NCAA Case Assignment

CASE 29

NCAA Athletics: Are Its Amateurism and Financial Assistance Policies Ethical?

f

A. J. Strickland The University of Alabama

l

a 2014, more than 4$0.(100 student Arnie. at approximately 1.10o univesities participate! in 23 National Collegiate Athletic Association INCAA)

sports. While at least 150Attn of these student ath- letes participated in college athletics without any financial assistance. scholarship athletes at NCAA Division I and Division II colleges and universities were awarded more than $1,5 billion in scholarships in 2013. Scholarships typically covered the cost of nation, books. and mote and hoard and had an aver- age value of 513.821 for Division 1 .schools in 2013. Student athletes in some sports could receive par- tial scholarships that provided less than the average 513,821 scholarship amount. The possibility of a future collegiate athletic scholarship was a motivat- ing force to excel for many families and young ath- letes competing in Pee Wee, Little League, middle school. and high school sports.

College sports were regulated by the NCAA, which in 20/3 recorded revenues of nearly $913 million and a budget surplus of $61 million. hi 2013, the NCAA also had net assets of $627 million, which included an endowment balance of $326 million. The NCAA's revenues were generated primarily from NCAA Division I men's basketball tourna- ment marketing and broadcast rights and from ticket sales for other championship events. The NCAA's 2013 expenses of $852 million included distributions to Division 1 member schools of $527.4 million. Some observers argued that the NCAA exploited the student athletes whore perfor-

possible, despite the financial support it maces made revenue-generating sportpiztide:ednLs

member universities,

Garrett. Moodn

2015gt i ersASrta ofde t' The inl Alabama

ln 2014. the NCAA was fighting a unioruss4„,, movement at Northwestern Univenny una U. by former quarterback Kam Colt, and it ens lawsuit, challenging its amarc_i-in and 1,1, , assistance policies. which barred sindre, from receising compensation tor vans non. The National Labor Relations Bread (NLRB ruled in Mach 2014 that ooliege players had IN, right to organize as unions to taverna with school,,, employers. Northwestern players on unireaa lion in April 2014. but ballots were to remain realed until an appeal of the ',villa tinting was resolved.

The Ed O'llanntin and Sam Keller lawsuits filed in 2009 charged that the NCAA illegally presented players from receiving compensation from noire. sines while their names and identities were used to generate billions in resentics for Uic universities, the NCAA, video game producers, ;Ind broadosten. Keller was a former quarterback at Arizona State and the University of Nebraska, and O'Banonn plated basketball at UCLA. The NCAA settled the Kelt: case in June 2014 and agreed to pay $20 million to current and former college athletes whose images fikenesses were used in EA Sports viikio games Ir September 2013, EA Sports and Collegiate lacensis, Company, the nation's largest collegiate ondenioo licensing firm. hod agreed to a $40 million settleineni in a similar case. In July 2(113, the NCAA had ended its licensing agreement with EA Sports. which had produced NCAA football video games since 1,811i.

The O'Bannon lawsuit differed from the ballot suit in that it asked the judge to force the NCAA

copyright 0 2014 Ity Sui,Itiand All NM, n,er

1,9 Athletic. Ato Itsaantilbutio,

IilO

...optic value of a collegeeg,

case Was SUI11111811ted 1,5

f ord „ow-oint

Dr. It og Ihnt "the NCAA 6 660,

mion tea

clad

lies

RE) the

!s as

iza- Jed

led ted

to the

nd ed or to Id

Is

n'n 2014 trial cent

e USe a their names and

Ibt

and video

games. The NCAA' deti-;,Z Int

long. "

college athletes front reeet,n8

In

unsm and financial assistant, ,01

The Pen wit

Noll, who

g agreement among the mates 6

AA's chief legal officer • Donald Re yi

so

mporters Outside the 00, " eon, definition. every mother tteRpoi. th'n "by

"" After IS days 01 . 4mIhn wogia

ny. on Jul) 24 NCAA and the C• • -idutttt plaintiff st to wait for Judge , -

of the outcome 11 - ' • decision, that, the NCAA to evaluate the , of its amateurism I assistance pol,c;.,

1EF HISTORY . )F TEURISM AND FINANCIAL STANCE FOR COLLEGE ETES of giving some sort of compensation to

football players for playing a sport had been

almost since players began playing collegiate

In the early 1900s, coaches and universities

to trust funds that they would allocate to

es who could not otherwise play football,

ege, and hold down a campus job because

ands of the sport. "3 For years, members

AA could never come to a consensus on

scholarships and amateurism. Some ant-

gave no athletic scholarships, while others benefits to student athletes. first movement toward a uniform system

member institutions of the NCAA occurred in

hen the NCAA introduced the Sanity Code.

'MY Code "abandoned the NCAAs forloyi

-old commitment to amateur principl

es. , of

nancial aid to be a warded oll Weiiimaidy

114." Although this Me3sur!,11,0 a dopt

Use a ,dosew NCAA members

did not of

it ignify the feeling pertn for as

mhers had towardc onme'

fetes.

Cdta

tnt ate first fold

Iawnaas with

dl hmm

rdrriu'ise7":' nerk' nird in Ito

lee, i

hilt contracts ha't wss!'o'r *.h"' nrey,rennew,,,,,nly.lstudent'01051e5'1'el

xnoNen s compenso

hr mhe legal and illegal pay ments for ail ttutle

wud tire what w onni 'aill'e'West "d In

2tt14. the NC5A Higitnins Center deter- mined . ,

eitgthility of all student din- Icros fix ial piuncipation at nn NCAA DivIsion sx Division II college or university. Student athletes were prohibned from entering into cosmic, with prufessiond teams, salutes or panicipahon 111 ath- leases, priae money, benefits from agents. agteernentr with agents, or any financtai assotance based on athletic talent or spoils panicipainni Division I and

Division II athletes one allowed to he reimbursed for travel and other expenses by professional spoor

teams or from price money It the density occurred

prior to enrollment with 4 college or unisepao

FINANCIAL VALUE OF A

SCHOLARSHIP NCAA Division I and Division II college

, and u '-

versifies awarded more than $1.5 billion in schi71-

arshiPs to student athletes in 2013. Scholarships

typically covered the cost of Milton, books•

and

room and hoard. Student athletes could rot

fulls

and

full scholarships or parriU scholarships. Die num-

ber 01 financial a

wards to student athletes coned

by the type of membership

held by the institution.

For ,mymple,

on I Football Bowl Sulutici.

stun (pbS) selmols were allowed to provide SS

fah schotarships in football.. whereas Dbision I

* Frot were

Championship Subdivision tFTS1 schools

to la equivalent

scholarships.

h:ill.

his nd ice,hockey were the Only

hal-cOanl spats in .014. Thal is, only full

.410 an d foe, mseellaneou. expenses

7:71.7:v.11v as wo

wholardnth eould 6.0461 in these vPoro $.000 K,

veal Options lot the 'Auden. to pay hY

by tRir ,chddanhtp, only

wholat

ft-Nun- ig lull dap. were darn m iahei women • •1`

r Th. 4.410 amount oi athletesvla

°fiord in ,nn, and women, spats 4:0 regum

reqrerequiredNs. ale equal 0 holarship dollars and

other bench.. men and WOInen student athlete.... en

lode I.si

lits a1 man5 um silts wi h

end scoot'. spins and. perhaps. the elimination of some mn', sports, to ensure a propmtional dol- lar tali. 01 wholdrships and mho, benefits awarded

lo men and women student athletes. It was also 110I uncommon tor a universily with tothball pro -

t ids greater number of scholarships for women's teams don men's teams participating in the sante sport to offset the large dollar slaw of scholarships awarded to student athletes participat-

ing in football. In 2014. there wore 346 D1, town I. _291 Di, ision

and 439 Drs ;von ll1 NCAA Istanbul school:, Division III schools did net provide student ail-Mies with

scholarships or other athletics-based financial aid. Approximately 150.1501 student athletes paivicigrated in Division Ill athletics in 2011 Exhibit I presents the scholarship limits tor set., NCAA Division I and Dis ision 11 mans and women's sports in 2013.

In 2013. the average number of athletic schol- arships awarded by each Division I FBS school was approximately 600. and the average value of a WI scholarship for NCAA Division I schools was $13,021. In the .same year. the average full schol. arship amount for NCAA Division II schools was $5,362, awl approximately 400 student athletes, on average. participated in sports at mush Division II football school. The average number of participants for nonfootball Division II schools was 250 per

I in '_013.

According too studs done by Drexel University the National Collage Players Association, rul- athletic scholarship, loll slam of covering rho Isle 000 of attend:mix, and additiimal living

a for transponanon, VIVIOLO school supplies,

were hr 0mlern athletes whose lua,,,4.1,

income was hel, w at roam threshold Pell Cu,.

o s.9.700 in 2014 enwo eed, basthl and am. , sp one '

,payment since they were grant, raiInn4

Mans. Pell Dranis were not restimtet 0. student ath, loses Mn many student athletes did unies Pour,.

,,mting on all postsecondary caliwuoim was au

mated as $31.7 billion in award ••• 2102-5113 The NCAA did not award athletic. -. tarshith hw

it did award scholathhip. to Dioisk,,,, II aihteu,

on the basis of financial need. '4 awardN

$162 million in needs-based t-ies through

its Special ASSISlilnee Fond In 20,

REVENUE GENERAL • The revenues needed to supper programs were generated through stare appi • •.. iiimo 10 um-

ve rsiiy budgets. tickol sales. and ‘:.: 1A remain distribution. NCAA revenues were generated Irma televiaion and marketing rights fees, priManly Iron the Division I men's basketball championahip, and from ticket sales for championship even.. A mull portion of NCAA revenues won generated from licensing fees for college sports video games. More

Man 90 percent of NCAA revenues .ore distritutol to member institutions to support student athlete/.

The NCAA distributed 1497.6 millina us Divtuon I schools in the 2013-2014 licadenui year.

Member institutions also collected IY,C11110

from ticket sales. concessions. royalties and Ikea,

tog fees, broadcast fees. and direct M411011011 sup

pith. Revenue generation fnmi Bothell averaged

44.3 percent of total athletic department revenues for PBS progranm and 24 percent of total Millet department revenues for NCAA Division 1141

programs. Revenues to support university adileum

programs varied widely. Division III schools steed

almsni exclusively on direct inatirutional salrri

to hind program, while the kip-tanked Division

,..,1931isar.IPrmi:ilthlicrnme:,ageneh,":),eaatli:di,ont7tuttiuwo,17,pLit'

M average Oil mum I schisila asceo,kd remil."

ny Sin million to 112 Ir11111011, and the 3.69'

5000011

aY for

loans realms chord emit, .1 1101 than am- um

obri. 013.

bur Meg tied

no, ad

all

re at

5,

NCAA cidmion

20

120

12.0

20 0

140

120

chAng 140

8.0

18.0

12.0

449laa.cirin.

Ncruiu Athletics. Are its Ansatramum

Co

Ay

EGE F IN

PIE LIFE OF A

Scholarship Limits for Select Division I and Division II Men., and

en's Sports, 2013

for Division schoob,"%b.:7, ;ef ars77"11x.d.

$4.5 million. Evbit'd r1:25 of the "6.'

revenues and exPenw:, the country for the nal,nv13t1end,x.re04,1114,zseandss for all u

pa2,,itely.

NCAA INvieNn II

9

10.0

36.0

35

no 45

126

NCAA Division II

100

6.3

36

6.0

99

20.0

99

72

9 0

6.0

12.6

8.0

yaae play ee` ,houl olf 000PIV-'0 .

9(' oituridY W

A tug,,,.., d.. 00T.BAil:,L,17,..,1 AY, pEi.R,.,

:1(:::::00. Isnr1111 Michigan ' Robinson ivy

m ,loolter 14, 2011.

Acagm."Tnegl."‘the'kgrer'eg% erl...1, benurs1

,r.a4,7xmg,,,,r,.`,,n1 Rt7,11:1:In''11s;:nthn.:11,1' 'h":. ‘knugg",'n'wg ,rui,,_c, ,d,,,rei.901,1117,1"da, rth,lu titalL mem Iron ,C1S07,111 VI„l1111l1,11110 10 p1111C ''''' ' "'00 '"' ho lifts

,,,,,, 00,,,,, th,1111111lf all 111C upcoming mac.

ouer two arid onc.hall alli:::,1,71:ti''l 971(' 1 Rowinum s lioied nisi

lion oohed to make him low etas,. Wc al 10: Ill a.m. Alter el., he inal a.few 110011$101' 51 headed to the Michigan Student Union m grab tundh which consisted of Nend,, ,c,Ingkrn nuggel1 blowing lunch, Rnburon had a scheduled rimming with a pnifc•wir to discuss a paper. At o m., Rob- imon headed back to the loaning room ar tide All III bath :red then went m a yuarlerbeclo' meeting SO minutes later. This meeting laded an Maw and Men came practice al 3.10 Otwe poictice w.trimpleiot. Robinson found himself hack in the indmint room for more imminent on hp knee. His final 1101111119- room session finished Moldy slim 1.30 poi. and then came dinner. After a large meal iftobowort 009 smiled on au crap. 14.080 ealone• per day, he aid

some teammaces headed to she film morn to prepare

for that week's upcoming game agai,,m01 16,s(,834)Moic.M,

pan Stale. the day finally condi w

nearly I6 hours after it began'

Ender NCAA ruin'' Dad

,

players m ,Man 1na1 1 1, derma 1 90 cave pgy0lgpt we,

IsYrit niat way, that Illy player

• deeded Pd1 MP 5 which high-ranking ‘vidod underdhedable

amily ruler to secure

V Copy

1.4t8

EXHIBIT 2

PART 1 Cases m Callum Old t ROCURIVRAIRit,R,

Financial Summary for the NCAA 2013

P1166666071 Top-25

Football Programs, 2011-2012

Re:7:e Z110171 "101 F1=:1:17"

536.918.963 8 81,993.762

Alabama 94,016,8 71

68.113270 Oslo Sam 20,2002

13 51621,131

ORM. 18,738.731

05,564,648 RINTIOrd 22.710.140

74289.418 Geotska 17929,882

44,420,762 Tems 4864 22,063,216

Sash Carols,. 48.065.096

13.652.072 39.207,780

Clemson 18,769,539 23,758,955

Louts,. 23,045.1506 74,117435

Ronda 25,757968 Notre !lime 68,986,6

59 22,052 228

Honda State 34,484,786

LSU 68.804,3 05

24,049,282

Oklahoma Stale 41,138,312 26.238.172

TotaS 103,813,684 25,896,203

Oklahoma 59,630,425 24.097.643

Michigan 85,209,247 23,640,337

Nebraska 55.063,437 18,649,947

Some State 15,345,304 8,537612

TCU 25,984.011 25 011

UCLA 25,168,004 19,193,346

20,148,403 Northwestern 27,547684

Wtsconsin 48.418.449 24.231,297

USC 34,410,822 23,123,733

Oregon Slats 20,686,946 11.903.213

645674,799 24,095,3,8

31.881319 6,825,015

52.179 25,

26 4003,005

26,091,005

15 555,30,

982418

' ,1,077500

432.588

795007

200,140

'7,912451

568,910

413,498

307,696

5 974,658

7399,201

24185,162

11,287089

8,763.733

T

4

5

6

8

9

10

tt

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

&r.. 2404 Jess0p. The Econ.,. of Cokege 000113a, A 1.001, at the Top-25 Teams Rekesues and atatiose - Footee. tagust

the recruit's commiument to play football for the

school in question. The second source of payment

came in the form of what was called "impermissible benefits." Impermissible benefits could be anything

from clothes to tattoos given to players for free or

at a discounted price due to their status as a football

player or in return for signed memorabilia. The third

source of payment was professional sports agents

who paid current collegiate players or their families in order to secure the player's commitment to sign

with the agent's agency whenever the player decided

to become a professional football player. This pmt`

rem had become more prevalent in recent years due

to the absurdly high price of rookie convects, but

usually a few star players, guaranteed to command it

large contract, were involved.

There had been hundreds of pm-for-00" uan-

dais throughout the past 50 years that resulted In

penalties for university teams, ranging from Pr',

bation to vacated victories and bow bans, but orb

scandal of boosters and school officials'payinf

players stood above all others. In the early 1950,

ph igadys,jr sr inc“hnthl, lei 5 St 0: r't.m.' C. v.'. _.-:‘.6: iip'i co' t• oi_enri t, t ,prp,i ;0 ,,,,y1 . ,„00,1n1 i

elhtodeist U.niv,c,..- ,,..1i,,,,,,. „,,,,u,,,,,a,,,,,Thte,

h SW '''' ,e, tha, s6A hoon.r0

I even a HOISt11211T on

estigulion discove

t coac iversity'N tooth. au r'n

l,' hes had paid an out.of,tate100, 0

V juinin 1h0 "nd ni probation again f

it:::9. 81,06:s:c0aPdsk tle,n' s , a' p r o b a t i o n I 11

,a,„!.. a 0,thf o ii,g,

..,,,indoln, . Ite Wain troin bi I g.

fund provided lo 03/4,3/4,0 0,0,,

din:kneed nna high Tthth „nth, th,

01;10 Itit' ingyb71.7:1 oofti, t0“2111

ancsoo .

T 4 Median Revenue and

Expenses for NCAA Division Athletic

5 56000 0020

616.000 6 620 00

Prograrns, 2004 and 20084012

$ $83,$°$ $ 5$7**

,sop __§A5V_Ci9

9° s

4 22s 120i $(4.521.. 200

.,.,906..0) ,..2e)

$(2.359.7001 %WOO 259100 S 296.500 s 91.200

6 no6 600 2'61°'

6nn 6 ean 500 49_,‘,9-99

153 60, ,ga 300

96,0) St2.3SI e001 SP2invon,

-1'="t— I00) $0.926.20

'

iii.000,200 5(Z°'

In 1907, dna. 02. Ito, 3/4S.143 /43 /4I.',,,,3 /42.,,,,n2,3/43 /4vi,, 3 /4,

Through a um. sm, 0,"

co NON 20011,1 .(011. 17, behnen1,, m I 90:

0:01uivtu:

booslov and too. b, ,3/43/4. 100,

as oish payincst 925.1112 nos. 3/43/43/40,_

3/4„3/4,3/4„,3/4,,,,,

SMU.Thernon4v

s

• •

,an Athhote.n Are na

Median Revenue and Ex s.

2004 and 2008-2012 P"--' '91 NC A A - Div lawn I Athletic Prows..

20% womekin 2010

022.204,000 S20.4.4.020 V264.000 wanton Inman* 24.2."..% —4.2A52,200 4sissenon so mem

(sOW.1100, 110.082.0101 0110.1542o-vi s ovoi uVo.2-.2'200, Old 222. Op Subdivalon

42.,24,00 S 2.022.002 2,01111.003 126anon saw., 2150,006

7,- 7,0 ..12,115.000 _i2,919,609 _16991Lec _11•Tr s q.937.509) 7 0,640.00) women s issstocioi sn0.2 wows..

2.12.00 S 2,08,000 S t 2.. 2 205200 10.3,17,M 10,502,000 11.52122700 jleatleit

i5.031.000I (5240.000) 02.000) S 122.2.o.022i in...

100,410, am gagoal 2013

2002

v copy

rani a

lt.wathr

what war oitllen the -.di pootts. The death pen-

alh .e near

i.)e,,sen

to the Skill.00111 war a lull catagliadint . warm, rethation or 55 wholaohips owl Rnu

and a hen fawn eels ea lire toter mon SNIU ended up Lang...hog the l'elb reaw

nt

:ntt;ptall

hew on a Oniwroltr. thee were multiple unmet i tk

retook kmer peradom ewe star for illegally pay. tea

r''Co'l'nkge'Tt'umfbal""It rlay'ers'rt imas'isis7:nnitsccia'ein11." weft already Ingh•ozofile Wang mem meaning dons each as then immotahilia and autographs

mitre high dc.nd. Many athletes and universi- um were punished house players had pro, ided menet atemotabilia or near in enter to receive vari. outs items The tact that amateur athletes could mot legally profit them their own signature, but the mu. versifies and athletic goveming bodies could. was a major point amotig those in favor of providing werne. type of financial ornpcomtion for players.

A nine recent major scandal involving toper miscible benefits retuned al Ohm State University in 2010. It was discovered that eight Ohio State players had received roughly 514.000 worth of cmh and tattoos in en,h,mgc lee signed jerseys. memora- bilia and rings. It was later discovered that the Ohio State head coach had received information regard- ing illegal tats ittes of his players before it roan made public and chose to remain silent about it. Fol- lowing an investigation that discovered the illegal activities. the Ohio State team received a punish- ment that included a bowl ban. vacated wins, and a scholarship reduction. Tice Ohio State head coach lost his job because he had failed to inform a univer. shy official about the activities of his players despite his prior knowledge of those activities.

Another source of illegal payments to amateur athletes was professional age.. Agents would

identify at who had the torrents/ to be money- maken at a professional lescl and would offer then, at their families illegal benefits in artier to ensure that the athletes would ogre with the agent's agency when they decided hi get professional. The most fatnous case of this type occurred with Reg- gie Bush and the University of Siltillteell California

Lama., ...sky

jusev Bush wan a star Moyer at USC H

14Amcrican andm Honan root, Jolted in the first nand of the 214th Nth.

m dirnowered that Huth and ha taunt, illegal henefits totaling over lietiat

a professional sports agent. Ara result, a tallmess, insedigation was launched Into the US(' athlete program. and it found that a highprofile player had teemed similar henents

Although the invcsugation deminumo Iha university itself had no knowledge of the Met.' b.,. pp, hong naccived by its players. it soncluded tbss Wane the player, had such high Mtn', the city should have known. Normally, are poushb.,_

for playing an ineligible purser idusn waa ,,,,C;;;;,1

due to receiving illegal benefits/ wend be v.., wins in the pallier that player had playact In dn.:a., because the university deltoid ha,- known What was going ten. it was punished furthc- vith heehaws, a scholarship reduction, and ritort eall head tan Bush Was forced to give had.. h., ' v tau Trophy

EFFORTS TO PAY 1ERS IN 2014 The debate over eassible far fouthal players become more widespread to 2014 became( not only the various lawsuits masitot toe NCAAths, player compensation but else the National Lalla Relations Board decision to allow college What players to unionize. In 2014, Northwestern foothait players had formed the College Athletes Mayen Association (CARA, and filed a caw with the NLRB in which they argued that they were, in fact. emplaj- tee of the university and not student athletes tel thus had the ability to form 0 0111011. Notthwestem player Kain Colter argued. among other things, the playing college football won like a job due to the fad that players must spend over 50 hours a week pre- paring fir games.' Colter did not argue for compel,

sation specifically but just for the rtght to simonize The Nonhwestern players hoped they would be able lo engage in collective bargaining with rhea univer- sity similar to the type of negotiations that the KO_ Players Association had with the NFL owners.

Once Colter and the CARA brought their cock

the NLRB. it took the hoard Jibwlt a month to conic to a decision. The local branch of the NLRB decode that players at Northwestern University did, In lot.

Attiel,cn: An, nv Anovaon

on tie

ad

an 4It 1:4C:f"..:6:6,7:1.*PP:ol:ni:ho'Tthdtl'ilitkit...tni:i:‘,,plh:eh.1:2:;:::‘,1:111i,nd:..::',UC:'ilf1.,,,i'Pri:ibo,'::i111.:;:._,..-::::-.1,,'ik'd..,,I_P":''''',::::::14:::::''''''''''' ''''''

00 all

Mkirara2°U4st.

hm 011,0.1. ,thletes Ma ;"'t '

Oar NCAA annual no., v coar,,,'," ,1-' he

to ittbarebs 0. ,halltstgea that ...10 frank. th< .00, 1,1 us, a ..

adden, I. ,,,04.011100 II. strIbea W g,,,,,, i, L.,,,,,. ,,,,..,,,,,,,,,,, WHY FOOTBALL PLAYERS? No man x hat the college .0

w. cv., ,h. 8,,,,,,,,, am the Nr AA :eorl. ethic and an mown,: Am.,. 01.1,0 v,,

they didn't betel.° to be overly cotried maximum cam ;17J::Otr'1Ve7 i":1'n't.'N',:, either. The general consethus among the fold 110..., the. ..0 0,0111'

was that, due to do. complicated the compensation Nor i.e.., or l' of unionization, mere would not be Font. lootball Mal. fat antl att.) , tflt ',...•

implications from players unions in die sport in college atblenev fo (on, : ,„vv.,

Despite &BMW., OppositiOn 1.0 play men', havkethatt ,nald el., gene,. e ,, • r

he did seem open to same form of extra enue. there wer, omne Intattitce, in a., lat

player, In fact, he pnyposed a $2,000 VIII! generated hom a WWII p:gor,..h a,v,

would cover the est. costs that aren't mood:au:1i to the n.,,,n, levellIIP. acted Ill

,qp.,

11 scholarship. Emmert' s proposal was otter able., abb., nnon,Wrrnon, ago

,,,, ongn,noon

fejected by the NC' AA board of diree.gtol. for fott.11playetscontentdonNYI.talea that tfttl.

°I'er'everitmin w".colleggne°a'11111th e:iiNsLiRt fBn;ilied' the a

,I,I;r: p,I.ro.teen,:er,,ntg:,,,N1„.0, 1viva,tosleivzstbeo.,,t, 7,,,,m4

wWuld old, oa r ng tonic NEL

".nA:91,BO OLItoeikall

play rte NFL, yly ne vliog

ly from Ston)

Btaxf

lid the hrfx•m,n ttetra, Jens aml.lek 'O.

ovt

It

• Ault. atork, -,..-vOovto mv .taaro 0Orr vvvvv.ao

11 l a, to

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any

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ef playing protrvvional luskeda m allother ilOwever, not only did die niling apply

. NI) l.fl. . ... pa ..,, =, ,awr,

,,,a,a regai,re, entering do ABS tilt. 'on for a collective group of zo g

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recognized effort to conwler that player, 01,1).,Ine yeaf001,,o1,,htt:,zhok

o,

football.

tat NBA dran being °I"' • th"'*:".Z hockey. Playa*

NCAA in 201,4 th r'41 as Thc hal tl. O'n , college all ..ft' .awts CAA l'..

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sy,nf,in„. hoe7 ,,,,, 4,,,p7,,,,,,

oiled 71047,,,, Ngr,h,,,,,,s„ a

that Wier how b . The initiative

If Ohio Slfil if COSI of nit-.do

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t'be.' initiative

tetanal ng that lt4',̀ • wa.

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consisted of only 254 picks, so only 2.8 peacent of the a small groan sten-

o-402

ing nn ouldrafted free agents It a player was lucky enough to make an NFL rster. that did tan moan that 21th712pItteiNwEsinirld,,,in„estamnr,,I,ymba:mon.:1,,,,a

In

a year. and the average career for an NI‘,1'.'pli.ay"er'sv% 4:

only shoot and orehalf year..'" Obviously, there skew exceptions Mr dsc superstars m the league, hut these view the numbers (0( most pla)ers.

An additional argument made by door who hooted dompensnion in ....shear football players was the Iambi. the risk of u long-tom injury in loot: hall was much high, Mail that in any other sport 01 course. there was an injury risk for any player w ho

played a sport at a ommetitive level, but the risk of ntlm). specifically head injury. was much higher in football Concussion awareness had greatly increased in recent years at all kvels Of fa 00011 as head injuries had greatly changed the way the spon was perceived. Afeakures had been talon. from ramifies for targeting the head to improved helmet padding. to limg concu00 sions. hut they still occurred. College football players had to lake a serious look at whether they wanted to put their bodies at risk day after day for the chance of. hopefully. playing professional fastball one day. Many individuals felt that amateur players who are

putting their bodies at risk to such an extent deserved 44110 type of compensation. Such thoughts mainly stemmed from the fact that universities and govern- ing bathes were profiting from the players. who risked injury every day, yet the players themselves could not profit. However, student athletes in eon): sport had received carceeending injuries, with some suffering

front limited mobility for the remainder of their lives.

Commenting on the various efforts to compensate student athletes for participation in NCAA football

and Iwsketball. Big 12 Conterente has limy staled. "II is hard to jusurs

den( :oblates in toiaban and men's basketball

rccugltiJmF the significant effon that sstin snot/14p and la,nosos players and hack put in hootball and basketball players border than anybody else. they just happe blessing td on adoring pehlie 4410 io v al

the mkt, and ssillInit In buy the p„, sinn that emu snit the high visilnIns ai legal ion and a moral obligad,o,

snores, athletes and male ftlynifne spun, ghk.,, any what we do Int bonbon and basketball nude

' Adele. I don't dunk it', corn debatable:.

CONCLUSION While the settlement of the Keller lawsin, resulted in an agreement to 10,, 100.000 former Division I men's binaethall and EIS

football players WOO to $2,000 sm,li fur the pus,. ble inclusion of their likenesses if LA Sports sides games. the issue of student at'. to sompermam, was yet to be resolved. The s,...•n cations of the O'Bannon lawsuit had the rm. mi lei} of radicalh changing the nature of colle04 end it am still uncertain how a final 141.1P. rating cementing player unionization would ui+ext universities aro

the NCAA. Also, the success of litigation again,, EA Spans and the NCAA had the potential to give rise to new lawsuits claiming that unethical or illegai student athlete policies were :reared and enforced by the NCAA. The developments of 2014 required that the NCAA closely evaluate its amateurism and financial assistance policies to ensure that the organization could meet the ethical expectations of the universities it represented and the consul. ors who enjoyed attending and viewing collegiate sporting events.

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ENDNOTES • AS wow at Ban Sr.SUSadrisset Eder

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'RarnOp Flume and Flien J. Steurawslty. brra P.1. CI 'OMR, III iap Coen. Sport

tert. .onnoellottoeetsoadaSeobotdates Na•Nop.aftaJ,...Chl " As quoted near a rape iletakoy Sas• team., Pave tn War ACAS landeespir &Perm *Ord Juk 21. 2014, hund/Shrtehotterononreo phsles.distera.Ins tasotosInIene.

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