Patho
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Gastrointestinal System
During examinations, patients often present with various symptoms. Often, these symptoms overlap multiple disorders within body systems—especially gastrointestinal (GI) disorders—further increasing the difficulty in diagnosing and treating patients. Consider a patient who presents with severe abdominal pain that has persisted for months. At first review, it might be inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome, but upon closer inspection and testing, gastric cancer is found. As this case outlines, it is important that you, as an advanced practice nurse, are able to identify alterations of GI disorders in order to properly diagnose patients or refer them for specialized care when necessary.
This week you examine the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders. You also explore common treatments and the impact of patient factors on these disorders.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
· Compare the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disorder and irritable bowel syndrome
· Analyze treatments for digestive disorders
· Evaluate the impact of patient factors on digestive disorders
· Analyze the pathophysiology of gastric acid stimulation and production
· Evaluate the impact of patient factors on gastrointestinal disorders
· Evaluate clinical considerations of gastrointestinal disorders
· Understand and apply key terms, concepts, and principles related to alterations of the gastrointestinal system
Photo Credit: Keith Brofsky/Photodisc/Getty Images
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
· Chapter 35, “Structure and Function of the Digestive System”
This chapter provides information relating to the structure and function of the digestive system. It covers the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion.
· Chapter 36, “Alterations of Digestive Function”
This chapter presents information relating to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion. It also covers the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.
· Chapter 37, “Alterations of Digestive Function in Children”
This chapter presents information relating to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver that affect children. It focuses on congenital impairment, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders, as well as the impairment of digestion, absorption, and nutrition.
Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
· Chapter 13, “Gastrointestinal Disease”
This chapter provides a foundation for exploring gastrointestinal disorders by reviewing the structure and function of the GI tract. It also describes mechanisms of regulation of GI tract disorders such as acid-peptic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.
· Chapter 14, “Liver Disease”
This chapter reviews the structure and function of the liver. It then explores the clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical manifestations of three liver disorders: acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
· Chapter 15, “Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas”
This chapter begins by reviewing the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the exocrine pancreas. It then examines the clinical presentation, etiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic cancer.
· de Bortoli, N., Martinucci, I., Bellini, M., Savarino, E., Savarino, V., Blandizzi, C., & Marchi, S. (2013). Overlap of functional heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease with irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(35), 5787-5797. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5787
· http://www.liverfoundation.org/
· http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/index.aspx
