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PatW4Sub1.docxProfessor’s Comment:
The referencing and citing of scholarly work is mandatory to support the idea that is being presented in the participation discussion. ALL peer responses require an in text citation, a reference, and 6 or more sentences. References should be between 2018 to 2022.
Post 1:
HIV is a deadly virus spread from one individual to another via semen, blood, vaginal fluids and breast milk. It is still incurable, but people live with HIV for years, provided they take the necessary medications. HIV attacks the body's defence mechanism (immunity), specifically the T cells called CD4 cells. When HIV attacks the body, AIDS develops (Limper et al., 2017). It occurs after HIV fights the CD4 cells severely, resulting in a low number of CD4 cells. Then these cells reduce significantly; the body is no longer able to fight disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and other viruses. Thus, reduced CD4 cells are among the characteristic findings of AIDS. Also, the patient is attacked by diseases such as malaria and TB because of the reduced immunity.
AIDS results in the following signs and symptoms. The most common symptoms are loss of weight. Others include recurring fever, unexplained profuse sweating at night and body weakness and tiredness. Moreover, AIDS patients may develop swelling of the lymph nodes and experience diarrhea that lasts for over a week. They also develop sores in the genitals, anus and mouth (Remien et al., 2019). They also develop opportunistic diseases such as malaria and pneumonia, which weakens them further. AIDS patients with these symptoms are weak and cannot perform their daily duties normally. They depend on others and are afraid of interacting with people.
References
Limper, A. H., Adenis, A., Le, T., & Harrison, T. S. (2017). Fungal infections in HIV/AIDS. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17(11), e334-e343.
Remien, R. H., Stirratt, M. J., Nguyen, N., Robbins, R. N., Pala, A. N., & Mellins, C. A. (2019). Mental health and HIV/AIDS: the need for an integrated response. AIDS (London, England), 33(9), 1411.
Post 2:
The immune system is the body's natural way of protecting against microorganisms that may invade the body and cause disease. Cancer is a type of disease process in which unhealthy cells divide and multiply causing masses of tissue that can spread throughout the body (Randall, 2018). Tumors are graded on a level of 1-4. 1 is a small tumor with a slow level of growth and 4 is a large tumor with rapid growth (National Cancer Institute, 2013). This can be measured with a small biopsy where tissue at the site is collected. I would like to focus on cervical cancer, which is a type of cancer that occurs in the cervix.
The human papillomavirus (HPV) and sexually transmitted infections place one at risk for uterine cancer. Some immune systems do not completely fight off HPV, which can allow the vius to live for years, contributing to the cervical cells becoming cancerous. There are usually no early signs or symptoms. More advanced cervical cancer symptoms include vaginal bleeding during intercourse, pelvic pain, and vaginal discharge with a foul odor (Butler, 2021). A diagnosis of cervical cancer may affect one's sexuality/ reproductive functional health patterns. Women may not want to participate in sex due to the pain, there may be a loss of libido, and it may impact their relationship with a partner. To reduce the risk of cervical cancer, one should receive the HPV vaccine, have routine pap smear tests, and practice safe sex.
References
Butler, K. (2021). Cervical Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352501
National Cancer Institute. (2013). Tumor grade fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/prognosis/tumor-grade-fact-sheet
Randall, J. (2018). Pathophysiology Clinical Applications for Client Health. Cellular and Immunological Complexities. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-applications-for-client-health/v1.1/#/chapter/4
Post 3:
Immune dysfunction occurs when the body's defenses fail to effectively ward off illness. The immune system is the body's integrated defense mechanism against outside pathogens. Immune system problems can affect just one organ or the whole body. Immunodeficiency occurs when the body's defenses against illness are weakened. When the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, it is called an autoimmune disease (Kiene Et al., 2018).
HIV is the causative agent of AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV mostly attacks CD4 cells, which it does by inserting its genetic code into the host cell. This helps the virus spread. This leaves the deceased susceptible to secondary infections and cancer because their immune system is no longer working.
The normal result is dependent on the HIV stage. During stage 1, you may suffer flu-like symptoms such as a high temperature, a rash, chills, night sweats, a sore throat, a mouth ulcer, and muscle pains. On average, people feel better by the end of the first week or the middle of the second. Moreover, stage 2 frequently presents with a lack of symptoms for months or years. When the immune system gets to Stage 3, it can't fight off infections as well as it should, which can cause a wide range of symptoms and conditions. Serious illnesses can cause you to lose a lot of weight quickly, sweat a lot at night, have a high temperature, get pneumonia, feel depressed, have chronic diarrhea, lose multiple organs, or lose your memory.
Despite the potential impact that these symptoms may have on the patient's life and relationships, the immune system is turned on to fight off infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and other germs. HIV/AIDS demonstrates the vulnerability of a suppressed immune system to pathogenic microorganisms. Because of this, rather than reducing the risk of illness, it raises it for the patient. Stress and weariness might have a multiplicative effect on the patient's existing problems. Because of the patient's lessened capacity to go about their daily activities, he or she and his or her family may run into financial troubles (Thompson Et al., 2019).
Reference
Kiene, S. M., Dove, M., & Wanyenze, R. K. (2018). Depressive symptoms, disclosure, HIV-related stigma, and coping following HIV testing among outpatients in Uganda: a daily process analysis. 1639-1651 in AIDS and Behavior, 22(5).
Pietrangelo, A., White, C., & Cherney, K. (2022, March 29). The effects of HIV on the immune system, nervous system, and more. Healthline. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/effects-on-body#1
Randall, J. (2018). Cellular and Immunological Complexities. Pathophysiology clinical applications for Client Health. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-applications-for-client-health/v1.1/#/chapter/4
Thompson, K. B., Krispinsky, L. T., & Stark, R. J. (2019). Late immune consequences of combat trauma: a review of trauma-related immune dysfunction and potential therapies. Military Medical Research, 6 (1), 1–13.
Post 4:
Immunodeficiency is a condition that can be seen in an individual when having infections that are more frequent, longer lasting, or harder to treat than are the infections of someone with a typical immune system. An individual can easily get infections that a person with a healthy immune system would not get and these can be called opportunistic infections (Randal, 2018). Many primary immunodeficiency disorders are inherited and passed down from one or both parents. Problems in the genetic code that acts as a blueprint for producing the cells of the body cause many of these immune system defects (McCusker, Upton and Warrington, 2018).
The clinical presentation of immunodeficiency varies depending on the type of primary immunodeficiency disorder and the individual immune system. Some of the signs and symptoms of primary immunodeficiency can include frequent and recurrent pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, ear infections, meningitis, or skin infections. Inflammation and infection of internal organs and blood disorders, such as low platelet count or anemia may also be seen in immunodeficiency syndrome. Digestive problems, such as cramping, loss of appetite, nausea, and diarrhea as well as delayed growth and development are usually common (Chinn and Orange, 2019). Complications include recurrent infections autoimmune disorders and damage to the heart, lungs, nervous system, or digestive tract. It also puts the individual at an elevated risk of getting cancers and if the symptoms are not managed one could complicate to complicated infections and death.
References:
Chinn, I. K., & Orange, J. S. (2019). Immunodeficiency Disorders. Pediatrics in review, 40(5), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2017-0308
McCusker, C., Upton, J., & Warrington, R. (2018). Primary immunodeficiency. Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 14(Suppl 2), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-018-0290-5.
Randal Jeanne, (2018). Pathophysiology Clinical Application for Client Health .Cellullar and Immnunological Complexities. Retrieved on November 11,2022 from
