help with disc (3) due in 24 hours
combs
PathologyWeek8Presentation2023.pptxXVII.
DISEASES OF THE
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
A. Pituitary Gland
- called the master gland
- found under the circle of willis
- it is composed of two parts
- Anterior pituitary controls skeletal growth, the thyroid and adrenal glands, and sexual development
- Posterior controls smooth muscle contraction, as in birth and peristalsis
1. Anterior Pituitary
- also known as the adenohypophysis
- one of the secretions is somatotropin or the human growth hormone (HGH)
- stimulates the growth of bone and soft tissues
- problems with the secretion of this hormone will possibly lead to one of the following conditions:
a. Giantism or Gigantism
- the result of a condition of hyper-pituitarism during childhood
- a hypersecretion of somatotropin that occurs while a child is still actively growing
- giants are usually sexually impotent and frequently die of diabetes
- leads to growth into a giant or abnormally tall person
b. Acromegaly
- the result of hyperpituitarism during adulthood
- a hypersecretion of somatotropin after bones have solidified and can no longer grow
- characterized by enlargement of the bones and soft tissues of the hands, feet, and head
- especially the frontal bone, jaws, nose, lips, and ears
- gives a "lion face" appearance
- will eventually lead to sexual impotence, drowsiness, and possibly obesity
Both of the above conditions are typically caused by the growth of an adenoma
c. Dwarfism
- the result of hypopituitarism during early life
- a hyposecretion of somatotropin from the adenohypophysis
- person remains quite small and never develops any secondary sex characteristics
- leads to mental dullness and lethargy in adults
d. Adult onset hypopituitarism
- a hyposecretion of somatotropin in adulthood
2. Posterior Pituitary
- the result of hypofunction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
- Diabetes Insipidus
- a hyposecretion of the antidiuretic hormone occurs
- found to be idiopathic in half of the cases
- leads to the passing of large quantities of urine
- accompanied by excessive thirst
- trauma to the head or a tumor in that area causes the remainder of cases
(polyuria)
(polydipsia)
- there is necrosis of the gland
- also known as pituitary cachexia
- a condition in which there is complete atrophy of the pituitary gland
3. Entire Pituitary
- leads to a loss of function of the thyroid, adrenal and gonad glands
- Simmond's Disease
- characterized by the following:
- considerable weight loss
- atrophy of internal organs
- loss of sexual function
- premature aging to include:
- mental changes
- loss of hair and teeth
B. Thyroid Gland
- secretes the hormone thyroxin
- consists of two lateral lobes
- found on either side of the windpipe
- which regulates general body metabolism
- it influences body growth and development
- exerts an influence over the nervous system
- secretes the hormone thyroxin
- enlargement of the thyroid gland
1. Goiter
- can be due to lack of iodine in diet, inflammation from infection, tumors, hyper or hyposecretion of thyroxin
2. Hypothyroidism
- caused by a lack of iodine in the diet
- this enlargement is known as endemic goiter
- the gland enlarges in an effort to compensate and secrete more thyroxin
2 conditions of hypothyroidism:
- characterized by a lack of physical and mental development
a. Cretinism
- the condition resulting from congenital hypofunction of the thyroid gland
To include:
- dwarfism
- slow bone development
- low body temperature
- retarded mental activity
b. Myxedema
the condition resulting from hypo-function of the thyroid gland in adulthood
- due to the presence of a mucous-like edema
- weight gain
- mental dullness
- swelling of eyelids & other soft tissues
- thickening of the tongue and lips
- body temperature and metabolism fall
- general sluggishness
- characterized by:
BEFORE
TREATMENT
AFTER
TREATMENT
- will likely lead to the following condition:
3. Hyperthyroidism
- an over-active thyroid
- a goiter could develop due to hyperplasia
a. Grave's Disease
- the condition resulting from prolonged hyperthyroidism
- also known as exopthalmic goiter
- more prevalent in females
- weakness
- tachycardia
- nervous excitability
- the gland enlarges and produces excessive amounts of thyroxin
- characterized by:
- low body weight because of a very high BMR
- profuse sweating
- eyeball protrusion
- due to edema in the back of the eyesocket
- frequent in young adults and can lead to heart damage because of fibrillation
C. Parathyroid Glands
- regulate blood calcium levels
- with the secretion of parathormone
- calcium levels in the blood are reduced
1. Parathyroid Tetany
- a condition due to hypofunction of the parathyroid glands
- lowered amounts of parathormone are secreted
- causing nerve cells to become irritable and overactive
- also slows blood coagulation
- this then leads to spasmatic muscular twitching, abnormal reflexes and convulsive seizures
- usually fatal due to constant contractions of the heart muscle
- increased amount of parathormone is secreted
- calcium is drawn out of the bones and into the bloodstream
2. Hyperparathyroidism
- results in hypercalcemia and bone absorption
- which could lead to:
- fibrous cysts may form in the bones causing a condition known as
- softening and deformation of bones
- formation of kidney stones
- hardening of the arteries
- heartbeat irregularities
- osteitis fibrosa cystica or
von Recklinghausen’s disease
- the inner layer called the medulla
- the outer portion called the cortex
D. Adrenal Glands
- located on top of the kidneys
- composed of two layers
- it secretes several hormones that regulate:
- salt levels in the blood
- blood glucose levels
- production of some mild sex hormones
- the cortex is the part of the gland that is essential to life
- a condition due to the hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
- characterized by a bronze pigmentation
- weakness and loss of weight
- low blood pressure
- gastro-intestinal disturbances
1. Addison's Disease
- affects the hormones that regulate metabolism and blood pressure
- usually caused by a chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency as a part of an autoimmune disorder
2. Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
- caused by a meningococcal infection of the blood
- causes acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage into the adrenal gland
- a condition due to hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
3. Cushing's Disease
- due to excess exposure to hormones called glucocorticoids (steroids)
- most often a complication of steroid treatments for inflammation
- adiposity - fatigue
impotence - excess hair growth
- purplish skin discolorations
- the build-up of a fatty pad over the shoulders and upper back
- creates a “moon-shaped” facial appearance
- characterized by
E. Pancreas
- the endocrine function takes place in the Islets or Islands of Langerhans
- a heterocrine gland
- insulin lowers blood sugar levels
- glucagon raises blood sugar levels
- produces two hormones
- a condition caused by a deficiency in insulin secretion
- causes a disorder in carbohydrate metabolism
- called hyperglycemia or sugar diabetes
- Diabetes Mellitus
- sugars cannot be carried into the cells and a buildup in the bloodstream ensues
- with excess fat in the bloodstream, several of the following complications occur:
- when the cells have no glucose to use, they begin metabolizing fats and proteins
1. Atherosclerosis
- predisposes to myocardial infarctions, gangrene, blindness
2. Poor wound healing
3. Vascular Obstructions
4. Hemorrhage
5. Gangrene
- Juvenile-onset diabetes is the most serious
- usually requires hypodermic injections of insulin and special diet
- Adult-onset diabetes is not as serious
- can be controlled with diet and oral medications
- appears to be premature puberty
- hypersecretion of estrogen in females and androgen in males
F. Gonad Glands
- actually a part of the adrenal cortex
- has to do with the secretion of androgen and estrogen
1. Precociousness
- a condition caused by a hyper-function of the gonads
- involves a hypersecretion of androgen in females and estrogen in males
2. Androgenital syndrome
- a condition caused by a hyperfunction of the gonads
- in females it leads to:
- excessive hair growth
- deepened voice
- decreased breast size
- amenorrhea
- in males it leads to:
- testicular atrophy
- decreased libido
- gynecomastia
- excessive breast development
3. Senile Involution
- atrophy of the testes or ovaries due to old age
XVIII. DISEASES OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A. Acne
- an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
- the result of an abnormal or profuse production of oil in the sebaceous glands
- this leads to the pores of the skin becoming clogged with sebum
B. Abscess
- many different types seen here
- in the secondary stage a skin rash and lesions on the mucous membranes form to be the primary symptom
C. Syphilis
D. Superficial fungal infections
- known as dermatomycoses
- commonly known as ringworm or tinea
- these infections are characterized by red, scaly, and itchy lesions
- tend to localize in certain body areas
a.
Tinea cruris
- a fungal infection of the groin area
- commonly known as “jock itch”
b.
Tinea pedis
- a fungal infection of the feet
- commonly known as athlete’s foot
E. Dermatitis
- inflammation of the skin
- caused by a variety of agents like poison ivy, soaps, fabrics, dyes, formalin
- results when the skin is exposed to agents to which it has become sensitized
- Contact Dermatitis or Eczema
F. Seborrheic dermatitis
- inflammatory skin disease beginning on the scalp
- characterized by rounded, irregular lesions covered with yellow or brown-gray greasy scales
- these are caused by an excessive secretion of sebum(oil) from the sebaceous glands
- will spread to the face, neck and eyebrows if not cared for properly
- tuberculosis of the skin
G. Lupus vulgaris
- characterized by ulcerations that leave scars when healed
H. Other skin diseases or changes
1. Senile changes - old age changes in the skin
2. Melanocytic nevus - any nevus that contains melanin
3. Malignant melanoma
4. Squamous cell carcinomas
I. Postmortem Conditions of Skin Diseases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Discolorations
Dehydration/dryness/scales
Burns
Lesions
Pigmented or depigmented spots
Edema
XIX.
DISEASES OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- usually due to infection by a pyo-genic strepto-cocci
A. Tonsillitis
- a mass of lymphatic tissue found in the very back of the oral cavity
- inflammation of a
- inflammation of a
tonsil
- the enlargement of a lymph node
B. Lymphadenopathy
- caused by a variety of conditions
- some may be signs of serious disease
C. Lymphadenitis
- inflammation of a lymph node
D. Lymphangitis
- inflammation of the lymphatic channels or vessels
- usually occurs secondary to lymphadenitis
- enlargement of the spleen
E. Splenomegaly
- caused by many, many diseases
- the biggest danger is that an enlarged spleen is much easier to rupture
- edema due to an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels
F. Lymphedema
H. Postmortem Conditions
1.
2.
3.
4.
G. Lymphoma - see Tumors & Cysts
Edema
Emaciation
Dehydration
Metastasis
