprinting through social engineering. You can gather information from their personal profiles on social networking sites such as Facebook, Linkedin, Twitter, Google+, Pinterest, etc. that assists in performing social engineering. You can also use people search engines to obtain information about target person.
Step 14: Document all the findings
After implementing all the footprinting techniques, collect and document all the information obtained at every stage of testing. You can use this document to study, understand, and analyze the security posture of the target organization. This also enables you to find security loopholes. Once you find security loopholes, you should suggest respective countermeasures to the loopholes.
The following is a summary of footprinting penetration testing.
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
EHFootprinting Pen Testing Report Templates Pen Testing Report
Information obtained through search engines Information obtained through people search
| J Employee details: g Date of birth:
^ Login pages: ^ Contact details:
| J J Intranet portals: £ Email ID:
^ Technology platforms: ^ Photos:
Others: Others:
Information obtained through website footprinting Information obtained through Google
y j Operating environment: T Advisories and server vulnerabilities:
^ Filesystem structure: Error messages that contain sensitive information:
jigp Scripting platforms used: A Files containing passwords:
•W? Contact details: i Pages containing network or vulnerability data:
0 CMS details: Others:
Others:
Information obtained through email footprinting Information obtained through competitive intelligence
H IP address: £ Financial details:
GPS location: H Project plans:
■ Authentication system used by mail server: Others:
Others:
Copyright © by EG-G*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprin ting Pen T esting R eport T em plates
Pen Testing Report Penetration testing is usually conducted to enhance the security perimeter of an
organization. As a pen tester you should gather sensitive information such as server details, the operating system, etc. of your target by conducting footprinting. Analyze the system and network defenses by breaking into its security with adequate permissions (i.e., ethically) without causing any damage. Find the loopholes and weaknesses in the network or system security. Now explain all the vulnerabilities along with respective countermeasures in a report, i.e., the pen testing report. The pen testing report is a report obtained after performing network penetration tests or security audits. It contains all the details such as types of tests performed, the hacking techniques used, and the results of hacking activity. In addition, the report also contains the highlights of security risks and vulnerabilities of an organization. If any vulnerability is identified during any test, the details of the cause of vulnerability along with the countermeasures are suggested. The report should always be kept confidential. If this information falls into the hands of attacker, he or she may use this information to launch attacks.
The pen testing report should contain the following details:
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Pen Testing Report
Information ob&ined through search engines Information oboined through people search | J Employee details Q Date of birth:
£ Login pages Q Contact d e ta is
Intranet portals: f Emai ID: 0 Technology platforms: Q Photos: ^ Others: Others.
Information obtained throi^h website fpfplgfgQJtQf’ Information obtained through Google
gg Operating environment; J Advisories and server vulnerabilities:
£ | Error m essages that contain scnathfe information:
^ Scripting platforms used: £ R e s containing passw ords
:W► Contact detais״ ^ Pages containing network or vJnerabiity data:
£ CMS detais: Others:
^ Others:
Information obtained throi^h email fefiJSBUDftOt Information obtained through competitiw intexigence
£ IPwMreu: £ Financial detais: ^ GPS location: £ Project plans:
m Authentication system used by m ai server ^ Others:
Others:
FIGURE 2.48: Pen Testing Report
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Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
Footprinting Pen Testing Report Templates (Cont d) ב״ E 5!
Pen Testing Report
Information obtained through WHOIS footprinting Information obtained through social engineering 1
^ Domain name details: ft Personal information: ^ Contact details of domain owner: m Financial information:
| Domain name servers: % Operating environment:
Netrange: m User names and passwords:
^5 When a domain has been created: 5 $ Network layout information:
Others: ft IP addresses and names of servers: Information obtained through DNS footprinting Others:
Location of DNS servers:
^ Type of servers:
% A Others:
Information obtained through network footprinting Information obtained through social networking sites 1
Range of IP addresses: B Personal profiles:
Subnet mask used by the target organization: a Work related information:
^ OS's in use: ■ News and potential partners of the target company: Firewall locations: £ Educational and employment backgrounds:
^ Others: Others:
Copyright © by EG-C*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Footprin ting Pen T esting R eport T em plates (C ont’d)
Pen Testing Report
Information obtained throi^h WHOIS fooCjirifltnfc Information obtained through social engineering
| Domain name deters: Personal information:
Q Contact details of domain o w n er ■ Financial information: £ Domain name servers ft Operating environment:
Netrange: ra Usernames and passwords: fcfc W hen a domain has been created: s; Network layout information: ^ Others: f t IP addresses and names of servers:
Information obtained through D N Sf£ £ $ B !^
^ Location of DNS servers:
Type of servers:
^ Others:
** Others:
Information obtained throi^h network footprint i/ift Information obtained through social networking sites
| | Range of IP addresses: ■ Personal profies: 4PQP Subnet mas* used by the target organuation: ■ W ort related information:
^ OS's in use: a News and potertiai partners of th e target company: ^ Rrewafl locations: Educational and employm ent background.
Others: * A Others:
FIGURE 2.49: Pen Testing Report showing information obtained through footprinting and social engineering
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Module 02 Page 260
Exam 312-50 Certified Ethical HackerEthical Hacking and Countermeasures Footprinting and Reconnaissance
M o d u le S u m m a ry | 0 □ Footprinting is the process of collecting as much information as possible about a target
network, for identifying various ways to intrude into an organization's network system □ It reduces attacker's attack area to specific range of IP address, networks, domain names,
remote access, etc. □ Attackers use search engines to extract information about a target □ Information obtained from target's website enables an attacker to build a detailed map of
website's structure and architecture □ Competitive intelligence is the process of identifying, gathering, analyzing, verifying, and using
information about your competitors from resources such as the Internet □ DNS records provide important information about location and type of servers □ Attackers conduct traceroute to extract information about: network topology, trusted routers,
and firewall locations □ Attackers gather sensitive information through social engineering on social networking
websites such as Facebook, MySpace, Linkedln, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+, etc.
Copyright © by EG-C*ancil. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
M odule Sum m ary
Footprinting refers to uncovering and collecting as much information as possible about a target of attack.
Q It reduces attacker's attack area to specific range of IP address, networks, domain names, remote access, etc.
Attackers use search engines to extract information about a target.
Information obtained from target's website enables an attacker to build a detailed map of website's structure and architecture.
Q Competitive intelligence is the process of identifying, gathering, analyzing, verifying, and using information about your competitors from resources such as the Internet.
Q DNS records provide important information about location and type of servers.
Q Attackers conduct traceroute to extract information about: network topology, trusted routers, and firewall locations.
W Attackers gather sensitive information through social engineering on social networking websites such as Facebook, MySpace, Linkedln, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+, etc.
Ethical Hacking and Countermeasures Copyright © by EC-C0UnCil All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is Strictly Prohibited.
Module 02 Page 261
- Footprinting and Reconnaissance
- Module 02
- Security News
- ״ Security News
- uii Facebook a ,treasure trove״ of Personally Identifiable
- Information
- Module Objectives
- Module Flow
- Footprinting Terminology
- Open Source or Passive Information Gathering
- Active Information Gathering
- <— —i Pseudonymous Footprinting
- || Internet Footprinting
- Anonymous Footprinting
- Organizational or Private Footprinting
- What Is Footprinting?
- Objectives of Footprinting
- Collect Network Information
- Collect System Information
- Collect Organization’s Information
- Module Flow
- Social Engineering
- System and Network Attacks
- pa», Information Leakage
- GP Privacy Loss
- Corporate Espionage
- Business Loss
- Module Flow
- Footprinting Methodology
- Footprinting Methodology
- Finding Company’s External and Internal URLs
- Finding Company’s External and Internal URLs
- Netcraft
- Link Extractor
- Public and Restricted Websites
- Collect Location Information CEH
- Collect Location Information
- People Search
- People Search
- .3;► People Search Online Services
- Zaba Search
- Zoomlnfo
- Wink People Search
- ״ AnyWho
- People Lookup
- 123 People Search
- PeekYou
- Intelius
- PeopleSmart
- WhitePages
- People Search on Social Networking Services
- Linkedln
- Google+
- Gather Information from Financial Services
- Gather Information from Financial Services
- Footprinting through Job Sites
- Monitoring Targets Using Alerts
- I^jl Google Alerts
- Footprinting Methodology CEH
- Footprinting Methodology
- Website Footprinting
- Website Footprinting
- Website Footprinting
- Website Footprinting (Cont’d)
- Mirroring Entire Website C E H
- Mirroring an Entire Website
- Website Mirroring Tools CEH
- SurfOffline
- Webripper
- Website Mirroring Tools (Cont’d)
- Extract Website Information from
- http:7/www. archive. org
- Monitoring Web Updates Using
- Monitoring Web Updates Using Website Watcher
- Footprinting Methodology
- Tracking Email Communications
- Collecting Information from Email Header
- Collecting Information from Email Headers
- Email Tracking Tools
- eMailTrackerPro
- PoliteMail
- Email Lookup - Free Email Tracker
- Email Tracking Tools (Cont’d)
- M Read Notify
- ^ DidTheyReadlt
- TraceEmail
- MSGTAG
- Pointofmail
- 3יו Super Email Marketing Software
- WhoReadMe
- GetNotify
- Footprinting Methodology CEH
- Footprinting Methodology
- Competitive Intelligence Gathering
- Competitive Intelligence - When Did this Company Begin? How Did it Develop?
- Competitive Intelligence ־ When Did this Company Begin? How Did it Develop?
- EDGAR
- Hoovers
- LexisNexis
- Business Wire
- Euromonitor
- Fagan Finder
- M
- SEC Info
- The Search Monitor
- Competitive Intelligence - What Expert Opinions Say About the Company
- Competitive Intelligence ־ What Expert Opinions Say About the Company
- Copernic Tracker
- SEMRush
- Jokitorial
- AttentionMeter
- ABI/INFORM Global
- Compete PRO
- Footprinting Methodology C E H
- Footprinting Methodology Footprinting using Google
- r~j Footprinting using Google Hacking Techniques
- EH
- What Can a Hacker Do with Google Hacking?
- CEH
- Finding Resources using Google Advance Operator
- Google Hacking Tool: Google Hacking Database (GHDB)
- Google Hacking Tool: Google Hacking Database (GHDB)
- Google Hacking Tools
- Google Hacking Tools
- Metagoofil
- Goolink Scanner
- ^י־ SiteDigger
- Google Hacks
- \\ BiLE Suite
- Google Hack Honeypot
- GMapCatcher
- SearchDiggity
- Google HACK DB
- Gooscan
- Footprinting Methodology C E H
- Footprinting Methodology
- WHOIS Lookup CEH
- WHOIS Lookup
- WHOIS Lookup Result Analysis
- WHOIS Lookup Tool: SmartWhois CEH
- WHOIS Lookup Online Tools C E H
- WHOIS Lookup Tools
- pp CountryWhois
- Lan Whois
- Pt Batch IP Converter
- I r1־ CallerIP
- ®1—׳ Whois Lookup Multiple Addresses
- Whois Analyzer Pro
- HotWhois
- Whois 2010 Pro
- (W) Active Who is
- WhoisThisDomain
- WHOIS Lookup Online Tools C E H
- WHOIS Lookup Online Tools
- Footprinting Methodology CEH
- Footprinting Methodology
- Extracting DNS Information
- Extracting DNS Information CEH
- Extracting DNS Information (Cont’d)
- DNS Interrogation Tools CEH
- DNS Interrogation Tools
- Footprinting Methodology CEH
- Footprinting Methodology
- Locate the Network Range
- Determine the Operating System
- Determine the Operating System (Cont’d)
- ((IL* SHODAN Search Engine
- Traceroute
- Traceroute
- H I::::
- Traceroute Analysis
- Traceroute Analysis
- Path Analyzer Pro
- VisualRoute 2010
- Traceroute Tools
- Traceroute Tools (Cont’d)
- Footprinting Methodology CEH
- Footprinting Methodology
- Footprinting through Social r E ll
- Engineering !z E
- Footprinting through Social Engineering
- Collect Information using Eavesdropping, Shoulder Surfing, and Dumpster Diving
- Eavesdropping
- Shoulder Surfing
- Dumpster Diving
- Footprinting Methodology
- Footprinting Methodology
- Collect Information through Social Engineering on Social Networking Sites
- Collect Information through Social Engineering on Social Networking Sites
- Information Available on Social Networking Sites
- Information Available on Social Networking Sites
- Collecting Facebook Information
- — Collecting Twitter Information
- UWj3M
- Collecting Linkedin Information
- Collecting Linkedin Information
- Collecting Youtube Information I CEH
- Q) 1] Collecting YouTube Information
- Tracking Users on Social Networking Sites
- Module Flow
- Footprinting Tool: Maltego
- Footprinting Tool: Domain Name Analyzer Pro
- Footprinting Tool: Domain Name Analyzer Pro
- Domain Name Information
- Footprinting Tool: Web Data Extractor
- Additional Footprinting Tools CEH
- Additional Footprinting Tools
- Additional Footprinting Tools (EH
- Additional Footprinting Tools (Cont’d)
- Module Flow
- Footprinting Countermeasures
- Footprinting Countermeasures (Cont’d)
- Footprinting Pen Testing CEH
- Footprinting Pen Testing
- Footprinting Pen Testing
- Footprinting Pen Testing ^ןן
- * Footprinting Pen Testing (Cont’d)
- Footprinting Pen Testing ן g
- Footprinting Pen Testing Report Templates Pen Testing Report
- Footprinting Pen Testing Report
- Footprinting Pen Testing Report Templates (Cont’d)
- Module Summary
