asignment 6
Categoty
PathophysiologyProjectDeliverable4RoughDraft3.pptx
osteoarthritis
Olushile Fadoju
HcR 240 – Human Pathophysiology
Dr. Carlos Naranjo
11/25/2022
Jens Martensson
Etiology of OSTEOARTHRITIS
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of synovial joints characterized by focal loss of articular hyaline cartilage with proliferation of new bone & remodeling of joint contour(Abramoff & Caldera, 2020).
Damage to or a structural alteration of the cartilage and other joint tissues leads to osteoarthritis (Abramoff & Caldera, 2020).
Alterations in the tissue might initiate the disintegration, which typically occurs slowly over time.
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Prevalence of osteoarthritis
In the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and a significant cause of chronic pain and disability (Kloppenburg & Berenbaum, 2020).
Among those aged 45 and up in the United States, at least 19% suffer from knee osteoarthritis (Hunter et al., 2020).
Women are disproportionately affected by osteoarthritis, which affects 7% of the global population or more than 500 million individuals (Hunter et al., 2020).
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Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis
Cartilage is the structure affected with central and weight-bearing areas being particularly susceptible to erosion (Van den Bosch, 2021). .
The condition results in fibrillation in both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing regions, which softens, splits, and fragments the cartilage (Van den Bosch, 2021).
Collagen fibers split and there is disorganization of the proteoglycan collagen relationship such as H20 is attracted into cartilage, which causes further softening and flaking these flakes of cartilage break off and impact the joint surfaces causing locking and inflammation (Jang et al., 2021).
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Clinical presentation of osteoarthritis
Joint inflammation and pain are common presentations of OA.
Coarse crepitus, bone expansion, decreased range of motion, and joint-line discomfort are all symptoms of osteoarthritis. Damaged joints and muscle atrophy characterize advanced OA (Nelson, 2018).
Knee effusions are typically mild to moderate in size, although inflammation is rare or nonexistent.
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Risk factors of osteoarthritis
Risk factors associated with osteoarthritis include:
Family history
Old age
Gender; particularly women
Obesity
Poor posture (He et al., 2020)
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Assessment and treatment of osteoarthritis
Assessment of the condition is usually done through:
Blood tests for FBC, ESR, CRP and rheumatoid factor.
Synovial fluid analysis
X-Ray to look for joint space narrowing and subchondral sclerosis.
Management of OA is usually done through non-pharmacotherapeutic techniques like exercising, proper postures and weight loss. Pharmacological interventions include NSAIDs and corticosteroid injections (Jang et al., 2021).
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References
Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology Introductory Concepts and Clinical Perspectives (Chapter 38)
Abramoff, B., & Caldera, F. E. (2020). Osteoarthritis: pathology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Medical Clinics, 104(2), 293-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2019.10.007
Kloppenburg, M., & Berenbaum, F. (2020). Osteoarthritis year in review 2019: epidemiology and therapy. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 28(3), 242-248.
Hunter, D. J., March, L., & Chew, M. (2020). Osteoarthritis in 2020 and beyond: a Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10264), 1711–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32230-3
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References
Jang, S., Lee, K., & Ju, J. H. (2021). Recent Updates of Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment on Osteoarthritis of the Knee. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 22(5), 2619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052619
Mandl L. A. (2019). Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: clinical. Osteoarthritis And Cartilage, 27(3), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.11.001
Nelson A. E. (2018). Osteoarthritis year in review 2017: clinical. Osteoarthritis And Cartilage, 26(3), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.11.014
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