DOCX 9000. Professional Doctoral Capstone/Project

Title

In 12 words or less, what is the working title for this study? Include the topic, variables/concepts, and relationship between them, and the most critical keywords.

The Rrelationship between Nnurse Mmanager Lleadership Sstyles and their Iimpact on Ppatient Ccare Qquality Mmeasures

Supporting Literature

The first step in developing your prospectus is to search the literature related to the general area you want to investigate (see the social problem below). In your review of the recent empirical literature, what keywords did you search, and in what databases?

The keywords and databases searched included Leadership styles, transformational leadership, Laissez-Faire leadership and quality of health care, training and development, communication. More quality measure needed e.g. Nurse manager, mortality rate, re-admission rates, bed sores, etc(More quality measure needed here)

Provide at least 10 brief summaries of recent, scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles that support/justify a current and relevant problem in your discipline or professional field. Source(s) supporting your framework should be included. Include the complete APA reference entry, followed by (a) an in-text citation; (b) what was studied; (c) what was found, and (d) why this research is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem.

Hirtz, P. D., Murray, S. L., & Riordan, C. (2015). The Effects of Leadership on Quality. Engineering Management Journal, 19(1). Comment by David Bull: All the references should be in this format. The second and subsequent lines must be indented to 0.5 inches. I have said this several times but you are not reading my comments. Do this for the next 9 references.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265487734_The_Effects_of_Leadership_on_Qu

Hirtz, Murray, & Riordan research using the non-experimental correlation design on the effect of a leadership style of various nurse manager on the level of job satisfaction within organizations. The research conducted on professionals with more than one-year experience in the nursing practice indicated a positive relationship between transformational leadership and an increase in the level of satisfaction among the nurses. This research serves as an important platform for development of the research topic mainly because the research only used the analysis of only one type of leadership. Thus, the study also provides an effective template that can be used in developing the research including the most effect method of analyzing the data which involves descriptive statistics followed by inferential statistics due to the clarity of the method and research findings in answering the question about the leadership styles applied by nursing leadership on the quality of healthcare.

Albagawi, B. (2019). Leadership styles of managers and job satisfaction of staff nurses: Correlational design study. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n3p254.

The study by Albagawi (2019) aims at determining the link between leadership styles exhibited by nurse leaders and managers with the aspect of job satisfaction within Ha’il City, Saudi Arabia. Based on the correlation analysis as well as the analysis of the work quality index of employees surveyed, there was a positive relationship between transformational leadership style and job satisfaction whereby as compared to transactional, and laissez-faire leadership, the transformational leadership style had a more statistically significant relationship with job satisfaction. This notion is further supported by the high prevalence of nurses for leaders who exhibited transactional leadership styles. However, the impact of other leadership styles, which is not as clear from the research suggests more research so as to identify the impact of other types of leadership styles on the employee job satisfaction. This provision supports the need for more research to identify the correlation between the two variables.

Khairunnisa, P., & Nadjib, M. (2019). Effect of leadership style on service quality and job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A systematic review. Strengthening Hospital Competitiveness to Improve Patient Satisfaction and Better Health Outcomes. https://doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph-fp.04.32

The research by Khairunnisa and Nadjib sought to effectively identify the most effective type of leadership among healthcare professionals critical in appraising the level of integration and care among healthcare nurses. The authors conducted a survey of related topics research articles whereby they included articles published within the last ten years to investigate the problem. The research findings indicated a huge influence of leadership style and strategy on increasing job satisfaction among nurses as well as improving the quality of service offered to those patients identified through their effect on the commitment and performance levels of individual employees. The research articles review dating back 10 years support the research topic by acting as a source of information in regards to the variance between related articles based on their findings in relation to the relationship between the two variables. However, the information provided only supports the analysis of only one type of leadership, transformational hence suggesting the heed for analysis of the effects of other types of leadership styles on job satisfaction.

Hussein, S., & Wahidi, I. (2018). Leadership and job satisfaction in the healthcare sector: An exploratory study in Lebanon. International Business Research, 11(7), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n7p46.Hussein & Wahid (2018) conduct an Exploratory Study in Lebanon to identify the relationship between leadership and job satisfaction within the healthcare sector. Analysis of the factors that affect job satisfaction by the author from data collected by the responses reveal a close relationship between all the variables and the job satisfaction variable. The authors provide a model towards developing effective leadership styles by providing the most relevant characteristics desired in a leader. The research is significant in supporting the body of knowledge towards supporting the hypothesis whereby an improved relationship between leaders and the subordinates not only supports high job satisfaction, but also develops derives higher performance from the organization’s workforce. Comment by David Bull: This is not in line with the others.

Moura, A., Bernardes, A., Balsanelli, A. P., Zanetti, A. C., & Gabriel, C. S. (2017). Leadership and nursing work satisfaction: an integrative review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201700055 Comment by David Bull: Same here. See the whole references nd make corrections.

The article by Moura et al., (2017) investigates the relationship between leadership and nursing level of job satisfaction through an integrative review of various research articles related to the research topic ranging from periods between 2011 to 2016. The result findings indicated that there is high need for development of capacity among nursing professionals mainly because of the significance of nursing leadership on job satisfaction. The integrative review provides a simplified but thorough template for conducting the cumulative case study mainly because it adopts similar approaches in comparing the different research articles towards investigating the research topic.

Solomon, A. (2019). The Relationship of Nurse Manager’s Leadership Styles in Maintaining a Just Culture. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, Walden University, 1-180. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9024&context=dissertations

In his article, Solomon introduces the aspect of a just culture in analyzing the effectiveness of a Nurse Manager’s Leadership Styles. The author mainly associates transformational and transactional leadership styles with efforts from leaders to constantly improve the workplace environment mainly because they are normally best positioned to influence a wide variety of nursing practice environmental aspects such as motivation by formulating effective compensation strategies among others to support this initiative. The findings were inconclusive although the study provided a better understanding of the relationship between unit-level just culture perceptions and other variables. This article complements other articles supporting the effectiveness of a manager’s leadership style on improving perceptions about the level of influence of a leader’s leadership style on the subordinate nurses. Subsequently, it also supports the need for more research in regards to the research topic.

Perez, J. W. (2014). Impact of Nurse Managers' Leadership Styles on Staff Nurses' Intent to Turnover. Nursing Theses and Capstone Projects, 1-39. https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=nursing_etd

There is a wide variety of indicators of job satisfaction one of them being the employee intent to turn over. Thus, Perez sought to establish the relationship between Nurse Managers leadership styles and the intent to turnover by employees. The results indicated a positive relationship between a professional’s intent to turnover among other indicators such as employee absence, which was identified as one of the factors that indicate low levels of job satisfaction. Gaining a broad spectrum on issues affecting job satisfaction helps develop an argument on the active role of nursing leaders in Herzberg’s two-factor theory. An example is whereby an environment which natures professional development is recognized as having higher perceptibility to retain employees more than organizations that don’t support such initiatives.

Bušatlić, S. B., & Mujabašić, A. (2018). Herzberg’s two-factor theory of job satisfaction comparative study between private and public high school teachers in Canton Sarajevo. International Journal of Business Management & Research, 8(6), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijbmrdec20184

Research by Bušatlić, & Mujabašić a more generalized approach towards analyzing the relationship between job satisfaction and leadership style by analyzing the teacher’s environment. The research, which was restricted to the high schools in Canton Sarajevo supports the application of the Herzberg’s two factor theory in the research whereby the employee’s job satisfaction was affected by both the hygiene and the motivational factors such as interpersonal relationship with subordinates, salary, status, and workplace environmental conditions among others. The research article plays an important role in providing some of the most effective approaches towards improving the level of job satisfaction among employees that can be applied across other sectors. Subsequently, it highlighted the importance of recognition as a motivating intervention although it doesn’t have to be financially rewarding.

Hassard, J., Teoh, K., & Cox, T. (2018). Job satisfaction: Theories and definitions: OSHwiki. OSHWiki. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Job_satisfaction:_theories_and_definitions#:~:text=feel%20at%20work.-,Theories%20of%20job%20satisfaction

The article by Hassard et al., 2018 provides an in-depth overview of the various job satisfaction theories applicable in explaining how it is related to the aspect of organizational environment including leadership. Some of the theories discussed under the article include Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s two factor model and the dispositional approach. This article is crucial in developing the theoretical framework of the study mainly because the theories provided correlate with improvement, or deterioration of job satisfaction. An example of such a theory is the Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene approach which establishes the conditions necessary for example a conducive work environment in facilitating employee motivation among employees through other motivators like recognition that cannot be effective without accomplishment of hygienic conditions.

Alloubani, A., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Abdelhafiz, I. M., & Almatari, M. (2019). Leadership styles' influence on the quality of nursing care. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-06-2018-0138

Alloubani et al., 2019 conducts an investigation into the leadership styles from registered nurses’ perspective and their effects on the quality of nursing offered within both public and private institutions. According to the author, transformational leadership style was identified as the most prevalent, and preferable leadership style within nursing healthcare settings based on the quality of healthcare attained from practicing healthcare under transformational leadership. This study is crucial in identifying one of the most prevalent measurements that can be applied in evaluating the impact of leadership styles on subordinates within healthcare settings. It is also worth noting that quality index serves as one of the most applied measurements of job satisfaction hence providing an overview of some of the measurement criteria to use in the research.

Rubric Standard | Justified > Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field?

Problem

What was the social problem that prompted you to search the literature to find out more? Write in complete sentences using a scholarly tone.

The situation or issue that prompted me to search the literature is the poor patient quality outcomesmeasure/outcomes on nursing units in hospitals as a result of ineffective managerial leadership styles of nurses. Leadership style impacts nursing performance which translates to poor patient quality measures.

Now that you have read and summarized some of the recent literature to understand your problem, and given what other researchers are exploring, what meaningful gap have you identified that your study will address? (What have others not yet explored about this problem that you will contribute with your study?)

Although researchers have investigated this issue, the topic has not been explored in this way: (There is littles or no information on nurse manager leadership styles in relation to quality patient outcomes, especiallythe best and most effective leadership style and especially. in hospitals within the Ssoutheastern region of the United States. Please look at example below the form and write this properly. This needs to be a line or two.

Based on all of the above information (social problem, literature review, gap), in one sentence, what is your research problem ?

The specific research problem that will be addressed through this study is there is lack of information on how specificto examine the relationship between nursing leadership styles impact theand the quality of patient care-of-service delivery within healthcare in hospital settings. and whether different types of leadership styles are applicable in different healthcare settings and how they impact performance.

Rubric Standard | Meaningful > Has a meaningful problem and gap in the research literature been identified?

Rubric Standard | Original > Does this project have potential to make an original contribution?

Purpose

To address your stated research problem, what is the purpose of your study? Will you describe, compare, explore, examine, etc.? Complete the purpose sentence below and be sure to clarify your variables/concepts of interest.

The purpose of this Qualitative study is to explore and understand the relationship between nurse manager leadership styles and patient quality care outcomes. (See example below and write a sentence for me here) conduct a mixed method study to establish the exact relationship between different nurse leadership styles on job satisfaction and employee performance levels of the nurses.

Framework (Conceptual or Theoretical)

What theory(ies) and/or concept(s) support (frame) your study and who are the original authors? Provide an in-text citation with your response, and the complete APA reference entry with summary in the Background section.

The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include the theory of healthcare management which encompasses various virtues that affects the quality of healthcare outcomes. The concept of healthcare quality is a variable that is normally interrelated with several elements around the organization that is best described by the leadership theories and the Donabedian model which describes the fact that three factors are mainly used in evaluating quality of care including the structure, process, and outcomes. This notion is interrelated to the healthcare management theories since it describes the necessary environmental conditions for optimal performance of employees. The leadership theories, on the other hand emphasizes on the need for accomplishment of an effective analysis of leadership styles and behaviors including interpersonal relationship with employees before pursuing motivational elements including recognition, achievement, and advancement as a quality improvement intervention. The various elements identified under the theory are interwoven with the characteristics associated with different leadership styles, for example, value for advancement by transformational leaders as opposed to transactional leaders and situational leaders who use other hygienic factors like salary as the quality of healthcare provided. Thus, the theoretical framework using the Herzberg’s two factor theory aims at establishing the link between the two variables, quality of healthcare and leadership style based on the various elements identified under the theory which are linked to the leadership characteristics to explain the impact of the hygiene in facilitating motivational factors within the various facilities analyzed by previous research. Subsequently, the Donabedian model will be used to complement the theoretical framework by providing an overview of some of the factors that affect the quality of healthcare including job satisfaction through the use of the structure, process and Outcome model. It is worth noting that leadership styles and quality of healthcare are both positively related to the quality of healthcare provided within hospitals, thus, indicated a high potential for a relationship between the two variables (Farman et al., 2017 p.518; Alloubani 2019 p.12). Only discuss the leadership theory and the Donabedian model and how they relate to your study Comment by David Bull: You may want to look at these references for leadership tools. You may want to look into the The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ): https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/24018828/738931668/name/096317999166789.pdf Also, take a read at the following sources for additional ideas: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03634529309378913 http://journals.lww.com/nursingmanagement/Citation/1990/08000/Leadership_Behavior_of_Chief_Nurse_Executives_.16.aspx http://tesc.innersync.com/documents/ILJ_Winter_2015.pdf#page=36 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JKM-06-2014-0252 Bedsides, you are writing too much here which is not needed. I have referred you several times to the examples below this form, but I don’t think you are looking at the examples.

How do these theories and/or concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and the nature of your study?

The logical connections between the framework presented and the nature of my study include analyzing whether there is a correlation between the characterizing factors of leadership styles on the levels of job satisfaction of nurses since leaders are responsible for providing an effective environment to trigger intrinsic motivation from the nurses thus leading to improved job satisfaction levels. This notion will be facilitated by applying the cumulative case study in the analysis. The Donabedian model will be used for this particular purpose by interlinking leadership styles to quality of care, which according to research is related to improved quality of health care. Comment by David Bull: You are not studying job satisfaction levels. See example below the form.

Rubric Standard | Grounded > Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic?

Research Question(s) and Hypotheses (if applicable)

List the question(s) that you plan to use to address the research problem. Your question(s) must align with your study purpose and include the variables and/or concepts and how they will be examined.

RQ1: Depending on the leadership style applied within the contemporary healthcare systems, what is the general quality of healthcare patient care provided?

H0 – Transactional leadership styles don’t have statistically significant relationship with improved quality of healthcare. Comment by David Bull: Use variables of quality patient care e.g. Mortality, patient satisfaction, bedsores, hospital acquired infections.

H1 – Transactional leadership styles have statistically significant relationship with improved levels of quality of healthcare.

RQ2: What is the impact of leadership style on quality of care

H0 – There is a no correlation between quality of healthcare and leadership style. Comment by David Bull: This is quantitative test

H1 - There is a high correlation between quality of healthcare and leadership style.

RQ3: What is the impact of leadership style on quality of care indicated by leadership style efficiency.

H0 – There is a no correlation between leadership style and measures of quality of care.

H1 - There is a high correlation between leadership style and performance measures of quality of care

Please redo this research questions again specially addressing your research topic.

Nature of the Study

What systematic approach/method and research design do you plan to use to address your research question(s)?

To address the research questions in this Mixed Method study, the specific research design will include

Please see example here

QN Example

To address the research questions in this quantitative study, the specific research design will include a repeated-measure design (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008) with objective ratings of student work products examined across time. This quantitative analysis should help pinpoint the amount of growth from the beginning to the end of the project.

Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2008). Research methods in the social sciences cd-rom spss cd-rom vol 15. (7th ed.). Worth Pub.

QL Example

To address the research questions in this qualitative study, the specific research design will include a single descriptive case study (Yin, 2014) with interviews with students and faculty. This qualitative analysis using pattern matching and cross case analysis will improve the understanding of the process by which doctoral students in online programs arrive at a viable problem statement for their dissertations.

Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (Fifth edition). SAGE.

· Mixed methods, primarily quantitative—for sequential, concurrent, or transformative studies, with the focus on quantitative methods

· Mixed methods, primarily qualitative—for sequential, concurrent, or transformative studies, with the focus on qualitative methods

a cumulative case study model whereby the research will use an aggregate of secondary data from past research data collected at different times for the purposes of having a deeper understanding of the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction among nurses (Hayes, Kyer & Weber,2015). Subsequently, quantitative analysis was conducted on numerical data collected from empirical studies from within 10 years so as to identify any changes in the effects of the variable on job satisfaction through statistical significance analysis. The data will then be analyzed using the statistical analysis tool SPSS for their relationship in supporting a generalized view of the research topic.

Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:

Hayes, R., Kyer, B., & Weber, E. (2015). The Case Study Cookbook. https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121615-164731/unrestricted/USPTO_CookbookFinal.pdf

For your planned research design, what type of data will you need and what data collection tools and sources will provide it?

For my planned research design, I will need to historically collect data from 15 empirical research studies published between 2010 and 2020 in regards to the impact of leadership style on job satisfaction and impact of job satisfaction on employee performance. Some of the data sources to used include the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection, European Scientific Journal, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Ethiopian Journal of Health Science, International Conferences, Digital Commons@Gardner-Webb University, Biomed Central, and research Gate

What data points from these sources do you plan to use to answer your research question(s)?

Common data will be extracted from all of the research articles identified under the annotated bibliography for use in the research. Information to be extracted from all the research studies include Authors, country or year, leadership theoretical reference, data collection instruments, Job satisfaction significance levels and outcomes of the studies. It is worth noting that such information is crucial since this is an integrative research involving analysis of previous research studies.

What limitations, challenges, and/or barriers might you need to address while conducting this study (e.g., access to participants, access to data, requirements for storing data, separation of roles or other ethical considerations, instrumentation fees, etc.)?

Some of the limitations that need to be addressed during the research include access to information such as patient outcomes from individual sources such as hospitals. Thus, the research will avoid the use of a specific hospital as a point of reference and instead used generalized sources of information including the research articles.

Additionally, credibility of the information used in the study might be put into question mainly because of the fact that data was primarily outsourced from secondary sources hence providing the possibility for use of poor-quality data.

Conflicting research results in regards to effectiveness of a leadership style on different healthcare situations. Since the research is integrative, the most apparent research findings will be used in analyzing the research topic.

Rubric Standard | Feasible > Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem; and does the approach have the potential to address the problem while considering potential risks and burdens placed on research participants?

Significance

How will your study address the meaningful, discipline-specific issue that you identified and therefore contribute to your field, discipline, professional practice, etc. contributing to positive social change?

This study is significant in that It provides an accumulative result of the wide range of the research studies conducted in regard to the effects of the leadership styles on the level of quality of care offered to patients. It is worth noting that most studies have focused on the elements affecting job satisfaction including the environmental and motivational factors but there has been little research conducted to provide a generalized view of the effects of leadership styles on job satisfaction.

References

Albagawi, B. (2019). Leadership styles of nurse managers and job satisfaction of staff nurses: Correlational design study. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n3p254

Alloubani, A., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Abdelhafiz, I. M., & Almatari, M. (2019). Leadership styles' influence on the quality of nursing care. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-06-2018-0138

Bušatlić, S. B., & MUJABAŠIĆ, A. (2018). Herzbergs two-factor theory of job satisfaction comparative study between private and public high school teachers in Canton Sarajevo. International Journal of Business Management & Research, 8(6), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijbmrdec20184

Farman, A., Kousar, R., Hussain, M., Waqas, A., & Gillani, S. A. (2017). Impact of Job Satisfaction on Quality of Care Among Nurses on the Public Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. DOI: 10.21276/ sjmps

Hassard, J., Teoh, K., & Cox, T. (2018). Job satisfaction: Theories and definitions: OSHwiki. OSHWiki. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Job_satisfaction:_theories_and_definitions#:~:text=feel%20at%20work.-,Theories%20of%20job%20satisfaction,Model%3B%20and%20the%20dispositional%20approach

Hayes, R., Kyer, B., & Weber, E. (2015). The Case Study Cookbook. https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121615-164731/unrestricted/USPTO_CookbookFinal.pdf

Hussein, S., & Wahidi, I. (2018). Leadership and job satisfaction in the healthcare sector: An exploratory study in Lebanon. International Business Research, 11(7), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n7p46

Khairunnisa, P., & Nadjib, M. (2019). Effect of leadership style on service quality and job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A systematic review. Strengthening Hospital Competitiveness to Improve Patient Satisfaction and Better Health Outcomes. https://doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph-fp.04.32

Moura, A., Bernardes, A., Balsanelli, A. P., Zanetti, A. C., & Gabriel, C. S. (2017). Leadership and nursing work satisfaction: an integrative review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201700055

Negussie, N., & Demissie, A. (2013). Relationship Between Leadership Styles of Nurse Managers and Nurses' Job Satisfaction in Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 23(1), 49–58. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613815/

Perez, J. W. (2014). Impact of Nurse Managers' Leadership Styles on Staff Nurses' Intent to Turnover. Nursing Theses and Capstone Projects, 1-39. https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=nursing_etd

Solomon, A. (2019). The Relationship of Nurse Manager’s Leadership Styles in Maintaining a Just Culture. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, Walden University, 1-180. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9024&context=dissertations

.

Rubric Standard | Impact > Does this project have potential to affect positive social change?

Rubric Standard | Objective > Is the topic approached in an objective manner?

Partner Site Masking Self-Check

Walden capstones typically mask the identity of the partner organization. The methodological and ethical reasons for this practice as well as criteria for exceptions are outlined here (link to posted guidance).

☒ Check here to confirm that you will mask the identity of the organization in the final capstone that you publish in ProQuest.

☐ If you perceive that your partner organization’s identity would be impossible to mask or if there is a strong rationale for naming the organization in your capstone, please check this box so that your Program Director can review your request for an exception. If granted, that exception must be confirmed by the IRB during the ethics review process. The IRB will also ensure that your consent form(s) and/or site agreement(s) permit naming the organization.