Pathophysiology

1. Describe how to minimize bacterial growth or eliminate them based on your understanding of the requirements for bacterial growth.

2. Summarize your understanding of chemical and physical methods of controlling microorganisms. Which of the 2 do you think is most effective?

3. How do microorganisms benefit from mutations? Give an example of a microorganism that has benefitted from mutations.

4. A nurse sees on a patient’s chart that the area of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) has been damaged. What following characteristics may the nurse expect in the patient?

		higher-than-normal endorphin levels
		elevated serotonin levels
		no nociception
		low pain threshold

5. A nurse sees on a patient’s chart that the area of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) has been damaged. What following characteristics may the nurse expect in the patient?

		higher-than-normal endorphin levels
		elevated serotonin levels
		no nociception
		low pain threshold

6. A group of nursing students are discussing the role of cortisol in the stress response. Which nursing student needs to study more?

		Student 4: Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex
		Student 1: Long-term cortisol suppresses the immune system
		Student 3: Cortisol is not beneficial for a stress response because it suppresses the immune system
		Student 2: Cortisol mobilizes glucose and fats for fuel

7. A patient presents to the clinic with hives. The patient states that she has been experiencing extreme stress between home and work. Which of the following does the nurse practitioner think may be playing a role?

		allostatic overload
		strong, positive adaptive approach
		decreased allostatic load
		allostasis and adaptation

8. While studying, a nursing student realizes her flash cards for the sequence of steps in the Gate Control theory of pain have been mixed up. Please place the following steps of the Gate Control theory of pain in the correct order.

		stimulus, transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
		perception, transmission, transduction, modulation, stimulus
		transduction, transmission, perception, stimulus, modulation
		stimulus, transmission, perception, modulation, transduction

9. Match the following.

all measurements are normal takes information from CNS to muscles pain that continues after expected healing time heart attack felt as pain down left arm

A. efferent neuron B. referred pain C. cutaneous pain D. afferent neuron E. chronic pain F. homeostasis G. acute pain

10. A nursing student is becoming frustrated with her family as they discuss the disease shingles. Which of the following statements made by family members does the nursing student want correct? Select all that apply.

		shingles is usually asymptomatic
		if you had chickenpox, you cannot get shingles
		shingles is caused by measles
		shingles develops from the reactivation of a virus in the body

11.