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PathologyIExam2ch3cellularreactionstructuralabnormalities.pptxCellular
Reaction
To Injury
Regressive tissue changes
- pathological processes indicating disturbances in cell metabolism
There are many different types of regressive tissue changes that we will discuss. Each type will be designated with a capital letter. There will then be a discussion of the variations of each one following.
A. Degeneration
- the deterioration of tissues with the corresponding functional impairment that is due to disease or injury
Cloudy Swelling
- the most common and least damaging of the degenerations
- increased water content in the affected cells causes enlargement
- this excess water causes the cytoplasm to be turbid (cloudy)
2. Fatty degeneration/Fatty change
- a degenerative condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation or distribution of visible fat in the cells
- triglycerides that are the result of the digestion of fats
3. Amyloid degeneration
- caused by the presence of a waxy, starch-like substance called amyloid
- a complex protein formed due to a metabolic disorder (Alzheimer’s)
B. Infiltration
- the process of seepage or diffusion into a tissue of substances not ordinarily present
- the circulatory system is the vehicle
1. Fatty Infiltration
- the abnormal deposition of fat within cells
- must have fatty infiltration to get fatty degeneration
- fat has been brought by the blood
2. Pigmentation
- discoloring of tissue due to deposition of or lack of coloring matter (pigments)
Endogenous
- an increase or irregularity in distribution of pigments normally within the body
Examples:
Melanin – freckles (ephelis)
Bilirubin – yellow (jaundice)
Hemoglobin – red (erythema)
b. Exogenous
- deposition of pigments from outside the body
- Carotene containing food
- Carotenemia - yellow color (sometimes mistaken for jaundice)
- large amounts of carbon pigment in lungs - (coal dust)
- Anthracosis (Black lung disease)
- enter through the portals of entry for respiration, ingestion and absorption
3. Calcification
- a process in which organic tissue becomes hardened by the deposition of lime salts in the tissues
4. Gout
- the condition which occurs because of the deposition of uric acid crytals in and around the joints, primarily great toe
NECROSIS
C. Necrosis-
- pathological death of cells, tissues, or organs while yet a part of the living body
- must include the degeneration of these cells to be considered necrosis
C. Necrosis
Causes
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Trauma
Vessel Blockage
Extreme heat or cold
Chemical or bacterial poisoning
Loss of nerve supply
1. Gangrene
- death of tissue due to a deficiency or absence of blood supply
3 Types:
a. Gas Gangrene
- caused by Clostridium perfringens
- tissue gas in dead host
- gas gangrene in living host
- a form of necrosis combined with putrefaction
b. Dry Gangrene or Ischemic Necrosis
- the results of an interference in the arterial supply of a part of the body
BACTERIA PLAYS NO PART
- occurs often in cases of diabetes mellitus
- there is NO invasion by saprophytes
c. Moist Gangrene
- putrefactive bacteria are present
- (saprophytic bacteria)
- necrotic tissue that is wet as a result of inadequate venous drainage
- part is cold, swollen, pulse absent, skin is moist, black, and under tension
- liquefaction occurs and foul odor is present
spread is rapid
- usually fatal if not treated
- Ex.
- Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore)
2. Caseous Necrosis
or Caseation Necrosis
- seen in tissues infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
a yellow, cheese-like material
the fat in the affected organ's outer structure (capsule) causes the infected tissues to be converted into.
May be friable (crumbles like cheese)
D. Atrophy
- a wasting or decrease in size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in size or number of cells
2 types:
1. Physiological atrophy
- part of the normal developmental process
- Ex. - mammary glands after lactation, tonsils, spleen, lymphoid tissue after mid-life
2. Pathological atrophy
- caused atrophy
- an abnormal occurrence
- causes of pathological atrophy are inadequate nutrition, disuse, pressure, loss of nerve supply, lack of endocrine supply
E. Hypertrophy
- the increase in size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in size of the component cells
1. Physiological
- due to natural rather than pathological factors
Ex. - uterus during pregnancy
3 types:
2. Pathological
- adaptive results from abnormal obstruction of hollow organs or from damage to some of the cells in the affected tissue
Ex. - heart chamber due to disease, urinary bladder due to blockage
3. Compensatory
- accommodates increased functional demand on tissue after tissue of the same type has been lost or has died
- occurs in paired organs like the lungs & kidneys
F. Hyperplasia
- an increase in size of an organ or part due to an increase in the number of cells
- may be due to inflammation or increased functional demand over a long period
- ie. goiter
G. Metaplasia
- ie. - smokers exhibit this in the lungs
- the replacement of one type of normal tissue by another type of normal tissue in an area of the body where the second tissue doesn't normally occur
H. Physiological Regeneration or Replacement
- the restoration of destroyed or necrotic cells with normal cells of the same type
I. Pathological Regeneration or Repair
- the restoration of destroyed or necrotic cells with fibrous connective tissue forming a scar or cicatrix
STRUCTURAL
ABNORMALITIES
Malformation or Anomaly
- a deformity
- any abnormal position, shape or structure of a body part
- any deviation from normal
A. Spina Bifida
- a congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which part of the vertebral column is absent or there is incomplete closure
B. Cleft Palate
- a congenital fissure in the palate forming a communicating passageway between the oral and nasal cavities
C. Aplasia
- failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally
1. Amelia
- the congenital absence of one or more limbs
Examples
2. Hypoplasia
- the condition of an organ or tissue being smaller than normal from birth
- the underdevelopment of an organ or part
3. Phocomelia
- the absence or poor develop-
ment of the proximal portions of the extremities
D. Situs Inversus
- some or all of the organs of the body are on the side opposite of that on which they normally belong
E. Polydactylism
- the state of having more than the normal number of fingers and toes
F. Color Blindness
- a defect or absence of the perception of colors
G. Vascular Nevus
- a mole or birthmark in which the superficial blood vessels are enlarged
H. Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
- a variety of moderate to severe mental retardations caused by the presence of an extra chromosome
I. Hernia
- protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity which normally contains it
EXAM
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