study help
longbeachgyalA RadioLab Investigation
Who is Patient Zero?
It’s probably best to download the audio file, rather than try to play it off the site: http://www.radiolab.org/story/169879-patient-zero/
You will start at 15:00 (on slide #3) of the audio and be changing slides as the audio plays.
Slides from Imelda Nava-Landeros, Erica Seubert and Diane Livio
1
Who is Patient Zero?
As you listen, take notes to identify/construct the following:
Hypothesis:
Evidence:
Ask the students to have a couple sheets of paper out to keep notes on. They’ll be tracking the progress of their thoughts in the radiolab investigation on the paper.
You could collect these notes at the end to give them some participation points, if you want.
You could point them to this article regarding myths about HIV and AIDS: http://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/ten-hivaids-myths-busted/
2
HIV ATTACKS YOUR T CELLS
Start at 15:00
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that circulate around our bodies, scanning for cellular abnormalities and infections.
At 16:53 click to the next slide
Image (and a nice extra reference source to point the students to later): http://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/ten-hivaids-myths-busted/
3
At 17:36 click to the next slide
4
At 19:01 click to the next slide
5
What is “Patient Zero”?
STOP here at 20:22
Image: http://haicontroversies.blogspot.com/2011/12/patient-zero-typhoid-mary-through-hiv.html
6
Round 1
Who is Patient Zero?
Hypothesis:
Patient zero is ………… because……………
Evidence for reasoning (and questions you might have):
Remind the students to write down on their paper their answers
Ask a couple of students to share their answers
Restart audio after checking students have written down their own responses to part 1. Click to the next slide
7
At 21:12 click to the next slide
Images:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaposi%27s_Sarcoma.jpg - Kaposi's sarcoma
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS#mediaviewer/File:PCPxray.jpg - Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#mediaviewer/File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg – “Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding (in green) from cultured lymphocyte. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions.”
8
At 22:40 click to the next slide
9
At 22:53 click to the next slide
Image: http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18566/F1.medium.gif
10
At 23:00 click to the next slide.
11
STOP here at 25:43
Maximum clade credibility topology inferred using BEAST v1.4.7 under a Bayesian skyline plot tree prior.
Branch lengths are depicted in unit time (years) and represent the median of those nodes that were present in at least 50% of the sampled trees. DRC60 (red), ZR59 (black) and the three control sequences from paraffin-embedded specimens from known AIDS patients (grey) are depicted in bold. The 95% HPD of the TMRCA is indicated at the root of the tree. Nodes (sub-subtype and deeper) with posterior probability of 1.0 are marked with grey circles. Unclassifiable strains are labelled ‘U’. Sequences sampled in the DRC are highlighted with a bullet at the tip. DRC60 and the two control sequences from the DRC each form monophyletic clades with previously published sequences from the DRC, whereas the Canadian control sequence clusters, as expected, with subtype B sequences. The dashed circle and shaded area show the extensive HIV-1 diversity in Kinshasa in the 1950s.
Worobey et al. 2008 Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV01 in Kinshasa by 1960. Nature 455(2): 661-665
12
Round 2
Who is Patient Zero?
Hypothesis:
Patient zero is ………… because……………
Evidence for reasoning (and questions you might have):
Remind the students to write down on their paper their answers
Ask a couple of students to share their answers
Restart audio after checking students have written down their own responses to part 2.
13
At 26:30 click to the next slide
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
http://perspectivesinmedicine.org/content/1/1/a006841.full.pdf+html
14
At 27:50 click to the next slide
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
http://perspectivesinmedicine.org/content/1/1/a006841.full.pdf+html
15
At 28:37 click to the next slide
16
STOP here at 29:50
Photos: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bushmeat_-_Buschfleisch_Ghana.JPG
http://science.psu.edu/news-and-events/2010-news/SchusterMiller2-2010
17
Round 3
Who is Patient Zero?
Hypothesis:
Patient zero is ………… because……………
Evidence for reasoning (and questions you might have):
Remind the students to write down on their paper their answers
Ask a couple of students to share their answers
Restart audio after checking students have written down their own responses to part 3. At 31:40, click to advance
18
At 30:23 click to advance
Photo: http://fivepointfive.org/renaud-fulconis-awely/
19
Leopoldville c.1885
At 30:55 click to advance
Photo: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leopoldville_1885.jpg
20
At 31:54 click to advance
21
If short on time, can end audio at 32:55 and jump to the last slide]
At 33:22 click to advance
Spatial dynamics of HIV-1 group M spread.
Circles represent sampled locations and are colored according to the estimated time of introduction of HIV-1 group M from Kinshasa. Strongly supported rates of virus spatial movement are projected along the transportation network for the DRC (railways and waterways), which was fully operational until 1960. Gradient colors depict the time scale of spatial movements (bottom left).
From Faria et al. 2014 The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations. Science 346 (6205): 56-61
22
Discussion – Individual and then small groups
How and why did your reasoning evolve over time?
How did we begin to develop an understanding?
Do we know who patient zero is?
Why or why not?